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Text 1 In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernad...
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1939年9月1日德国进攻波兰当时德国宣传部长如果要以最快的速度告知全国人民的话他会采取方式
1939年9月1日德军对发动了突然进攻标志第二次世界大战爆发
Yourbrothe__________behungrynow.-----hehadlunchonl
wouldn’t
can’t
mustn’t
needn’t
1939年德国开始进攻
从下面四个盒子里分别摸出一个球结果是哪个连一连．
智利发生8.3级地震
1937年1月24日
1938年1月24日
1939年1月24日
1940年1月24日
如图将Rt△ABC其中∠B.＝34∠C.＝90绕
点按顺时针方向旋转到△AB
1
C
1
的位置，使得点C.A.B
1
在同一条直线上，那么旋转角最小等于（ ） A.56
68
124
180
1939年8月31日希特勒签署了关于实施白色方案的命令其中写道进攻日期1939年9月1日签署该命令是
突袭波兰
进攻苏联
偷袭珍珠港
包围斯大林格勒
1939年9月1日德国入侵苏联标志二战全面爆发错误_________________改正______
1939年9月1日德国入侵波兰标志着第二次世界大战的全面开始
与右图所示德国疆域相符的时间是
1936年3月～1937年2月
1937年3月～1938年9月
1938年1O月～1939年2月
1939年3月～1939年9月
1939年1月16日中共南方局成立__来任书记局址先设在重庆号与八路军新四军驻重庆办事处合署办公对外
第二次世界大战全面爆发的时间是在
1949年9月1日
1939年9月1日
1939年9月3日
1937年7月7日
与下图所示德国疆域相符的时间是
1936年3月-1937年2月
1937年3月-1938年9月
1938年10月-1939年2月
1939年3月-1939年9月
=6÷=4=1÷=小数=．
已知1938年1月1日木星的日心黄经是306度55分地球是99度55分试确定在1938年以及在193
1939年9月1日德国入侵波兰的军事计划名
红色方案
绿色方案
白色方案
黄色方案
第二次世界大战全面爆发是在
1936年意大利武装干涉西班牙内政
1938年德国吞并奥地利
1939年春，德国吞并捷克斯洛伐克
1939年9月1日，德国闪击波兰，9月3日英法对德宣战
1939年1月原湖南省长张治中离开长沙新任湖南省长是谁呢他是长沙抗战著名将领
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Text2 Todaythestudyoflanguageinourschoolsissomewhatconfused.Itisthemosttraditionalofscholasticsubjectsbeingtaughtinatimewhenmanyofourtraditionsnolongerfitourneeds.YoutowhomthesepagesareaddressedspeakEnglishandarethereforeinaworsecasethananyotherliteratepeople. Peopleponderingtheoriginoflanguageforthefirsttimeusuallyarriveattheconclusionthatitdevelopedgraduallyasasystemofconventionalisedgruntshissesandcriesandmusthavebeenaverysimpleaffairinthebeginning.Butwhenweobservethelanguagebehaviorofwhatweregardasprimitivecultureswefinditstrikinglyelaborateandcomplicated.Stefanssontheexplorersaidthat"InordertogetalongreasonablywellanEskimomusthaveatthetipofhistongueavocabularyofmorethan10000wordsmuchlargerthantheactivevocabularyofanaveragebusinessmanwhospeaksEnglish.MoreovertheseEskimowordsarefarmorehighlyinflectedthanthoseofanyofthewell-knownEuropeanlanguagesforasinglenouncanbespokenorwritteninseveralhundreddifferentformseachhavingaprecisemeaningdifferentfromthatofanyother.Theformsoftheverbsareevenmorenumerous.TheEskimolanguageisthereforeoneofthemostdifficultintheworldtolearnwiththeresultthatalmostnotradersorexplorershaveeventriedtolearnit.ConsequentlytherehasgrownupanintercoursebetweenEskimosandwhitesajargonsimilartothepidginEnglishusedinChinawithavocabularyoffrom300to600uninflectedwordsmostofthemderivedfromEskimobutsomederivedfromEnglishDanishSpanishHawaiianandotherlanguages.Itisthisjargonwhichisusuallyreferredtoby.Travelersas’theEskimolanguage.’"AndProfessorThalbitzerofCopenhagenwhodidtakethetroubletolearnEskimoseemstoendorsetheexplorer’sviewwhenhewrites:"Thelanguageispolysynthetic.Thegrammarisextremelyrichinflexionalformstheconjugationofacommonverbending.Forthedeclensionofanounthereare150suffixesfordualandplurallocalcasesandpossessiveflexion.’Thederivativeendingseffectiveinthevocabularyandtheconstructionofsentencesorsentence-likewordsamounttoatleast250.Notwithstandingalltheseconstructivepeculiaritiesthegrammaticalandsyntheticsystemisremarkablyconciseandinitsownwaylogical." Theauthor'soverallpointisthat
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 6
