首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Write a letter to apply for a position in a local English training school. In the description you s...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions:Supposeyouareacollegestudentandyouinten
Directions: Youareauniversitystudentandyouwanttoa
Directions: Arecruitmentdrivefor100000Olympicvolu
Directions: Youwanttoapplyforthefollowingjob. Wr
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforab
Directions:Youwanttoapplyforthefollowingjob:resear
IfyouarenotemployedbyacompanyyoushouldNOT______.
write a letter to present your thanks for interview
write a letter showing the reason why you fail in the interview
apply for the same position again several weeks later
apply for other available positions in this company some weeks later
Directions:YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethissemest
Directions.Arecruitmentdrivefor100000Olympicvolunt
Directions:Youwanttoapplyforthefollowingjob.Writea
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforaba
Directions:ChengLinwantstoapplyforanewjob.Sheasksh
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforab
Directions. Arecruitmentdrivefor100000Olympicvolu
Directions: YouaresupposedtogetanMAdegreethisseme
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforaba
Directions: 2008OlympicGamesistobeheldinBeijing.N
Directions: Youwanttoapplyforthefollowingjob:rese
Directions:Arecruitmentdrivefor100000Olympicvolunt
Directions:2008OlympicGamesistobeheldinBeijing.Now
热门试题
更多
Majorlifechangesmayplayaroleinasmanyasaquarterofchronicdailyheadachecasesthatariseamongotherwisehealthyadultmenandwomenstudyfindingssuggest.Majorlifeeventsmayprecipitateorco-occurwiththedevelopmentofchronicdailyheadachesDr.AnnI.Schersaid.Majorlifechangesliterallyshakeupourworldandinviteorpressureustointeractwithlifeinnewways.Togrowweneedtochangeourbeliefsystemstoallowfornewlevelsofthinkingandperformance.ScherofUniformedServicesUniversityinBethesdaMarylandandcolleaguesassessedreportsofmajorlifechangesamong206menandwomenwhometcriteriaforchronicdailyheadache180ormoreheadachedaysperyear.Theyassessedsimilarreportsfrom507menandwomenwithepisodicheadache2to104headachedaysperyear.Theinvestigatorsassessedchangesinworkmaritalstatuschildren’sstatusorresidence;aswellasdeathsoffamilyorclosefriends.Theyalsoinquiredaboutself-definedextremelystressfulsituationssuchasfinancialproblemsanongoingindividualillnessorthatofafamilymemberoranongoingabusiverelationship.Comparedwithmenandwomenwithepisodicheadachemenandwomenwithchronicdailyheadacheweremorelikelytohaveexperiencedmajorlifeeventsinthe2-yearperiodpriortotheonsetoftheirheadacheconditiontheresearchersreportinthemedicaljournalCephalalgia.Thestrongestpredictorofchronicdailyheadachewasanongoingextremelystressfulsituation.Theresearchersalsonotedahigherproportionofchronicdailyheadacheamongpeople40yearsandolder.Inthisgroupachangeinworkstatuswasrelatedtoincreasedriskforchronicdailyheadachewhileincontrastthoseyoungerthan40yearsshowedadecreasedriskforchronicdailyheadacheafterajobchangeSchertoldReutersHealth.Thesefindingsaregenerallyconsistentwithpriorresearchrelatedtootherchronicpainconditionstheinvestigatorsnote.Ourfindingthattherelationshipmaybestrongerforthoseolderthan40wasaninterestingbutsecondaryfindingthatshouldbereplicatedinothersamplesSchersaid.Whatisthemostimportantdifferencebetweenthosewithchronicdailyheadacheandwithepisodicheadache
