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阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 ...
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? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选
? ?阅读下面这篇短文短文后有2项测试任务1第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ??????? ?????????? {{B}}PushbikePeril{{/B}}??Lowspeedbicyclecrashescanbadlyinjure —orevenkill—childreniftheyfallontotheendsofthehandlebarssoateam ofengineersisredesigningthehumblehandlebarinabidtomakeit safer.??KristyArbogastabioengineerattheChildren’sHospital ofPhiladelphiainPennsylvaniabegantheprojectwithhercolleaguesaftera studyofseriousabdominalinjuriesinchildreninthepast30yearsshowedthat morethanathirdwerecausedbybicycleaccidents.Thetaskwastoidentify howtheinjuriesoccurredandcameupwithsomecountermeasuresshe says.??ByinterviewingthechildrenandtheirparentsArbogast andherteamwereabletoreconstructmanyoftheaccidentsandidentifieda commonmechanismresponsibleforseriousinjures.Theydiscoveredthatmost occurwhenchildrenhitanobstacleataslowspeedcausingthemtotopple over.Tomaintaintheirbalancetheyturnthehandlebarsthrough90degrees— buttheirmomentumforcesthemintotheendofthehandlebars.Thebikethen fallsoverandtheotherendofthehandlebarshitsthegroundrammingitinto theirabdomen.??Thesolutionthegroupcameupwithisahandgrip fittedwithaspringanddampingsystem.Thespringabsorbsupto50percentof theforcestransmittedthroughthehandlebarsinanimpact.Thegrouphopesto commercializethedevicewhichshouldaddonlyafewdollarstothecostofa bike.Butourtaskhasbeenoneofeducationbecauseupuntilnowbicycle manufacturerwereunawareoftheproblemsaysArbogast.??The teamhasalsoapproachedtheUSConsumerProductSafetyCommissiontotryto persuademanufacturerstoadoptthenewdesign.Adecisionisexpectedlater thisyear.??handlebarn常用复数自行车等的车把? ?abdominaladj.腹部的???????? ??redesignv.重新设计??bioengineern.生物工程师? ???????reconstructvt.重建重构? ?countermeasuren.对策??????? ???abdomenn.膜腹部??momentumn.冲力?? ??????????? handgripn.握柄??dampingadj.制动的减速的缓冲的??? commercializevt.使商品化Paragraph3mainlydiscusses______.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????????? {{B}}AmericanSports{{/B}}??TheUnitedStatesisasports-loving nation.SportsinAmericatakeavarietyofforms:organizedcompetitive struggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory; athleticgamesplayedforrecreationanywheresufficientspaceisfound;and huntingandfishing.Mostsportsareseasonalsothatwhatishappeningin sportsdependsuponthetimeofyear.Somesportsarecalledspectatorsports asthenumberofspectatorsgreatlyexceedsthenumberplayinginthe game.??BaseballisthemostpopularsportintheUS.Itisplayed throughoutthespringandsummerandprofessionalbaseballteamsplaywellinto thefall.Althoughnoothergameisexactlylikebaseballperhapstheonemost nearlylikeitistheEnglishgameofcricket.??Footballisthe mostpopularsportinthefall.Thegameoriginatedasacollegesportmorethan 75yearsago.Itisstillplayedbyalmosteverycollegeanduniversityinthe countryandthefootballstadiumsofsomeofthelargestuniversitiesseatas manyas80000people.ThegameisnotthesameasEuropeanfootballorsoccer. InAmericanfootballthereare11playersoneachteamandtheyaredressedin paddeduniformsandhelmetsbecausethegameisroughandinjuriesarelikelyto occur.??BasketballisthewintersportinAmericanschoolsand colleges.LikefootballbasketballoriginatedintheUSandisnotpopularin othercountries.ManyAmericanspreferittofootballbecauseitisplayed indoorsthroughoutthewinterandbecauseitisafastergame.Itisavery populargamewithhighschoolsandinmorethan20statesstate-widehigh schoolmatchesareheldyearly.??Otherspectatorsportsinclude wrestlingboxingandhorseracing.Althoughhorse-racingfanscallthemselves sportsmentheaccuracyofthetermisquestionableasonlythejockeyswho ridethehorsesintheracescanbeconsideredathletes.Theso-called sportsmenarethespectatorswhodonotassembleprimarilytoseethehorses racebuttobetupontheoutcomeofeachrace.Gamblingistheattractionof horseracing.BasketballinAmericanissopopularwithuniversitiesthatnationwideuniversitymatchesareheldyearly.