Text1 AclassicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologistJohnCalhoun.Ineachexperimentanequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationswereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.AttheendoftheexperimentsCalhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongratsakindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratswouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding. Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexamplemotherssometimesabandonedtheirpupsandwithouttheirmothers’carethepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunitiesmotherratsdonot-behavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseasedpathological.Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Thereforetheseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.Howeverdominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermalefemaleandimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviourshowedthateventhoughthedominantmaleshadenoughlivingspacetheytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding. NondominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehaviorSomewithdrewcompletelyavoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantmaleswerehyperactivechasingotherratsandfightingeachother. Thebehaviouroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun’sexperiments.InlargeurbanareassuchasNewYorkCityLondonandCairothereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruelpowerfulindividualsbothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisorders.overpopulationCalhoun’sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycasesocialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments. WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefromtheinformationinparagraphone
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 4
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 10
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 14
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 8
1.几年前没有多少人会想到装修自己的房子为什么2.如今情况却大不相同了又为什么3.陈述你对装修利弊的看法Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 12
ThemoreIseeoftheInternetthemoreenthusiasticIam.We’relivingthroughaperiodofdynamicchange.Americaisaheadjustnowwithover50percentofthepopulationonline;BritainisnextthenScandinaviaandJapanwiththerestofEuropelaggingsurprisinglybehind.Butitwon’tbelongbeforeeveryonecatchesup.InthethirdworldespeciallytheInternetwillbealiberatingforcethatwillpowerdemocracyandeconomicgrowth. 46ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket.Companiesbegantoberanmuchmoreaggressivelyintheinterestsofshareholdersandthatpoweredtheadoptionofnewtechnology.ThepayofCEOswastiedtostockmarketperformanceandbusinessmengotrichinawaytheyneverpreviouslyimagined.ThepowerofgreedhasalwaysbeenoneofourAmericanlessonsfortheworld. 47Ontheknife-edgeofthemarketsomearegoingtobleed.Onebiginnovationhereis"frictionlessselling"forcars-buyingonlineratherthanthroughabigtalkingsalesmanatacardealership.IjustboughtmynewcarthroughAutobytelwhichnormallysellsat2percentabovewhatthedealerpays.ArrangedfinanceandgotjustwhatIwanted--colour;interiorenginesize--inhalfanhour.That’sgreatforme.48Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover. Ifthereareloserswhoneedprotectingtherearealsowinnersonagrandscalemanyofthemfromethnicminorities.Newtechnologyattractssmartpeoplewhowanttogetrichfromallovertheworld. 49LotsofcubiclesatMicrosoftheadquartersholdanAsianorLatinomillionaire.AndYahoowasfoundedbyJerryYangwhostartedbyputtingtogetheraguidetocoolwebsitesasaboredgraduatestudentatStanford.Hewasunder30wasborninTaiwancametoAmericawithnothingandhiscompanyisnowworthtensofbillionsofdollars. 50Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.ThegrowthoftheInternetinAfricaAsiaandtheFar.Eastisputtingthesetoolsineveryone’shands.AndI’mconfidentthatifpeoplegetthechancetoconnecttheywillquicklycreatewealthandopportunitiesacrosssevencontinents. Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.