Theunknownpervadestheuniverse.Thatwhichpeoplecanseewiththeaidofvarioussortsoftelescopeaccountsforjust4%ofthetotalmass.Theresthowevermustexist.Withoutitgalaxieswouldnotsurviveandtheuniversewouldnotbegentlyexpandingaswitnessedbyastronomers.Whatexactlyconstitutesthisdarkmatteranddarkenergyremainsmysteriousbutphysicistshaverecentlyuncoveredsomemorecluesabouttheformeratleast.Onepossibleexplanationfordarkmatterisagroupofsubatomicparticlescalledneutrinos.Neutrinosarethoughttobethemostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.AccordingtotheStandardModelthemostsuccessfuldescriptionofparticlephysicstodateneutrinoscomeinthreevarietiescalledflavors.AgainaccordingtotheStandardModeltheyarepoint-likeelectricallyneutralandmassless.Butinrecentyearsthisviewhasbeenchallengedasphysicistsrealizedthatneutrinosmighthavemass.Thefirststrongevidencecamein1998whenresearchersatanexperimentbasedinJapanshowedthatmuonneutrinosproducedbycosmicrayshittingtheupperatmospherehadgonemissingbythetimetheyshouldhavereachedanundergrounddetector.Itsoperatorssuspectthatthemissingmuonneutrinoshadchangedflavorbecomingelectronneutrinosor-morelikely-tauneutrinos.Theo-rysuggeststhatthisprocesscalledoscillationcanhappenonlyifneutrinoshavemass.Overthecomingmonthsandyearsresearchershopetoproducethemostaccuratemeasurementsyet.Theresearcherscreatedabeamofmuonneutrinosfirst.Ontheothersideofthetargetsataparticledetectorthatmonitoredthenumberofmuonneutrinosleaving.Theneutrinosthentravelled750km450milesthroughtheEarthtoadetectorinaformerironmineinSoudanMinnesota.Researchersthenwereabletoconfirmthatasignificantnumberofmuonneutrinoshaddisappeared-thatistheyhadchangedflavor.Whiletheirmassissosmallthatneutrinoscannotbethesoleconstituentofdarkmattertheyhaveanadvantageinthattheyareatleastknowntoexist.ThesamecannotbesaidforsureofanotherpossibleformofdarkmatterbeingstudiedbyagroupofphysicistsinItaly.Iftheresultcontinuestowithstandscrutinyitwouldappeartobeevidenceforanexoticnewsortoffundamentalparticleknownasanaxionwhichcouldalsobeatypeofdarkmatter.Howshouldweunderstandtheprocessofoscillation
Majorlifechangesmayplayaroleinasmanyasaquarterofchronicdailyheadachecasesthatariseamongotherwisehealthyadultmenandwomenstudyfindingssuggest.Majorlifeeventsmayprecipitateorco-occurwiththedevelopmentofchronicdailyheadachesDr.AnnI.Schersaid.Majorlifechangesliterallyshakeupourworldandinviteorpressureustointeractwithlifeinnewways.Togrowweneedtochangeourbeliefsystemstoallowfornewlevelsofthinkingandperformance.ScherofUniformedServicesUniversityinBethesdaMarylandandcolleaguesassessedreportsofmajorlifechangesamong206menandwomenwhometcriteriaforchronicdailyheadache180ormoreheadachedaysperyear.Theyassessedsimilarreportsfrom507menandwomenwithepisodicheadache2to104headachedaysperyear.Theinvestigatorsassessedchangesinworkmaritalstatuschildren’sstatusorresidence;aswellasdeathsoffamilyorclosefriends.Theyalsoinquiredaboutself-definedextremelystressfulsituationssuchasfinancialproblemsanongoingindividualillnessorthatofafamilymemberoranongoingabusiverelationship.Comparedwithmenandwomenwithepisodicheadachemenandwomenwithchronicdailyheadacheweremorelikelytohaveexperiencedmajorlifeeventsinthe2-yearperiodpriortotheonsetoftheirheadacheconditiontheresearchersreportinthemedicaljournalCephalalgia.Thestrongestpredictorofchronicdailyheadachewasanongoingextremelystressfulsituation.Theresearchersalsonotedahigherproportionofchronicdailyheadacheamongpeople40yearsandolder.Inthisgroupachangeinworkstatuswasrelatedtoincreasedriskforchronicdailyheadachewhileincontrastthoseyoungerthan40yearsshowedadecreasedriskforchronicdailyheadacheafterajobchangeSchertoldReutersHealth.Thesefindingsaregenerallyconsistentwithpriorresearchrelatedtootherchronicpainconditionstheinvestigatorsnote.Ourfindingthattherelationshipmaybestrongerforthoseolderthan40wasaninterestingbutsecondaryfindingthatshouldbereplicatedinothersamplesSchersaid.Fromthepassageweknowthatthefindingsinthispassage______previousones.
JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997~1998E1Nino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventofthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord.41______.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997~1998E1NinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused＄033billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide.42______.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience. 43______.NowE1NinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystronger-than-normaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothE1NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorE1Nino/SouthernOscillation. ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrengthdurationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.44______. Nonethelessthe1997~1998E1Ninowasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforsea-surfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997~1998thepreviousrecord-settingE1Ninooccurredin1982~1983.45______. Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997~1998E1Nino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherchaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell.In1997~1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongE1Ninosimplyduetotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheelimatesystem. [A]SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongE1Ninooccurseversooften. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforE1Nino. [C]Fromthatperspectivethestrengthofthe1997~1998E1NinomaybebutonemanifestationofalinkagebetweeninterannualanddecadalclimatevariationsinthePacific. [D]Thesetwo"superE1Ninos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30~40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [E]E1NinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarningsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime. [F]TherewerewarningsofacomingE1Ninobeforeitoccurred.Butalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasonsinadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan. [G]InassociationwiththePacificDecadalOscillationsea-surfacetemperatureshavegenerallybeenhigherinthetropicalPacificfromtheMid-1970s.SincethentherehavebeenmoreE1NinosthanLaNinas. 43
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 11
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 5
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 15
AlthoughHenryFord’snameiscloselyassociatedwiththeconceptofmassproductionheshouldreceiveequalcreditforintroducinglaborpracticesasearlyas1913thatwouldbeconsideredadvancedevenbytoday’sstandards.Safetymeasureswereimprovedandtheworkdaywasreducedtoeighthourscomparedwiththeten-or-twelve-hourdaycommonatthetime.Inordertoaccommodatetheshorterworkdaytheentirefactorywasconvertedfromtwotothreeshifts. Inadditionsickleavesaswellasimprovedmedicalcareforthoseinjuredonthejobwereinstituted.47TheFordMotorCompanywasoneofthefirstfactoriestodevelopatechnicalschooltotrainspecializedskilledlaborersandanEnglishlanguageschoolforimmigrants.Someeffortswereevenmadetohirethehandicappedandprovidejobsforformerconvicts. 48Themostwidelyacclaimedinnovationwasthefive-dollar-a-dayminimumwagethatwasofferedinordertorecruitandretainthebestmechanicsandtodiscouragethegrowthoflaborunions.Fordexplainedthenewwagepolicyintermsofefficiencyandprofitsharing.Healsomentionedthefactthathisemployeeswouldbeabletopurchasetheautomobilesthattheyproduced—ineffectcreatingamarketfortheproduct.49Inordertoqualifyfortheminimumwageanemployeehadtoestablishadecenthomeanddemonstrategoodpersonalhabitsincludingsobrietythriftinessindustriousnessanddependability.50AlthoughsomecriticismwasdirectedatFordforinvolvinghimselftoomuchinthepersonallivesofhisemployeestherecanbenodoubtthatatatimewhenimmigrantswerebeingtakenadvantageofinfrightfulwayshenryFordwashelpingmanypeopletoestablishthemselvesinAmerica. TheFordMotorCompanywasoneofthefirstfactoriestodevelopatechnicalschooltotrainspecializedskilledlaborersandanEnglishlanguageschoolforimmigrants.Someeffortswereevenmadetohirethehandicappedandprovidejobsforformerconvicts.
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim;hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheideasecretorpatentit.46Secrecyobviouslyevaporatesoncetheinventionissoldorusedandthereisalwaystheriskthatinthemeantimeanotherinventorworkingquiteindependentlywillmakeandpatentthesamediscovery.47Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestatebymeansofwhichinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates. Oncethemonopolyperiodcomestoanendallthosedetailsoftheinventionpassintothepublicdomain.Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelife-spanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.48ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.Butevenshortextensionsarenormallyextremelyrare. Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandifolderthanhalfacenturysometimesevenre-patent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconducingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistostealanduseadeadpatent.49Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsontheideaitistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. 50Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldastheavailabilityofnewtechnology.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginatefromthelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsontheideaitistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 9