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? {{B}}MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing{{/B}}??Although thedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknownnewresearchsuggeststhat peoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.? ?InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthat peoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretrouble fallingandstayingasleepaswellasanumberofothersleepproblemsthan peoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalso saidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’s sleepthan8-hoursleepers.??ThesefindingswhichDLDaniel KripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicinedemonstratethatpeople whowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hours anight.Headdedthatitmightbeagoodideaforpeoplewhosleepmorethan 8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.? ?Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesof sleep—forinstanceonereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleep lessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiod thanpeoplewhosleepmore.??ForthecurrentreportKripke reviewedtheresponsesof1004adultstosleepquestionnairesinwhich participantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhetherthey experiencedanysleepproblems.Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleof thenightarisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.?? Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremore likelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours. InaninterviewKripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestat nightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidenceheaddedthat onewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.Itstandstoreasonthat ifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbedthenthey’llspendahigher percentageoftimeawake.hesaid.Togetagoodnight’srestpeoplemaynotneedto______.
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{{*HTML*}} ?????????? {{B}}MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing{{/B}}??Although thedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknownnewresearchsuggeststhat peoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.? ?InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthat peoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretrouble fallingandstayingasleepaswellasanumberofothersleepproblemsthan peoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalso saidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’s sleepthan8-hoursleepers.??ThesefindingswhichDLDaniel KripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicinedemonstratethatpeople whowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hours anight.Headdedthatitmightbeagoodideaforpeoplewhosleepmorethan 8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.? ?Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesof sleep—forinstanceonereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleep lessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiod thanpeoplewhosleepmore.??ForthecurrentreportKripke reviewedtheresponsesof1004adultstosleepquestionnairesinwhich participantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhetherthey experiencedanysleepproblems.Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleof thenightarisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.?? Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremore likelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours. InaninterviewKripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestat nightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidenceheaddedthat onewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.Itstandstoreasonthat ifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbedthenthey’llspendahigher percentageoftimeawake.hesaid.Paragraph2______
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ??????? ?????????? {{B}}PushbikePeril{{/B}}??Lowspeedbicyclecrashescanbadlyinjure —orevenkill—childreniftheyfallontotheendsofthehandlebarssoateam ofengineersisredesigningthehumblehandlebarinabidtomakeit safer.??KristyArbogastabioengineerattheChildren’sHospital ofPhiladelphiainPennsylvaniabegantheprojectwithhercolleaguesaftera studyofseriousabdominalinjuriesinchildreninthepast30yearsshowedthat morethanathirdwerecausedbybicycleaccidents.Thetaskwastoidentify howtheinjuriesoccurredandcameupwithsomecountermeasuresshe says.??ByinterviewingthechildrenandtheirparentsArbogast andherteamwereabletoreconstructmanyoftheaccidentsandidentifieda commonmechanismresponsibleforseriousinjures.Theydiscoveredthatmost occurwhenchildrenhitanobstacleataslowspeedcausingthemtotopple over.Tomaintaintheirbalancetheyturnthehandlebarsthrough90degrees— buttheirmomentumforcesthemintotheendofthehandlebars.Thebikethen fallsoverandtheotherendofthehandlebarshitsthegroundrammingitinto theirabdomen.??Thesolutionthegroupcameupwithisahandgrip fittedwithaspringanddampingsystem.Thespringabsorbsupto50percentof theforcestransmittedthroughthehandlebarsinanimpact.Thegrouphopesto commercializethedevicewhichshouldaddonlyafewdollarstothecostofa bike.Butourtaskhasbeenoneofeducationbecauseupuntilnowbicycle manufacturerwereunawareoftheproblemsaysArbogast.??The teamhasalsoapproachedtheUSConsumerProductSafetyCommissiontotryto persuademanufacturerstoadoptthenewdesign.Adecisionisexpectedlater thisyear.??handlebarn常用复数自行车等的车把? ?abdominaladj.腹部的???????? ??redesignv.重新设计??bioengineern.生物工程师? ???????reconstructvt.重建重构? ?countermeasuren.对策??????? ???abdomenn.膜腹部??momentumn.冲力?? ??????????? handgripn.握柄??dampingadj.制动的减速的缓冲的??? commercializevt.使商品化Accordingtothepassagesomeengineersaretryingtoimprovethehandlebarsbecause______.