ThemoreIseeoftheInternetthemoreenthusiasticIam.We’relivingthroughaperiodofdynamicchange.Americaisaheadjustnowwithover50percentofthepopulationonline;BritainisnextthenScandinaviaandJapanwiththerestofEuropelaggingsurprisinglybehind.Butitwon’tbelongbeforeeveryonecatchesup.InthethirdworldespeciallytheInternetwillbealiberatingforcethatwillpowerdemocracyandeconomicgrowth. 46ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket.Companiesbegantoberanmuchmoreaggressivelyintheinterestsofshareholdersandthatpoweredtheadoptionofnewtechnology.ThepayofCEOswastiedtostockmarketperformanceandbusinessmengotrichinawaytheyneverpreviouslyimagined.ThepowerofgreedhasalwaysbeenoneofourAmericanlessonsfortheworld. 47Ontheknife-edgeofthemarketsomearegoingtobleed.Onebiginnovationhereis"frictionlessselling"forcars-buyingonlineratherthanthroughabigtalkingsalesmanatacardealership.IjustboughtmynewcarthroughAutobytelwhichnormallysellsat2percentabovewhatthedealerpays.ArrangedfinanceandgotjustwhatIwanted--colour;interiorenginesize--inhalfanhour.That’sgreatforme.48Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover. Ifthereareloserswhoneedprotectingtherearealsowinnersonagrandscalemanyofthemfromethnicminorities.Newtechnologyattractssmartpeoplewhowanttogetrichfromallovertheworld. 49LotsofcubiclesatMicrosoftheadquartersholdanAsianorLatinomillionaire.AndYahoowasfoundedbyJerryYangwhostartedbyputtingtogetheraguidetocoolwebsitesasaboredgraduatestudentatStanford.Hewasunder30wasborninTaiwancametoAmericawithnothingandhiscompanyisnowworthtensofbillionsofdollars. 50Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.ThegrowthoftheInternetinAfricaAsiaandtheFar.Eastisputtingthesetoolsineveryone’shands.AndI’mconfidentthatifpeoplegetthechancetoconnecttheywillquicklycreatewealthandopportunitiesacrosssevencontinents. ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 16
ThemoreIseeoftheInternetthemoreenthusiasticIam.We’relivingthroughaperiodofdynamicchange.Americaisaheadjustnowwithover50percentofthepopulationonline;BritainisnextthenScandinaviaandJapanwiththerestofEuropelaggingsurprisinglybehind.Butitwon’tbelongbeforeeveryonecatchesup.InthethirdworldespeciallytheInternetwillbealiberatingforcethatwillpowerdemocracyandeconomicgrowth. 46ThelightningspeedofAmericandecision-makingintoday’sbusinessworldisembeddedinthetechnology.Inthe1980sAmericancompaniesdesperatetofendoffJapanandGermanyshedtheirbureaucraticaspectsandreturnedtotheknife-edgeofthemarket.Companiesbegantoberanmuchmoreaggressivelyintheinterestsofshareholdersandthatpoweredtheadoptionofnewtechnology.ThepayofCEOswastiedtostockmarketperformanceandbusinessmengotrichinawaytheyneverpreviouslyimagined.ThepowerofgreedhasalwaysbeenoneofourAmericanlessonsfortheworld. 47Ontheknife-edgeofthemarketsomearegoingtobleed.Onebiginnovationhereis"frictionlessselling"forcars-buyingonlineratherthanthroughabigtalkingsalesmanatacardealership.IjustboughtmynewcarthroughAutobytelwhichnormallysellsat2percentabovewhatthedealerpays.ArrangedfinanceandgotjustwhatIwanted--colour;interiorenginesize--inhalfanhour.That’sgreatforme.48Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover. Ifthereareloserswhoneedprotectingtherearealsowinnersonagrandscalemanyofthemfromethnicminorities.Newtechnologyattractssmartpeoplewhowanttogetrichfromallovertheworld. 49LotsofcubiclesatMicrosoftheadquartersholdanAsianorLatinomillionaire.AndYahoowasfoundedbyJerryYangwhostartedbyputtingtogetheraguidetocoolwebsitesasaboredgraduatestudentatStanford.Hewasunder30wasborninTaiwancametoAmericawithnothingandhiscompanyisnowworthtensofbillionsofdollars. 50Telecomcostsarefallingtowardszeroandcomputercostsaren’tfarbehind;bynextyearwe’llbeabletostoreaterabyteofdatafor$10000--andnotlongagotheentireInternetwasheldtobeaterabyte.ThegrowthoftheInternetinAfricaAsiaandtheFar.Eastisputtingthesetoolsineveryone’shands.AndI’mconfidentthatifpeoplegetthechancetoconnecttheywillquicklycreatewealthandopportunitiesacrosssevencontinents. Butthereare25000--mostlyfamilyownedcardealershipsintheUnitedStatesandinthenextcenturymostwilldie.It’satransitionthatwillsurelybereplicatedmanytimesover.