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 3
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 19
Thebasicfunctionofmoneyistheenablebuyingtobeseparatedfromsellingthuspermittingtradetotakeplacewithouttheso-calleddoublecoincidenceofbarter.Ifapersonhassomethingtosellandwantssomethingelse1returnitisnotnecessarytosearchforsomeoneableand2tomakethedesiredexchangeofitems.Thepersoncansellthe3itemforgeneralpurchasingpower-thatis"money"-toanyonewhowantstobuyitandthenusetheproceedstobuythedesireditemfromanyonewhowantstosellit.Theimportanceofthisfunctionofmoneyis4illustratedbytheexperienceofGermanyjustafterWorldWarII5papermoneywas6largelyuselessbecausedespiteinflationaryconditionspricecontrolswereeffectively7bytheAmericanFrenchandBritisharmiesofoccupation.Peoplehadto8tobarterortoinefficientmoneysubstitutes.Theresultwastocuttotaloutputoftheeconomyinhalf.TheGerman"economicmiracle"justafter1948reflectedpartlyacurrencyreformbytheoccupationauthorities9someeconomistsholdthatitstemmedprimarilyfromtheGermangovernment’s10ofallpricecontrols11.permittingamoneyeconomyto12abartereconomy.13oftheactofsalefromtheactofpurchase14theexistenceofsomethingthatwillbegenerallyacceptedinpayment-thisisthe"15ofexchange"functionofmoney.Buttheremustalsobesomethingthatcanserveasa16abodeofpurchasingpowerinwhichthesellerholdstheproceedsintheinterim17thefirstsaleandthe18purchaseorfromwhichthebuyercan19thegeneralpurchasingpowerwithwhichtopay20whatisbought.Thisisthe"asset"functionofmoney. 1
Theunknownpervadestheuniverse.Thatwhichpeoplecanseewiththeaidofvarioussortsoftelescopeaccountsforjust4%ofthetotalmass.Theresthowevermustexist.Withoutitgalaxieswouldnotsurviveandtheuniversewouldnotbegentlyexpandingaswitnessedbyastronomers.Whatexactlyconstitutesthisdarkmatteranddarkenergyremainsmysteriousbutphysicistshaverecentlyuncoveredsomemorecluesabouttheformeratleast.Onepossibleexplanationfordarkmatterisagroupofsubatomicparticlescalledneutrinos.Neutrinosarethoughttobethemostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.AccordingtotheStandardModelthemostsuccessfuldescriptionofparticlephysicstodateneutrinoscomeinthreevarietiescalledflavors.AgainaccordingtotheStandardModeltheyarepoint-likeelectricallyneutralandmassless.Butinrecentyearsthisviewhasbeenchallengedasphysicistsrealizedthatneutrinosmighthavemass.Thefirststrongevidencecamein1998whenresearchersatanexperimentbasedinJapanshowedthatmuonneutrinosproducedbycosmicrayshittingtheupperatmospherehadgonemissingbythetimetheyshouldhavereachedanundergrounddetector.Itsoperatorssuspectthatthemissingmuonneutrinoshadchangedflavorbecomingelectronneutrinosor-morelikely-tauneutrinos.Theo-rysuggeststhatthisprocesscalledoscillationcanhappenonlyifneutrinoshavemass.Overthecomingmonthsandyearsresearchershopetoproducethemostaccuratemeasurementsyet.Theresearcherscreatedabeamofmuonneutrinosfirst.Ontheothersideofthetargetsataparticledetectorthatmonitoredthenumberofmuonneutrinosleaving.Theneutrinosthentravelled750km450milesthroughtheEarthtoadetectorinaformerironmineinSoudanMinnesota.Researchersthenwereabletoconfirmthatasignificantnumberofmuonneutrinoshaddisappeared-thatistheyhadchangedflavor.Whiletheirmassissosmallthatneutrinoscannotbethesoleconstituentofdarkmattertheyhaveanadvantageinthattheyareatleastknowntoexist.ThesamecannotbesaidforsureofanotherpossibleformofdarkmatterbeingstudiedbyagroupofphysicistsinItaly.Iftheresultcontinuestowithstandscrutinyitwouldappeartobeevidenceforanexoticnewsortoffundamentalparticleknownasanaxionwhichcouldalsobeatypeofdarkmatter.WhatdoesthewordpervadesLine1Para.1mean
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 7
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 17
AlthoughHenryFord’snameiscloselyassociatedwiththeconceptofmassproductionheshouldreceiveequalcreditforintroducinglaborpracticesasearlyas1913thatwouldbeconsideredadvancedevenbytoday’sstandards.Safetymeasureswereimprovedandtheworkdaywasreducedtoeighthourscomparedwiththeten-or-twelve-hourdaycommonatthetime.Inordertoaccommodatetheshorterworkdaytheentirefactorywasconvertedfromtwotothreeshifts. Inadditionsickleavesaswellasimprovedmedicalcareforthoseinjuredonthejobwereinstituted.47TheFordMotorCompanywasoneofthefirstfactoriestodevelopatechnicalschooltotrainspecializedskilledlaborersandanEnglishlanguageschoolforimmigrants.Someeffortswereevenmadetohirethehandicappedandprovidejobsforformerconvicts. 48Themostwidelyacclaimedinnovationwasthefive-dollar-a-dayminimumwagethatwasofferedinordertorecruitandretainthebestmechanicsandtodiscouragethegrowthoflaborunions.Fordexplainedthenewwagepolicyintermsofefficiencyandprofitsharing.Healsomentionedthefactthathisemployeeswouldbeabletopurchasetheautomobilesthattheyproduced—ineffectcreatingamarketfortheproduct.49Inordertoqualifyfortheminimumwageanemployeehadtoestablishadecenthomeanddemonstrategoodpersonalhabitsincludingsobrietythriftinessindustriousnessanddependability.50AlthoughsomecriticismwasdirectedatFordforinvolvinghimselftoomuchinthepersonallivesofhisemployeestherecanbenodoubtthatatatimewhenimmigrantswerebeingtakenadvantageofinfrightfulwayshenryFordwashelpingmanypeopletoestablishthemselvesinAmerica. Inordertoqualifyfortheminimumwageanemployeehadtoestablishadecenthomeanddemonstrategoodpersonalhabitsincludingsobrietythriftinessindustriousnessanddependability.