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{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????????? {{B}}AmericanSports{{/B}}??TheUnitedStatesisasports-loving nation.SportsinAmericatakeavarietyofforms:organizedcompetitive struggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory; athleticgamesplayedforrecreationanywheresufficientspaceisfound;and huntingandfishing.Mostsportsareseasonalsothatwhatishappeningin sportsdependsuponthetimeofyear.Somesportsarecalledspectatorsports asthenumberofspectatorsgreatlyexceedsthenumberplayinginthe game.??BaseballisthemostpopularsportintheUS.Itisplayed throughoutthespringandsummerandprofessionalbaseballteamsplaywellinto thefall.Althoughnoothergameisexactlylikebaseballperhapstheonemost nearlylikeitistheEnglishgameofcricket.??Footballisthe mostpopularsportinthefall.Thegameoriginatedasacollegesportmorethan 75yearsago.Itisstillplayedbyalmosteverycollegeanduniversityinthe countryandthefootballstadiumsofsomeofthelargestuniversitiesseatas manyas80000people.ThegameisnotthesameasEuropeanfootballorsoccer. InAmericanfootballthereare11playersoneachteamandtheyaredressedin paddeduniformsandhelmetsbecausethegameisroughandinjuriesarelikelyto occur.??BasketballisthewintersportinAmericanschoolsand colleges.LikefootballbasketballoriginatedintheUSandisnotpopularin othercountries.ManyAmericanspreferittofootballbecauseitisplayed indoorsthroughoutthewinterandbecauseitisafastergame.Itisavery populargamewithhighschoolsandinmorethan20statesstate-widehigh schoolmatchesareheldyearly.??Otherspectatorsportsinclude wrestlingboxingandhorseracing.Althoughhorse-racingfanscallthemselves sportsmentheaccuracyofthetermisquestionableasonlythejockeyswho ridethehorsesintheracescanbeconsideredathletes.Theso-called sportsmenarethespectatorswhodonotassembleprimarilytoseethehorses racebuttobetupontheoutcomeofeachrace.Gamblingistheattractionof horseracing.Footballcanbeclassifiedasaspectatorsport.
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ????????{{B}}TechnologyTransfer inGermany{{/B}}??Whenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchinto industrialsuccessfewnationscanmatchGermany.Sincethe1940sthenation’s vastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasand expertisefromscience.AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退over thepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellas theglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕recordformining ideasintoprofit.??Muchofthereasonforthatsuccessisthe FraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolve industrialproblemsandcreatesought-aftertechnologies.Buttodaythe Fraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition.Universitiesaretakinganeverlarger roleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover. Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogramsforpumpingmoney intostart-upcompanies.??Suchastrategymaysoundlikea recipeforeconomicsuccessbutitisnotwithoutitscritics.Thesepeople worrythatfavoringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscience eventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas.Ifeveryscientiststartsthinking likeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciples ofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity-driven:freeandwidelyavailablewill suffer.Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogramstopromotetechnologytransfer areawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedare boundtogobankruptwithinafewyears.??Whilethisdebate continuesnewideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworks whichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz.Yetitisthe fourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestrolein technologytransfer.??Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyis nowEurope’slargestorganizationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutes employing12000people.Itcontinuestogrow.Lastyearitswallowedupthe HeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBedimTodaythereare evenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia.TheFrannhoferSocietyisthelargestorganizationforappliedtechnologyin______.