Text4 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.Firstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernwesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotreeunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandstudyasthisbookindicates. Thepassageismostlikelyapartof
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 20
Text4 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.Firstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernwesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotreeunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandstudyasthisbookindicates. Westernersarefamiliarwiththejournalisticinterview
Text3 Firecanbethoughtofasanycombustionprocessintenseenoughtoemitlight.Itmaybeaquietlyburningflameorthe:brilliantflashofanexplosion. Atypicalcombustionprocessistheburningofgasolineinanautomobileengine.Thevaporizedfuelismixedwithaircompressedintheengine’scylinderandignitedbyaspark.Asthefuelflameuptheheatproducedflowsintotheadjacentlayerofunburnedfuelandignitesit.Inthiswayazoneoffirespreadsthroughoutthefuelmixtureiscalledacombustionwave. Thespeedatwhichsuchacombustionwavetravelsthroughafuelmixtureiscalledtheburningvelocityofthemixture.Theburningvelocityofagassuchasmethanequietlyburninginairisonlyaboutonefootpersecond.BycomparisontheburningvelocityofmorereactivecombinationssuchastherocketFuelshydrogenandfluorinecanbehundredsoffeetpersecond. Ifthefuelflowsatthesamespeedasthecombustionwavetheresultisastationaryflameliketheoneinyourkitchengasburner.Inthekitchenburnerajetofgasmixedwithairflowsfromtheopeningintheheadoftheburner.Ifthevelocityofthefuelmixtureflowingfromtheopeningisgreaterthanitsburningvelocitytheflameblowsout. Injetenginesspeedingthroughtheairat500to600milesperhourtheengine’sflameissometimesblownoutbytheblastofairenteringthecombustionchamberathighspeeds.Jetpilotscallthiscondition"flameout". Combustioncansometimesoccurveryslowly.AfamiliarexampleofSlowcombustionisthedryingofordinaryoil-basedpaint.Inthischemicalreactioncalledoxidationtheoxygenintheairreactswiththedrying’oilinthepainttoprovideatoughfilm.Thelinseedoilmoleculeslinktogetherforminganinsolublecoating. HowcanthechemicalreactioninvolvedinsuchaquietprocessasthedryingofpaintalsoproducespectacularflamesandexplosionsThemaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthetemperatureatwhichtheyoccur. Atlowertemperaturesthereactionmusttakeplaceoveralongtime.Theheatwhichisslowlyproducedisdissipatedtothesurroundingsanddoesnotspeedupthereaction.Whentheheatproducedbythelow-temperaturereactionisretainedinsteadofbeingdissipatedthesystembreaksintoflame. Inaflameorexplosionthereactionsareextremelyfast.Inmanychemicalprocesseshoweversucharapidoxidationprocesswouldbeextremelydestructive. Anattemptonthepartoftheauthorofthispassagetogiveamoreinformaltonetohiswritingoccursin
InthemonthofSeptemberinBritainyoumayseelargenumbersofbirds1onroofsandtelegraphwires.Thesebirdsareswallows.Theyare2togetherbecauseverysoontheywillbeflying.3tomuchwarmerlandswheretheywillfind4thesmallflyinginsectsonwhichthey5.Therearenosuchinsects6inBritainduringthewinter;itis7coldforthem. Theswallowssettleflyoffswoopand8again.Thistheydomanytimesfortheyaremakingshort9flightsinordertobefitforthelongjourney10them. 11ofthesemigratingbirdsleaveBritainintheautumn.Theyfly12forhundredsofmiles13theyreachthewarmlandsofAfrica.Butnotallthebirdsgetthereformanyofthemperishinthestormyweathertheymeetwith14. Inthespringofthefollowingyearthey"15thelongandtiringjourneybacktoBritain. Theyreturntotheidenticalbarnortreeinthe16districtwhichtheyhadleftthe17autumn.Howdothesebirdsfindtheir18thereandbackoversuchvastdistances.’Nobodyknowsexactly19butithassomethingtodo20windsandaircurrents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.20
Text3 Firecanbethoughtofasanycombustionprocessintenseenoughtoemitlight.Itmaybeaquietlyburningflameorthe:brilliantflashofanexplosion. Atypicalcombustionprocessistheburningofgasolineinanautomobileengine.Thevaporizedfuelismixedwithaircompressedintheengine’scylinderandignitedbyaspark.Asthefuelflameuptheheatproducedflowsintotheadjacentlayerofunburnedfuelandignitesit.Inthiswayazoneoffirespreadsthroughoutthefuelmixtureiscalledacombustionwave. Thespeedatwhichsuchacombustionwavetravelsthroughafuelmixtureiscalledtheburningvelocityofthemixture.Theburningvelocityofagassuchasmethanequietlyburninginairisonlyaboutonefootpersecond.BycomparisontheburningvelocityofmorereactivecombinationssuchastherocketFuelshydrogenandfluorinecanbehundredsoffeetpersecond. Ifthefuelflowsatthesamespeedasthecombustionwavetheresultisastationaryflameliketheoneinyourkitchengasburner.Inthekitchenburnerajetofgasmixedwithairflowsfromtheopeningintheheadoftheburner.Ifthevelocityofthefuelmixtureflowingfromtheopeningisgreaterthanitsburningvelocitytheflameblowsout. Injetenginesspeedingthroughtheairat500to600milesperhourtheengine’sflameissometimesblownoutbytheblastofairenteringthecombustionchamberathighspeeds.Jetpilotscallthiscondition"flameout". Combustioncansometimesoccurveryslowly.AfamiliarexampleofSlowcombustionisthedryingofordinaryoil-basedpaint.Inthischemicalreactioncalledoxidationtheoxygenintheairreactswiththedrying’oilinthepainttoprovideatoughfilm.Thelinseedoilmoleculeslinktogetherforminganinsolublecoating. HowcanthechemicalreactioninvolvedinsuchaquietprocessasthedryingofpaintalsoproducespectacularflamesandexplosionsThemaindifferencebetweenthetwoisthetemperatureatwhichtheyoccur. Atlowertemperaturesthereactionmusttakeplaceoveralongtime.Theheatwhichisslowlyproducedisdissipatedtothesurroundingsanddoesnotspeedupthereaction.Whentheheatproducedbythelow-temperaturereactionisretainedinsteadofbeingdissipatedthesystembreaksintoflame. Inaflameorexplosionthereactionsareextremelyfast.Inmanychemicalprocesseshoweversucharapidoxidationprocesswouldbeextremelydestructive. Asteadyflameinagasburneristheresultof
Text1 AclassicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologistJohnCalhoun.Ineachexperimentanequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationswereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.AttheendoftheexperimentsCalhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongratsakindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratswouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding. Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexamplemotherssometimesabandonedtheirpupsandwithouttheirmothers’carethepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunitiesmotherratsdonot-behavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseasedpathological.Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Thereforetheseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.Howeverdominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermalefemaleandimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviourshowedthateventhoughthedominantmaleshadenoughlivingspacetheytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding. NondominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehaviorSomewithdrewcompletelyavoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantmaleswerehyperactivechasingotherratsandfightingeachother. Thebehaviouroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun’sexperiments.InlargeurbanareassuchasNewYorkCityLondonandCairothereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruelpowerfulindividualsbothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisorders.overpopulationCalhoun’sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycasesocialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments. Themainideaofthispassageisthat
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 18
Text2 Todaythestudyoflanguageinourschoolsissomewhatconfused.Itisthemosttraditionalofscholasticsubjectsbeingtaughtinatimewhenmanyofourtraditionsnolongerfitourneeds.YoutowhomthesepagesareaddressedspeakEnglishandarethereforeinaworsecasethananyotherliteratepeople. Peopleponderingtheoriginoflanguageforthefirsttimeusuallyarriveattheconclusionthatitdevelopedgraduallyasasystemofconventionalisedgruntshissesandcriesandmusthavebeenaverysimpleaffairinthebeginning.Butwhenweobservethelanguagebehaviorofwhatweregardasprimitivecultureswefinditstrikinglyelaborateandcomplicated.Stefanssontheexplorersaidthat"InordertogetalongreasonablywellanEskimomusthaveatthetipofhistongueavocabularyofmorethan10000wordsmuchlargerthantheactivevocabularyofanaveragebusinessmanwhospeaksEnglish.MoreovertheseEskimowordsarefarmorehighlyinflectedthanthoseofanyofthewell-knownEuropeanlanguagesforasinglenouncanbespokenorwritteninseveralhundreddifferentformseachhavingaprecisemeaningdifferentfromthatofanyother.Theformsoftheverbsareevenmorenumerous.TheEskimolanguageisthereforeoneofthemostdifficultintheworldtolearnwiththeresultthatalmostnotradersorexplorershaveeventriedtolearnit.ConsequentlytherehasgrownupanintercoursebetweenEskimosandwhitesajargonsimilartothepidginEnglishusedinChinawithavocabularyoffrom300to600uninflectedwordsmostofthemderivedfromEskimobutsomederivedfromEnglishDanishSpanishHawaiianandotherlanguages.Itisthisjargonwhichisusuallyreferredtoby.Travelersas’theEskimolanguage.’"AndProfessorThalbitzerofCopenhagenwhodidtakethetroubletolearnEskimoseemstoendorsetheexplorer’sviewwhenhewrites:"Thelanguageispolysynthetic.Thegrammarisextremelyrichinflexionalformstheconjugationofacommonverbending.Forthedeclensionofanounthereare150suffixesfordualandplurallocalcasesandpossessiveflexion.’Thederivativeendingseffectiveinthevocabularyandtheconstructionofsentencesorsentence-likewordsamounttoatleast250.Notwithstandingalltheseconstructivepeculiaritiesthegrammaticalandsyntheticsystemisremarkablyconciseandinitsownwaylogical." Accordingtothepassagethelanguageofprimitivecultureswas