Loveisprobablythebestantidepressantthereisbecauseoneofthemostcommonsourcesofdepressionisfeelingunloved.Mostdepressedpeopledon’tlovethemselvesandtheydonotfeellovedbyothers.Theyalsoareveryself-focusedmakingthemlessattractivetoothersanddeprivingthemofopportunitiestolearntheskillsoflove.Thereisamythologyinourculturethatlovejusthappens.Asaresultthedepressedoftensitaroundpassivelywaitingforsomeonetolovethem.Butlovedoesn’tworkthatway.Togetloveandkeeploveyouhavetogooutandbeactiveandlearnavarietyofspecificskills.Mostofusgetourideasoflovefrompopularculture.Wecometobelievethatloveissomethingthatsweepsusoffourfeet.Butthepop-cultureidealofloveconsistsofunrealisticimagescreatedforentertainmentwhichisonereasonsomanyofusaresetuptobedepressed.It’spartofournationalvulnerabilitylikeeatingjunkfoodconstantlystimulatedbyimagesofinstantgratification.Wethinkitislovewhenit’ssimplydistractionandinfatuation.Oneconsequenceisthatwhenwehitreallovewebecomeupsetanddisappointedbecausetherearemanythingsthatdonotfittheculturalideal.Limeranceisthepsychologicalstateofdeepinfatuation.Itfeelsgoodbutrarelylasts.Limeranceisthatfirststageofmadattractionwherebyallthehormonesareflowingandthingsfeelsoright.Limerancelastsonaveragesixmonths.Itcanprogresstolove.Lovemostlystartsoutaslimerancebutlimerancedoesn’talwaysevolveintolove.Loveisalearnedskillnotsomethingthatcomesfromhormonesoremotionparticularly.ErichFrommcalleditanactofwill.Ifyoudon’tlearntheskillsofloveyouvirtuallyguaranteethatyouwillbedepressednotonlybecauseyouwillnotbeconnectedenoughbutbecauseyouwillhavemanyfailureexperiences.Therearealwayscoredifferencesbetweentwopeoplenomatterhowgoodorcloseyouareandiftherelationshipisgoingrightthosedifferencessurface.Theissuethenistoidentifythedifferencesandnegotiatethemsothattheydon’tdistanceyouorkilltherelationship.Youdothatbyunderstandingwheretheotherpersoniscomingfromwhothatpersonisandbybeingabletorepresentyourself.Whenthedifferencesareknownyoumustbeabletonegotiateandcompromiseonthemuntilyoufindacommongroundthatworksforboth.ErichFrommcalledloveanactofwillbecause______.
Studythefollowingparagraphcarefullyandwritealetterinatleast100words.OnSeptember92004LiJinwhoisastudentofTsinghuaUniversityposedanoffertotheOfficeofGraduateAdmissionsofBostonUniversity.Asanofficerinityoushouldwritebacktohim.
Theunknownpervadestheuniverse.Thatwhichpeoplecanseewiththeaidofvarioussortsoftelescopeaccountsforjust4%ofthetotalmass.Theresthowevermustexist.Withoutitgalaxieswouldnotsurviveandtheuniversewouldnotbegentlyexpandingaswitnessedbyastronomers.Whatexactlyconstitutesthisdarkmatteranddarkenergyremainsmysteriousbutphysicistshaverecentlyuncoveredsomemorecluesabouttheformeratleast.Onepossibleexplanationfordarkmatterisagroupofsubatomicparticlescalledneutrinos.Neutrinosarethoughttobethemostabundantparticlesintheuniverse.AccordingtotheStandardModelthemostsuccessfuldescriptionofparticlephysicstodateneutrinoscomeinthreevarietiescalledflavors.AgainaccordingtotheStandardModeltheyarepoint-likeelectricallyneutralandmassless.Butinrecentyearsthisviewhasbeenchallengedasphysicistsrealizedthatneutrinosmighthavemass.Thefirststrongevidencecamein1998whenresearchersatanexperimentbasedinJapanshowedthatmuonneutrinosproducedbycosmicrayshittingtheupperatmospherehadgonemissingbythetimetheyshouldhavereachedanundergrounddetector.Itsoperatorssuspectthatthemissingmuonneutrinoshadchangedflavorbecomingelectronneutrinosor-morelikely-tauneutrinos.Theo-rysuggeststhatthisprocesscalledoscillationcanhappenonlyifneutrinoshavemass.Overthecomingmonthsandyearsresearchershopetoproducethemostaccuratemeasurementsyet.Theresearcherscreatedabeamofmuonneutrinosfirst.Ontheothersideofthetargetsataparticledetectorthatmonitoredthenumberofmuonneutrinosleaving.Theneutrinosthentravelled750km450milesthroughtheEarthtoadetectorinaformerironmineinSoudanMinnesota.Researchersthenwereabletoconfirmthatasignificantnumberofmuonneutrinoshaddisappeared-thatistheyhadchangedflavor.Whiletheirmassissosmallthatneutrinoscannotbethesoleconstituentofdarkmattertheyhaveanadvantageinthattheyareatleastknowntoexist.ThesamecannotbesaidforsureofanotherpossibleformofdarkmatterbeingstudiedbyagroupofphysicistsinItaly.Iftheresultcontinuestowithstandscrutinyitwouldappeartobeevidenceforanexoticnewsortoffundamentalparticleknownasanaxionwhichcouldalsobeatypeofdarkmatter.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutaxion
JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997~1998E1Nino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventofthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord.41______.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997~1998E1NinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused＄033billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide.42______.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience. 43______.NowE1NinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystronger-than-normaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothE1NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorE1Nino/SouthernOscillation. ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrengthdurationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.44______. Nonethelessthe1997~1998E1Ninowasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforsea-surfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997~1998thepreviousrecord-settingE1Ninooccurredin1982~1983.45______. Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997~1998E1Nino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherchaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell.In1997~1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongE1Ninosimplyduetotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheelimatesystem. [A]SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongE1Ninooccurseversooften. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforE1Nino. [C]Fromthatperspectivethestrengthofthe1997~1998E1NinomaybebutonemanifestationofalinkagebetweeninterannualanddecadalclimatevariationsinthePacific. [D]Thesetwo"superE1Ninos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30~40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [E]E1NinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarningsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime. [F]TherewerewarningsofacomingE1Ninobeforeitoccurred.Butalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasonsinadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan. [G]InassociationwiththePacificDecadalOscillationsea-surfacetemperatureshavegenerallybeenhigherinthetropicalPacificfromtheMid-1970s.SincethentherehavebeenmoreE1NinosthanLaNinas. 45
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim;hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheideasecretorpatentit.46Secrecyobviouslyevaporatesoncetheinventionissoldorusedandthereisalwaystheriskthatinthemeantimeanotherinventorworkingquiteindependentlywillmakeandpatentthesamediscovery.47Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestatebymeansofwhichinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates. Oncethemonopolyperiodcomestoanendallthosedetailsoftheinventionpassintothepublicdomain.Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelife-spanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.48ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.Butevenshortextensionsarenormallyextremelyrare. Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandifolderthanhalfacenturysometimesevenre-patent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconducingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistostealanduseadeadpatent.49Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsontheideaitistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. 50Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldastheavailabilityofnewtechnology.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginatefromthelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestatebymeansofwhichinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.
FlorenceNightingaleismostrememberedasapioneerofnursingandareformerofhospitalsanitationmethods.FormostofherninetyyearsNightingalepushedforreformoftheBritishmilitaryhealth-caresystemandwiththattheprofessionofnursingstartedtogaintherespectitdeserved.UnknowntomanyhoweverwasheruseofnewtechniquesofstatisticalanalysissuchasduringtheCrimeanWarwhensheplottedtheincidenceofpreventabledeathsinthemilitary.Shedevelopedamethodtopreventtheneedlessdeathscausedbyunsanitaryconditionsandtheneedforreform.WithheranalysisFlorenceNightingalerevolutionizedtheideathatsocialphenomenacouldbeobjectivelymeasuredandsubjectedtomathematicalanalysis.Shewasaninnovatorinthecollectioninterpretationanddisplayofstatistics.FlorenceNightingale’stwogreatestlifeachievements-pioneeringofnursingandthereformofhospitals-wereamazingconsideringthatmostVictorianwomenofheragegroupdidnotattenduniversitiesorpursueprofessionalcareers.ItwasherfatherWilliamNightingalewhobelievedwomenespeciallyhischildrenshouldgetaneducation.SoNightingaleandhersisterlearnedItalianLatinGreekhistoryandmathematics.Sheinparticularreceivedexcellentearlypreparationinmathematics.DuringNightingale’stimeatScutarishecollecteddataandsystematizedrecord-keepingpractices.Nightingalewasabletousethedataasatoolforimprovingcityandmilitaryhospitals.Nightingale’scalculationsofthedeathrateshowedthatwithanimprovementofsanitarymethodsdeathswoulddecrease.InFebruary1855thedeathrateatthehospitalwas42.7percentofthecasestreated.WhenNightingale’ssanitaryreformwasimplementedthedeathratedeclined.Nightingaletookherstatisticaldataandrepresentedthemgraphically.AsNightingaledemonstratedstatisticsprovidedanorganizedwayoflearningandleadtoimprovementsinmedicalandsurgicalpractices.ShealsodevelopedaModelHospitalStatisticalFormforhospitalstocollectandgenerateconsistentdataandstatistics.ShebecameaFellowoftheRoyalStatisticalSocietyin1858andanhonorarymemberoftheAmericanStatisticalAssociationin1874.KarlPearsonacknowledgedNightingaleasaprophetessinthedevelopmentofappliedstatistics.WhatdoesthispassagetalkaboutNightingale
JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997~1998E1Nino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventofthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord.41______.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997~1998E1NinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused＄033billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide.42______.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience. 43______.NowE1NinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystronger-than-normaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothE1NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorE1Nino/SouthernOscillation. ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrengthdurationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.44______. Nonethelessthe1997~1998E1Ninowasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforsea-surfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997~1998thepreviousrecord-settingE1Ninooccurredin1982~1983.45______. Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997~1998E1Nino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherchaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell.In1997~1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongE1Ninosimplyduetotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheelimatesystem. [A]SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongE1Ninooccurseversooften. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforE1Nino. [C]Fromthatperspectivethestrengthofthe1997~1998E1NinomaybebutonemanifestationofalinkagebetweeninterannualanddecadalclimatevariationsinthePacific. [D]Thesetwo"superE1Ninos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30~40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [E]E1NinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarningsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime. [F]TherewerewarningsofacomingE1Ninobeforeitoccurred.Butalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasonsinadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan. [G]InassociationwiththePacificDecadalOscillationsea-surfacetemperatureshavegenerallybeenhigherinthetropicalPacificfromtheMid-1970s.SincethentherehavebeenmoreE1NinosthanLaNinas. 41
FlorenceNightingaleismostrememberedasapioneerofnursingandareformerofhospitalsanitationmethods.FormostofherninetyyearsNightingalepushedforreformoftheBritishmilitaryhealth-caresystemandwiththattheprofessionofnursingstartedtogaintherespectitdeserved.UnknowntomanyhoweverwasheruseofnewtechniquesofstatisticalanalysissuchasduringtheCrimeanWarwhensheplottedtheincidenceofpreventabledeathsinthemilitary.Shedevelopedamethodtopreventtheneedlessdeathscausedbyunsanitaryconditionsandtheneedforreform.WithheranalysisFlorenceNightingalerevolutionizedtheideathatsocialphenomenacouldbeobjectivelymeasuredandsubjectedtomathematicalanalysis.Shewasaninnovatorinthecollectioninterpretationanddisplayofstatistics.FlorenceNightingale’stwogreatestlifeachievements-pioneeringofnursingandthereformofhospitals-wereamazingconsideringthatmostVictorianwomenofheragegroupdidnotattenduniversitiesorpursueprofessionalcareers.ItwasherfatherWilliamNightingalewhobelievedwomenespeciallyhischildrenshouldgetaneducation.SoNightingaleandhersisterlearnedItalianLatinGreekhistoryandmathematics.Sheinparticularreceivedexcellentearlypreparationinmathematics.DuringNightingale’stimeatScutarishecollecteddataandsystematizedrecord-keepingpractices.Nightingalewasabletousethedataasatoolforimprovingcityandmilitaryhospitals.Nightingale’scalculationsofthedeathrateshowedthatwithanimprovementofsanitarymethodsdeathswoulddecrease.InFebruary1855thedeathrateatthehospitalwas42.7percentofthecasestreated.WhenNightingale’ssanitaryreformwasimplementedthedeathratedeclined.Nightingaletookherstatisticaldataandrepresentedthemgraphically.AsNightingaledemonstratedstatisticsprovidedanorganizedwayoflearningandleadtoimprovementsinmedicalandsurgicalpractices.ShealsodevelopedaModelHospitalStatisticalFormforhospitalstocollectandgenerateconsistentdataandstatistics.ShebecameaFellowoftheRoyalStatisticalSocietyin1858andanhonorarymemberoftheAmericanStatisticalAssociationin1874.KarlPearsonacknowledgedNightingaleasaprophetessinthedevelopmentofappliedstatistics.WheredidNightingaleprovehermethodcouldreallyreducethedeathrates