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{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}SomethingMenDoNotLiketo Do{{/B}}??EricBrownhatesshopping.It’sjustnotenjoyableto mesaidthe28-year-old.Chicagomanwhowascarryingseveralshoppingbags alongthecity’smainstreetMichiganAvenue.WhenI’mout{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}IbasicallyknowwhatIwanttoget.Irushin.Ibuyit.I{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}.??Commonwisdomsaysthatguyshateto shop.Youcanaskgenerationsofmen.Butpeoplewhostudyshoppingsaythata numberofsocialculturalandeconomicfactorsarenow{{U}}?3 ?{{/U}}thismen-hate-to-shopnotion.??{{U}}?4 ?{{/U}}socialclassethnicityage—mensaytheyhatetoshopsaysSharon ZukinaCityUniversityofNewYorksociologyprofessor.Yetwhenyouaskthem deeperquestionsitturnsoutthatthey{{U}}?5?{{/U}}toshop.Men generallyliketoshopfor{{U}}?6?{{/U}}musicandhardware.Butif youaskthemabouttheshoppingtheydoforbooksormusicthey’llsay’Well that’snotshopping.That’s{{U}}?7?{{/U}}.’Inotherwordswhatmen andwomencallbuyingthingsandhowtheyapproachthattaskare{{U}}?8 ?{{/U}}.Womenwill{{U}}?9?{{/U}}throughseveral1000-square-metre storesinsearchoftheperfectpartydress.Menwillwanderthrough100 Internetsitesinsearchofthe{{U}}?10?{{/U}}digitalcamcorder.Women seeshoppingasasocialevent.Menseeitasamissionora{{U}}?11 ?{{/U}}tobewon.??Menarefrequentlyshoppingtowinsays MaryAnnMcGrathamarketingprofessoratLoyolaUniversityofChicago.They wanttogetthebestdeal.TheywanttogetthebestoneThelastoneandif theydothatit{{U}}?12?{{/U}}themhappy.??Whenwomen shopthey’redoingitinawaywheretheywant{{U}}?13?{{/U}}tobe veryhappysaysMcGrath.They’rekindofshoppingforlove.? ?Infactitisinclothingwhereweseeamale-female{{U}}?14 ?{{/U}}mostclearly.Whygrumblesomemenareallmaleclothesnavygrey blackorbrown?ButwouldtheywearLightgreenandpink???These daysmanyguyswearasortofuniformsaysPacoUnderhillauthorofWhyWe ByeIt’sbeenhardforthemtounderstandwhatitmeanstobe fashion-consciousinabusinessway.Itbecomesmuchmucheasierifyou{{U}} ?15?{{/U}}yourrangeofchoices.??grumblen. 抱怨发牢骚??ethnicityn.种族特点??camcordern. 摄像放像机
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? {{B}}MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing{{/B}}??Although thedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknownnewresearchsuggeststhat peoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.? ?InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthat peoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretrouble fallingandstayingasleepaswellasanumberofothersleepproblemsthan peoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalso saidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’s sleepthan8-hoursleepers.??ThesefindingswhichDLDaniel KripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicinedemonstratethatpeople whowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hours anight.Headdedthatitmightbeagoodideaforpeoplewhosleepmorethan 8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.? ?Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesof sleep—forinstanceonereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleep lessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiod thanpeoplewhosleepmore.??ForthecurrentreportKripke reviewedtheresponsesof1004adultstosleepquestionnairesinwhich participantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhetherthey experiencedanysleepproblems.Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleof thenightarisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.?? Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremore likelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours. InaninterviewKripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestat nightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidenceheaddedthat onewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.Itstandstoreasonthat ifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbedthenthey’llspendahigher percentageoftimeawake.hesaid.Paragraph5______