Text2 Todaythestudyoflanguageinourschoolsissomewhatconfused.Itisthemosttraditionalofscholasticsubjectsbeingtaughtinatimewhenmanyofourtraditionsnolongerfitourneeds.YoutowhomthesepagesareaddressedspeakEnglishandarethereforeinaworsecasethananyotherliteratepeople. Peopleponderingtheoriginoflanguageforthefirsttimeusuallyarriveattheconclusionthatitdevelopedgraduallyasasystemofconventionalisedgruntshissesandcriesandmusthavebeenaverysimpleaffairinthebeginning.Butwhenweobservethelanguagebehaviorofwhatweregardasprimitivecultureswefinditstrikinglyelaborateandcomplicated.Stefanssontheexplorersaidthat"InordertogetalongreasonablywellanEskimomusthaveatthetipofhistongueavocabularyofmorethan10000wordsmuchlargerthantheactivevocabularyofanaveragebusinessmanwhospeaksEnglish.MoreovertheseEskimowordsarefarmorehighlyinflectedthanthoseofanyofthewell-knownEuropeanlanguagesforasinglenouncanbespokenorwritteninseveralhundreddifferentformseachhavingaprecisemeaningdifferentfromthatofanyother.Theformsoftheverbsareevenmorenumerous.TheEskimolanguageisthereforeoneofthemostdifficultintheworldtolearnwiththeresultthatalmostnotradersorexplorershaveeventriedtolearnit.ConsequentlytherehasgrownupanintercoursebetweenEskimosandwhitesajargonsimilartothepidginEnglishusedinChinawithavocabularyoffrom300to600uninflectedwordsmostofthemderivedfromEskimobutsomederivedfromEnglishDanishSpanishHawaiianandotherlanguages.Itisthisjargonwhichisusuallyreferredtoby.Travelersas’theEskimolanguage.’"AndProfessorThalbitzerofCopenhagenwhodidtakethetroubletolearnEskimoseemstoendorsetheexplorer’sviewwhenhewrites:"Thelanguageispolysynthetic.Thegrammarisextremelyrichinflexionalformstheconjugationofacommonverbending.Forthedeclensionofanounthereare150suffixesfordualandplurallocalcasesandpossessiveflexion.’Thederivativeendingseffectiveinthevocabularyandtheconstructionofsentencesorsentence-likewordsamounttoatleast250.Notwithstandingalltheseconstructivepeculiaritiesthegrammaticalandsyntheticsystemisremarkablyconciseandinitsownwaylogical." Someoftheevidenceaboutlanguageinthepassageistakenfromtheobservationsof
Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfearandhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutlivingincoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStatesgetstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantsliveinlargeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects—thatmeanstheyhaveacastesystemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenandaworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyareconsideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurarestungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreactioncalledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcandamagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanicalequipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finallyasfireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyonlargeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Eventhoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybebeneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescanreducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexampletheypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsandbudworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugar-caneborerusedtobeaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fireantsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsareconsideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—wehadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethatcompleteeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anewlong-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsinvolvesclassicalbiologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnitedStatesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.ClassicalbiologicalcontrolinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsinSouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnativeplantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheintroducedfireantpopulationintheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundantherethaninSouthAmericascientistshopetore-ducetheirnumbersusingthisapproach.Whichofthefollowingisareasonwhyfireantsareconsideredpests