Loveisprobablythebestantidepressantthereisbecauseoneofthemostcommonsourcesofdepressionisfeelingunloved.Mostdepressedpeopledon’tlovethemselvesandtheydonotfeellovedbyothers.Theyalsoareveryself-focusedmakingthemlessattractivetoothersanddeprivingthemofopportunitiestolearntheskillsoflove.Thereisamythologyinourculturethatlovejusthappens.Asaresultthedepressedoftensitaroundpassivelywaitingforsomeonetolovethem.Butlovedoesn’tworkthatway.Togetloveandkeeploveyouhavetogooutandbeactiveandlearnavarietyofspecificskills.Mostofusgetourideasoflovefrompopularculture.Wecometobelievethatloveissomethingthatsweepsusoffourfeet.Butthepop-cultureidealofloveconsistsofunrealisticimagescreatedforentertainmentwhichisonereasonsomanyofusaresetuptobedepressed.It’spartofournationalvulnerabilitylikeeatingjunkfoodconstantlystimulatedbyimagesofinstantgratification.Wethinkitislovewhenit’ssimplydistractionandinfatuation.Oneconsequenceisthatwhenwehitreallovewebecomeupsetanddisappointedbecausetherearemanythingsthatdonotfittheculturalideal.Limeranceisthepsychologicalstateofdeepinfatuation.Itfeelsgoodbutrarelylasts.Limeranceisthatfirststageofmadattractionwherebyallthehormonesareflowingandthingsfeelsoright.Limerancelastsonaveragesixmonths.Itcanprogresstolove.Lovemostlystartsoutaslimerancebutlimerancedoesn’talwaysevolveintolove.Loveisalearnedskillnotsomethingthatcomesfromhormonesoremotionparticularly.ErichFrommcalleditanactofwill.Ifyoudon’tlearntheskillsofloveyouvirtuallyguaranteethatyouwillbedepressednotonlybecauseyouwillnotbeconnectedenoughbutbecauseyouwillhavemanyfailureexperiences.Therearealwayscoredifferencesbetweentwopeoplenomatterhowgoodorcloseyouareandiftherelationshipisgoingrightthosedifferencessurface.Theissuethenistoidentifythedifferencesandnegotiatethemsothattheydon’tdistanceyouorkilltherelationship.Youdothatbyunderstandingwheretheotherpersoniscomingfromwhothatpersonisandbybeingabletorepresentyourself.Whenthedifferencesareknownyoumustbeabletonegotiateandcompromiseonthemuntilyoufindacommongroundthatworksforboth.Accordingtothepassagewhyarewestillupsetanddisappointedwhenlovecomes
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 1
Majorlifechangesmayplayaroleinasmanyasaquarterofchronicdailyheadachecasesthatariseamongotherwisehealthyadultmenandwomenstudyfindingssuggest.Majorlifeeventsmayprecipitateorco-occurwiththedevelopmentofchronicdailyheadachesDr.AnnI.Schersaid.Majorlifechangesliterallyshakeupourworldandinviteorpressureustointeractwithlifeinnewways.Togrowweneedtochangeourbeliefsystemstoallowfornewlevelsofthinkingandperformance.ScherofUniformedServicesUniversityinBethesdaMarylandandcolleaguesassessedreportsofmajorlifechangesamong206menandwomenwhometcriteriaforchronicdailyheadache180ormoreheadachedaysperyear.Theyassessedsimilarreportsfrom507menandwomenwithepisodicheadache2to104headachedaysperyear.Theinvestigatorsassessedchangesinworkmaritalstatuschildren’sstatusorresidence;aswellasdeathsoffamilyorclosefriends.Theyalsoinquiredaboutself-definedextremelystressfulsituationssuchasfinancialproblemsanongoingindividualillnessorthatofafamilymemberoranongoingabusiverelationship.Comparedwithmenandwomenwithepisodicheadachemenandwomenwithchronicdailyheadacheweremorelikelytohaveexperiencedmajorlifeeventsinthe2-yearperiodpriortotheonsetoftheirheadacheconditiontheresearchersreportinthemedicaljournalCephalalgia.Thestrongestpredictorofchronicdailyheadachewasanongoingextremelystressfulsituation.Theresearchersalsonotedahigherproportionofchronicdailyheadacheamongpeople40yearsandolder.Inthisgroupachangeinworkstatuswasrelatedtoincreasedriskforchronicdailyheadachewhileincontrastthoseyoungerthan40yearsshowedadecreasedriskforchronicdailyheadacheafterajobchangeSchertoldReutersHealth.Thesefindingsaregenerallyconsistentwithpriorresearchrelatedtootherchronicpainconditionstheinvestigatorsnote.Ourfindingthattherelationshipmaybestrongerforthoseolderthan40wasaninterestingbutsecondaryfindingthatshouldbereplicatedinothersamplesSchersaid.Whatdoesthewordprecipitatemostprobablymean
Writeamemorandumaccordingtotheinformationgivinginthefollowingoutline. 1ThismemoistoMinistryofPersonalDepartmentJimHillman. 2BraunMedicalCo.isinurgentneedofacapableproductmanager.
Mostworthwhilecareersrequiresomekindofspecializedtraining.Ideallythereforethechoiceofan1shouldbemadeevenbeforethechoiceofacurriculuminhighschool.Actually2mostpeoplemakeseveraljobchoicesduringtheirworkinglives3becauseofeconomicandindustrialchangesandpartlytoimprove4position.The"oneperfectjob"doesnotexist.Youngpeopleshould5enterintoabroadflexibletrainingprogramthatwill6themforafieldofworkratherthanforasingle7. Unfortunatelymanyyoungpeoplehavetomakecareerplans8benefitofhelpfromacompetentvocationalcounselororpsychologist.Knowing9abouttheoccupationalworldorthemselvesforthatmattertheychoosetheirlifeworkonahit-or-miss10.Somedriftfromjobtojob.Others11toworkinwhichtheyareunhappyandforwhichtheyarenotfitted. Onecommonmistakeischoosinganoccupationfor12realorimaginedprestige.Toomanyhighschoolstudents-ortheirparentsforthem-choosetheprofessionalfield13boththerelativelysmallproportionofworkersintheprofessionsandtheextremelyhigheducationalandpersonal14.Theimaginedorrealprestigeofaprofessionora"whitecollar"jobis15goodreasonforchoosingitaslife’swork.16theseoccupationsarenotalwayswellpaid.Sincealargeproportionofjobsareinmechanicalandmanualworkthe17ofyoungpeopleshouldgiveserious18tothesefields. Beforemakinganoccupationalchoiceapersonshouldhaveageneralideaofwhathewants19lifeandhowhardheiswillingtoworktogetit.Somepeopledesiresocialprestigeothersintellectualsatisfaction.Somewantsecurityothersarewillingtotake20forfinancialgain.Eachoccupationalchoicehasitsdemandsaswellasitsrewards. 13
热门题库
更多
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
湘公网安备 43130202000226号