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CommonProblemsCommon Solutions{{/B}}??Thechancesarethatyoumadeupyourmindabout smokingalongtimeago—anddecidedit’snotforyou.??The chancesareequallygoodthatyouknowalotofsmokers—thereareafterall about60millionofthemworkwiththemandgetalongwiththemvery well.??Andfinallyit’saprettysafebetthatyou’reopen-minded andinterestedinallthevariousissuesaboutsmokersandnonsmokers—oryou wouldn’tbereadingthis.??Andthosethreethingsmakeyou incrediblyimportanttoday.??Becausetheymeanthatyoursisthe voice—notthesmoker’sandnottheanti-smoker’s—thatwilldeterminehow muchofsociety’seffortsshouldgointobuildingwallsthatseparateusandhow muchintothesearchforsolutionsthatbringustogether.??For onetragicresultoftheemphasisonbuildingwallsisthediversionofmillions ofdollarsfromscientificresearchonthecausesandcuresofdiseaseswhich whenallissaidanddonestillstrikethenonsmokeraswellasthesmoker.One prominenthealthorganizationtocitebutasingleinstancenowspends28 centsofeverypubliclycontributeddollaroneducationmuchofitin and-smokingpropagandaandonly2centsonresearch.??Therewill alwaysbesomewhowanttobuildwallswhowanttoseparatepeoplefrompeople anduptoapointeventhesemayservesociety.Theanti-smokingwall-builders havetogivethemtheirduehelpedtomakeusallmorekeenlyawareof choice.??Butourguessandcertainlyourhopeisthatyouare amongthefargreatestnumberwhoknowthatwallsareonlytemporaryatbest andthatoverthelongrunwecanservesociety’sinterestbetterbyworking togetherinmutualaccommodation.??Whatevervirtuewailsmay havetheycannevermoveoursocietytowardfundamentalsolutions.Peoplewho worktogetheroncommonproblemscommonsolutions can.Asissuggestedthecommonsolutiontothecommonproblemis______.
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{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????????? {{B}}AmericanSports{{/B}}??TheUnitedStatesisasports-loving nation.SportsinAmericatakeavarietyofforms:organizedcompetitive struggleswhichdrawhugecrowdstocheertheirfavoriteteamtovictory; athleticgamesplayedforrecreationanywheresufficientspaceisfound;and huntingandfishing.Mostsportsareseasonalsothatwhatishappeningin sportsdependsuponthetimeofyear.Somesportsarecalledspectatorsports asthenumberofspectatorsgreatlyexceedsthenumberplayinginthe game.??BaseballisthemostpopularsportintheUS.Itisplayed throughoutthespringandsummerandprofessionalbaseballteamsplaywellinto thefall.Althoughnoothergameisexactlylikebaseballperhapstheonemost nearlylikeitistheEnglishgameofcricket.??Footballisthe mostpopularsportinthefall.Thegameoriginatedasacollegesportmorethan 75yearsago.Itisstillplayedbyalmosteverycollegeanduniversityinthe countryandthefootballstadiumsofsomeofthelargestuniversitiesseatas manyas80000people.ThegameisnotthesameasEuropeanfootballorsoccer. InAmericanfootballthereare11playersoneachteamandtheyaredressedin paddeduniformsandhelmetsbecausethegameisroughandinjuriesarelikelyto occur.??BasketballisthewintersportinAmericanschoolsand colleges.LikefootballbasketballoriginatedintheUSandisnotpopularin othercountries.ManyAmericanspreferittofootballbecauseitisplayed indoorsthroughoutthewinterandbecauseitisafastergame.Itisavery populargamewithhighschoolsandinmorethan20statesstate-widehigh schoolmatchesareheldyearly.??Otherspectatorsportsinclude wrestlingboxingandhorseracing.Althoughhorse-racingfanscallthemselves sportsmentheaccuracyofthetermisquestionableasonlythejockeyswho ridethehorsesintheracescanbeconsideredathletes.Theso-called sportsmenarethespectatorswhodonotassembleprimarilytoseethehorses racebuttobetupontheoutcomeofeachrace.Gamblingistheattractionof horseracing.Professionalbaseballteamscancontinuetoplayforalongperiodoftimeinthefallaftertheregularbaseballseasonsofspringandsummer.