Fewinsectshaveinspiredasmuchfearandhatredasthediminutivefireantslessthanhalfaninchlongbutlivingincoloniesofmorethan250000others.EveryoneinthesouthernUnitedStatesgetstoknowfireantssoonerorlaterbypainfulexperience.Fireantsliveinlargeearthenmoundsandaretruesocialinsects—thatmeanstheyhaveacastesystemdivisionoflaborwithaspecializedcastethatlayseggsqueenandaworkercasteofsterilefemales.Thereareseveralreasonsthattheyareconsideredpests.About60%ofpeoplelivinginareaswherefireantsoccurarestungeveryyear.Oftheseabout1%havesomedegreeofallergicreactioncalledanaphylaxistothesting.Theirlargemoundsareunsightlyandcandamagemowingequipment.Fireantssometimesenterelectricalandmechanicalequipmentandcanshortoutswitchesorchewthroughinsulation.Finallyasfireantsmoveintonewareastheyreducediversityofnativeantsandpreyonlargeranimalssuchasground-nestingbirdsandturtles.Eventhoughfireantsarepestsinmanycircumstancestheycanactuallybebeneficialinothers.Thereisevidencethattheirpredatoryactivitiescanreducethenumbersofsomeotherimportantpests.Incottonforexampletheypreyonimportantpeststhateatcottonplantssuchasbollwormsandbudworms.InLouisianasugarcaneaninsectcalledthesugar-caneborerusedtobeaveryimportantpestbeforefireantsarrivedandbeganpreyingonit.Fireantsalsopreyonticksandfleas.Whetherfireantsareconsideredpestornotdependonwheretheyarefoundbutonethingissure—wehadbestgetusedtolivingwiththem.Eradicationattemptsinthe1960sand1970sfailedforanumberofreasonsandscientistsgenerallyagreethatcompleteeliminationoffireantsfromtheUnitedStatesisnotpossible.Anewlong-termapproachtoreducingfireantpopulationsinvolvesclassicalbiologicalcontrol.WhenfireantswereaccidentallybroughttotheUnitedStatesmostoftheirparasitesanddiseaseswerenot.ClassicalbiologicalcontrolinvolvesidentifyingparasitesanddiseasesspecifictofireantsinSouthAmericatestingthemtobesurethattheydon’tattackorinfectnativeplantsoranimalsandestablishingthemintheintroducedfireantpopulationintheUnitedStates.Sincefireantsareabout5to7timesmoreabundantherethaninSouthAmericascientistshopetore-ducetheirnumbersusingthisapproach.Whetherfireantsarepestsornotlargelydependsontheir
There’salotofinformationtechnologypackedbetweentheleathercheeksofyourwallet:chequecardscreditcardstravelcardsphonecards.Theworldoffinanceinparticularhascomeupwithnumerousdevicesthathavemadetheirwayintoourbackpocket--tomakeiteasiertospendbutjustasimportanttokeeptrack.41_______________________________________________________Excludingsmalldailycashdealstherearenowmorethan1000transactionsperpersonannually.Andforeveryonearecordmustbemadeofthesumthepartiesinvolvedandthepurpose. Plasticmoneyisbigbusiness:therearemorethan420millionVisacardsaloneontheplanetworthsomethingintheregionof700billionpoundsandthetotalofplastictransactionsisexpectedtoreach4.8billionpoundsinBritainbytheendofthecentury.CommontoallcardsisthattheyaremadeofPVCplasticandhaveferromagneticstripontheback--thesamestuffasvideotape.42_______________________________________________________.WhatisneverrecordedonthestripisthePINpersonalidentificationnumber--theholder’ssecretpasswordforwithdrawingmoney. WhenacardisplacedinanATMamotorizedreaderscansthemagneticstriprequeststheuser’sPINchecksthebalanceandallbeingwelldispensesthecash.43_______________________________________________________. Astoday’stechnologygoesthemagneticstripthatallowsallthistohappenisprettyprimitive:OKfortravelcardsandseasonticketsbutnotareliableanti--securitymeasure.44_______________________________________________________. Withtheintroductionofsmartcardsandelectronicmoneysecuritywillceasetobeaproblem--atleastforawhile--andallothercardswillbeirrelevant.45_______________________________________________________. A.IftheuserentersthreewrongPINsthecardisretainedandrecordedstolen. B.The.walletofthefuturemaybeslimmerbutthedatainitwillbedenserthanever. C.Somanypeopleliketopaytheirbillsusingthesmartcards. D.Itcanbereadbysimplescanningmachinesthatcanbeboughtoverthecounteratelectronicstores. E.ThenumberoffinancialtransactionsintheUKhasrisenenormouslyinrecentyears. F.Onthesurfaceofthecardswecanseeallkindsofpictureslabelofthecompanyorevensomescenicspots. G.Onmoststripsinformationsuch’asthecurrentaccountnumberisencodedbylaserontwoorthreetracks. 42