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ?????{{B}}WhyDoPeopleShrink?{{/B}}? ?DidyoueverseethemovieHoneylshrunkthekids?It’saboutawacky dadwho’salsoascientistwhoaccidentallyshrinkshiskidswithhishomemade miniaturizinginvention.Oops!{{U}}?1?{{/U}}??Forolder peopleshrinkingisn’tthatdramaticorsuddenatall.Ittakesplaceover yearsandmayadduptoonlyoneinchorsooffoftheiradultheightmaybea littlemoremaybelessandthiskindofshrinkingcan’tbemagically reversedalthoughtherearethingsthatcanbedonetostopitorslowit down.{{U}}?2?{{/U}}??Thereareafewreasons.Aspeople getoldertheygenerallylosesomemuscleandfatfromtheirbodiesaspartof thenaturalagingprocess.Gravitytheforcethatkeepsyourfeetonthe groundtakeholdandthebonesinthespinecalledvertebraemaybreakdown ordegenerateandstarttocollapseintooneanother.{{U}}?3?{{/U}}. Butperhapsthemostcommonreasonwhysomeolderpeopleshrinkisbecauseof osteoporosis.??Osteoporosisoccurswhentoomuchspongybone tissuewhichisfoundinsideofmostbonesisbrokendownandnotenoughnew bonematerialismade.{{U}}?4?{{/U}}.Bonesbecomesmallerandweaker andcaneasilybreakifsomeonewithoste6porosisisinjured.Olderpeople— especiallywomenwhogenerallyhavesmallerandlighterbonestobeginwith— aremorelikelytodeveloposteoporosis.Asyearsgobyapersonwith osteoporosisshrinksalittlebit.??Didyouknowthateveryday youdoashrinkingact?Youaren’tastallattheendofthedayasyouareat thebeginning.That’sbecauseasthedaygoesonwaterinthedisksofthe spinegetscompressedsqueezedduetogravitymakingyoujustatinybit shorter.Don’tworrythough.{{U}}?5?{{/U}}??A.They enduppressingclosertogetherwhichmakesapersonlosealittleheightand becomeshorter.??B.Onceyougetagoodnight’srestyourbody recoversandthenextmorningyou’restandingtallagain.??C. Overtimeboneissaidtobelostbecauseit’snotbeingreplaced.? ?D.Luckilytherearethingsthatpeoplecandotoprevent shrinking.??E.Thekidsspendtherestofthemovieastiny peoplewhoarebarelyvisiblewhiletryingtogetbacktotheirnormal size.??F.Butwhydoesshrinkinghappenatall?