Deflationisaneconomictheoryrelatingchangesinthepricelevelstochangesinthequantityofmoney.Initsdeveloped1itconstitutesananalysisofthe2underlyinginflationanddeflation.As3bytheEnglishphilosopherJohnLockeinthe17thcenturytheScottish4DavidHumeinthe18thcenturyand5itwasaweapon6themercantilistswhowerethoughttoequatewealthwithmoney.Ifthe7ofmoneybyanationmerelyraised8arguedthequantitytheoriststhena"favourable"balanceoftrade9desiredbymercantilistswouldincreasethesupplyofmoneybutwouldnotin-crease10.Inthe19thcenturythequantitytheory11totheascendancyoffreetradeoverprotectionism.Inthe19thand20thcenturiesitplayedapartinthe12ofbusinesscyclesandinthetheoryofforeign13rates. The14theorycameunderattackduringthe1930s15monetaryexpansionseemedineffectiveincombatingdeflation.Economistsarguedthatthelevelsofinvestmentandgovernmentspendingweremoreimportantthanthemoneysupplyindeterminingeconomicactivity. Thetideofopinion16againinthe1960swhenexperience17post-WorldWarⅡinflationandnewempirical18ofmoneyandprices—19AMonetaryHistoryoftheUnitedStates1963byMiltonFriedmanandAnnaSchwartz—restoredmuchofthequantitytheory’slostprestige.Oneimplicationofthistheoryisthatthesizeofthestockofmoneymustbeconsideredwhenshapinggovernmentalpolicies20tocontrolpricesandmaintainfullemployment. 2
There’salotofinformationtechnologypackedbetweentheleathercheeksofyourwallet:chequecardscreditcardstravelcardsphonecards.Theworldoffinanceinparticularhascomeupwithnumerousdevicesthathavemadetheirwayintoourbackpocket--tomakeiteasiertospendbutjustasimportanttokeeptrack.41_______________________________________________________Excludingsmalldailycashdealstherearenowmorethan1000transactionsperpersonannually.Andforeveryonearecordmustbemadeofthesumthepartiesinvolvedandthepurpose. Plasticmoneyisbigbusiness:therearemorethan420millionVisacardsaloneontheplanetworthsomethingintheregionof700billionpoundsandthetotalofplastictransactionsisexpectedtoreach4.8billionpoundsinBritainbytheendofthecentury.CommontoallcardsisthattheyaremadeofPVCplasticandhaveferromagneticstripontheback--thesamestuffasvideotape.42_______________________________________________________.WhatisneverrecordedonthestripisthePINpersonalidentificationnumber--theholder’ssecretpasswordforwithdrawingmoney. WhenacardisplacedinanATMamotorizedreaderscansthemagneticstriprequeststheuser’sPINchecksthebalanceandallbeingwelldispensesthecash.43_______________________________________________________. Astoday’stechnologygoesthemagneticstripthatallowsallthistohappenisprettyprimitive:OKfortravelcardsandseasonticketsbutnotareliableanti--securitymeasure.44_______________________________________________________. Withtheintroductionofsmartcardsandelectronicmoneysecuritywillceasetobeaproblem--atleastforawhile--andallothercardswillbeirrelevant.45_______________________________________________________. A.IftheuserentersthreewrongPINsthecardisretainedandrecordedstolen. B.The.walletofthefuturemaybeslimmerbutthedatainitwillbedenserthanever. C.Somanypeopleliketopaytheirbillsusingthesmartcards. D.Itcanbereadbysimplescanningmachinesthatcanbeboughtoverthecounteratelectronicstores. E.ThenumberoffinancialtransactionsintheUKhasrisenenormouslyinrecentyears. F.Onthesurfaceofthecardswecanseeallkindsofpictureslabelofthecompanyorevensomescenicspots. G.Onmoststripsinformationsuch’asthecurrentaccountnumberisencodedbylaserontwoorthreetracks. 44
InthemonthofSeptemberinBritainyoumayseelargenumbersofbirds1onroofsandtelegraphwires.Thesebirdsareswallows.Theyare2togetherbecauseverysoontheywillbeflying.3tomuchwarmerlandswheretheywillfind4thesmallflyinginsectsonwhichthey5.Therearenosuchinsects6inBritainduringthewinter;itis7coldforthem. Theswallowssettleflyoffswoopand8again.Thistheydomanytimesfortheyaremakingshort9flightsinordertobefitforthelongjourney10them. 11ofthesemigratingbirdsleaveBritainintheautumn.Theyfly12forhundredsofmiles13theyreachthewarmlandsofAfrica.Butnotallthebirdsgetthereformanyofthemperishinthestormyweathertheymeetwith14. Inthespringofthefollowingyearthey"15thelongandtiringjourneybacktoBritain. Theyreturntotheidenticalbarnortreeinthe16districtwhichtheyhadleftthe17autumn.Howdothesebirdsfindtheir18thereandbackoversuchvastdistances.’Nobodyknowsexactly19butithassomethingtodo20windsandaircurrents. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.18
Text4 Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpressions.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.Firstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernwesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotreeunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysesandstudyasthisbookindicates. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthoris
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