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ??????? ?????????? {{B}}PushbikePeril{{/B}}??Lowspeedbicyclecrashescanbadlyinjure —orevenkill—childreniftheyfallontotheendsofthehandlebarssoateam ofengineersisredesigningthehumblehandlebarinabidtomakeit safer.??KristyArbogastabioengineerattheChildren’sHospital ofPhiladelphiainPennsylvaniabegantheprojectwithhercolleaguesaftera studyofseriousabdominalinjuriesinchildreninthepast30yearsshowedthat morethanathirdwerecausedbybicycleaccidents.Thetaskwastoidentify howtheinjuriesoccurredandcameupwithsomecountermeasuresshe says.??ByinterviewingthechildrenandtheirparentsArbogast andherteamwereabletoreconstructmanyoftheaccidentsandidentifieda commonmechanismresponsibleforseriousinjures.Theydiscoveredthatmost occurwhenchildrenhitanobstacleataslowspeedcausingthemtotopple over.Tomaintaintheirbalancetheyturnthehandlebarsthrough90degrees— buttheirmomentumforcesthemintotheendofthehandlebars.Thebikethen fallsoverandtheotherendofthehandlebarshitsthegroundrammingitinto theirabdomen.??Thesolutionthegroupcameupwithisahandgrip fittedwithaspringanddampingsystem.Thespringabsorbsupto50percentof theforcestransmittedthroughthehandlebarsinanimpact.Thegrouphopesto commercializethedevicewhichshouldaddonlyafewdollarstothecostofa bike.Butourtaskhasbeenoneofeducationbecauseupuntilnowbicycle manufacturerwereunawareoftheproblemsaysArbogast.??The teamhasalsoapproachedtheUSConsumerProductSafetyCommissiontotryto persuademanufacturerstoadoptthenewdesign.Adecisionisexpectedlater thisyear.??handlebarn常用复数自行车等的车把? ?abdominaladj.腹部的???????? ??redesignv.重新设计??bioengineern.生物工程师? ???????reconstructvt.重建重构? ?countermeasuren.对策??????? ???abdomenn.膜腹部??momentumn.冲力?? ??????????? handgripn.握柄??dampingadj.制动的减速的缓冲的??? commercializevt.使商品化Thenewhandgripworksinwhichofthefollowingways?
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ????????{{B}}TechnologyTransfer inGermany{{/B}}??Whenitcomestotranslatingbasicresearchinto industrialsuccessfewnationscanmatchGermany.Sincethe1940sthenation’s vastindustrialbasehasbeenfedwithaconstantstreamofnewideasand expertisefromscience.AndthoughGermanprosperity繁荣hasfaltered衰退over thepastdecadebecauseofthehugecostofunifyingeastandwestaswellas theglobaleconomicdeclineitstillhasanenviable令人羡慕recordformining ideasintoprofit.??Muchofthereasonforthatsuccessisthe FraunhoferSocietyanetworkofresearchinstitutesthatexistssolelytosolve industrialproblemsandcreatesought-aftertechnologies.Buttodaythe Fraunhoferinstituteshavecompetition.Universitiesaretakinganeverlarger roleintechnologytransferandtechnologyparksarespringingupallover. Theseeffortsarebeingcomplementedbythefederalprogramsforpumpingmoney intostart-upcompanies.??Suchastrategymaysoundlikea recipeforeconomicsuccessbutitisnotwithoutitscritics.Thesepeople worrythatfavoringappliedresearchwillmeanneglectingbasicscience eventuallystarvingindustryoffleshideas.Ifeveryscientiststartsthinking likeanentrepreneur企业家theargumentgoesthenthetraditionalprinciples ofuniversityresearchbeingcuriosity-driven:freeandwidelyavailablewill suffer.Othersclaimthatmanyoftheprogramstopromotetechnologytransfer areawasteofmoneybecausehalfthesmallbusinessesthatarepromotedare boundtogobankruptwithinafewyears.??Whilethisdebate continuesnewideasflowatasteadyratefromGermany’sresearchnetworks whichbearfamousnamessuchasHelmholtzMaxPlanckandLeibniz.Yetitisthe fourthnetworktheFraunhoferSocietythatplaysthegreatestrolein technologytransfer.??Foundedin1949theFraunhoferSocietyis nowEurope’slargestorganizationforappliedtechnologyandhas59institutes employing12000people.Itcontinuestogrow.Lastyearitswallowedupthe HeinrichHertzInstituteforCommunicationTechnologyinBedimTodaythereare evenFraunhofersintheUSandAsia.Thewordexpertiseinline3couldbebestreplacedby______.
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{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ?????{{B}}WhyDoPeopleShrink?{{/B}}? ?DidyoueverseethemovieHoneylshrunkthekids?It’saboutawacky dadwho’salsoascientistwhoaccidentallyshrinkshiskidswithhishomemade miniaturizinginvention.Oops!{{U}}?1?{{/U}}??Forolder peopleshrinkingisn’tthatdramaticorsuddenatall.Ittakesplaceover yearsandmayadduptoonlyoneinchorsooffoftheiradultheightmaybea littlemoremaybelessandthiskindofshrinkingcan’tbemagically reversedalthoughtherearethingsthatcanbedonetostopitorslowit down.{{U}}?2?{{/U}}??Thereareafewreasons.Aspeople getoldertheygenerallylosesomemuscleandfatfromtheirbodiesaspartof thenaturalagingprocess.Gravitytheforcethatkeepsyourfeetonthe groundtakeholdandthebonesinthespinecalledvertebraemaybreakdown ordegenerateandstarttocollapseintooneanother.{{U}}?3?{{/U}}. Butperhapsthemostcommonreasonwhysomeolderpeopleshrinkisbecauseof osteoporosis.??Osteoporosisoccurswhentoomuchspongybone tissuewhichisfoundinsideofmostbonesisbrokendownandnotenoughnew bonematerialismade.{{U}}?4?{{/U}}.Bonesbecomesmallerandweaker andcaneasilybreakifsomeonewithoste6porosisisinjured.Olderpeople— especiallywomenwhogenerallyhavesmallerandlighterbonestobeginwith— aremorelikelytodeveloposteoporosis.Asyearsgobyapersonwith osteoporosisshrinksalittlebit.??Didyouknowthateveryday youdoashrinkingact?Youaren’tastallattheendofthedayasyouareat thebeginning.That’sbecauseasthedaygoesonwaterinthedisksofthe spinegetscompressedsqueezedduetogravitymakingyoujustatinybit shorter.Don’tworrythough.{{U}}?5?{{/U}}??A.They enduppressingclosertogetherwhichmakesapersonlosealittleheightand becomeshorter.??B.Onceyougetagoodnight’srestyourbody recoversandthenextmorningyou’restandingtallagain.??C. Overtimeboneissaidtobelostbecauseit’snotbeingreplaced.? ?D.Luckilytherearethingsthatpeoplecandotoprevent shrinking.??E.Thekidsspendtherestofthemovieastiny peoplewhoarebarelyvisiblewhiletryingtogetbacktotheirnormal size.??F.Butwhydoesshrinkinghappenatall?
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? {{B}}MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing{{/B}}??Although thedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknownnewresearchsuggeststhat peoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosuffertheconsequences.? ?InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofoundthat peoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohavemoretrouble fallingandstayingasleepaswellasanumberofothersleepproblemsthan peoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly7hourseachnightalso saidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepandfeelingrefreshedafteranight’s sleepthan8-hoursleepers.??ThesefindingswhichDLDaniel KripkereportedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicinedemonstratethatpeople whowanttogetagoodnight’srestmaynotneedtosetasidemorethan8hours anight.Headdedthatitmightbeagoodideaforpeoplewhosleepmorethan 8hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendinbed butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.? ?Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronicshortagesof sleep—forinstanceonereportdemonstratedthatpeoplewhohabituallysleep lessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskofdyingwithinafixedperiod thanpeoplewhosleepmore.??ForthecurrentreportKripke reviewedtheresponsesof1004adultstosleepquestionnairesinwhich participantsindicatedhowmuchtheysleptduringtheweekandwhetherthey experiencedanysleepproblems.Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleof thenightarisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep andhavingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.?? Kripkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseachnightweremore likelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthanpeoplewhoslept8hours. InaninterviewKripkenotedthatlongsleepersmaystruggletogetrestat nightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtimeinbed.Asevidenceheaddedthat onewaytohelpinsomniaistospendlesstimeinbed.Itstandstoreasonthat ifapersonspendstoolongatimeinbedthenthey’llspendahigher percentageoftimeawake.hesaid.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenightunableto______.
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