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NowadaystheAmericansfrequentlyreadnewspaperarticlesaboutviolentcrimesseeragesofinhumanityontheeveningnewsandhearsoundbitesontheradiodescribingcrueltyandintolerance.46Weworryparticularlyabouttheeffectsonourchildrenofourownsocietyasocietythatislesssafeandlesshospitablethantheoneweexperiencedaschildrengrowingupduringthe1950’sand1960’s. 47InmanyschooldistrictsthroughoutAmericathereisalreadycompellingevidencethatadolescentshavebeenaffectednegativelybychangingsocialconditionsincludingbywhatmanyAmericanbelievetobeadeclineofbasichumanvalues.Parentsandteachersmustcontendoftenwithadolescentaggressionprofanityanddisrespect.Somestudentsdisplayantagonisticattitudesandbehaveinappropriately.Somestudentsareinsensitiveandunkindtotheirclassmatesdiscourteoustoadultsandquicktoexpresstheirangerbyraisingtheirvoicesorusingprofanity. Itistheresponsibilityofparentstoteachtheirchildrentobepolitecourteousandforbearing.48Itisoneofparents’mostfundamentalresponsibilitiestoimparttotheirchildrenthevaluesofintegritydecencyandrespectforothers;teachersandschooladministratorsshouldneverbecomehoweverethicalbystanders.Ifwewishtorealizeoureducationalphilosophynotonlytoeducateourstudentsbutalsotoencouragethemtoaccepttheinnateworthofeveryhumanbeingwemustnotsurrendertheidealofmaintainingamoralcommunityatourschoolwhereallpeoplehaveanobligationtobepoliteandtolerantofindividualdifferences. 49Someindividualsbelievethatschoolpersonnelshouldnotinterferewiththebehaviorofstudentsunlessitisdirectlyrelatedtolearningoraffectsthesafetyofindividualswhoareinsidetheschoolbuildingorsomewhereoncampus.Butgoodteachersandadministratorsdoteachvalues--notpersonalprivatevaluesbutcommonvaluesofcourtesymutualrespectpersistenceresponsibilityandself-reliance. 50Ideallyeducatorsaffirmingsocially-responsiblevaluestaughtathomebyparentsanddemandingappropriatevocabularyandgoodmannersfromtheirstudentsshouldhavebeenvaluedascompetentandsuccessfuleducators.Theyshouldremindthestudentsofsaying"please"and"thankyou"andremindthemofnotinterruptingwhenothersarespeaking.Itisverymuchtheresponsibilityofteachersandadministratorstopromoteourschool’straditionsofproperbehaviorandgoodsportsmanship.Thereforeschooleducatorsshouldbejudgedbythemoralandethicalclimateoftheirschool.Alltheacademicimprovementsoftheschoolnotwithstandingnoteachersshouldbeconsideredsuccessfuleducatorsunlesstheirstudentsgraduatednotonlyassuccessfullearnersbutalsoasladiesandgentlemen. 47
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 9
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook.Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally.Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome.Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown.Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter.Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserioushesays.HisprescriptionTheyneedtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained.Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger.Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully.Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoaddIhavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit./Wecaninferfromthetextthathospiceisaplace______.
Anexperimentthatsomehopedwouldrevealanewclassofsubatomicparticlesandperhapsevenpointtocluesaboutwhytheuniverseexistsatallhasinsteadproducedafirstroundofresultsthataremysteriouslyinconclusive.Dr.ConradandWilliamC.LouispresentedtheirinitialfindingsinatalkyesterdayattheFermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratorywheretheexperimentisbeingperformed.Thegoalwastoconfirmorrefuteobservationsmadeinthe1990sinaLosAlamosexperimentthatobservedtransformationsintheevanescentbutbountifulparticlesknownasneutrinos微中子.Neutrinoshavenoelectricalchargeandalmostnomassbuttherearesomanyofthemthattheycouldcollectivelyoutweighallthestarsintheuniverse.Thenewexperimenthasattractedwideinterest.ThatreflectedinpartthehopeoffindingcracksintheStandardModelwhichencapsulatesphysicists’currentknowledgeaboutfundamentalparticlesandforces.TheStandardModelhasprovedremarkablyeffectiveandaccuratebutitcannotanswersomefundamentalquestionslikewhytheuniversedidnotcompletelyannihilate毁灭itselfaninstantaftertheBigBang.Thebirthoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsagocreatedequalamountsofmatterandantimatter.Sincematterandantimatterannihilateeachotherwhentheycomeincontactthatwouldhaveleftnothingtocoalesceintostarsandgalaxies.Theremustbesomeimbalanceinthelawsofphysicsthatledtoaslightpreponderanceofmatteroverantimatterandthatextrabitofmatterformedeverythinginthevisibleuniverse.Theimbalancesomephysicistsbelievemaybehidinginthedynamicsofneutrinos.Neutrinoscomeinthreeknowntypesorflavors.Andtheycanchangeflavorastheytravel.ButtheneutrinotransformationsreportedintheLosAlamosdatadonotfitthethree-flavormodelsuggestingfourflavorsofneutrinosifnotmore.Thenewexperimentsoughttocountthenumberoftimesoneflavorofneutrinocalledamuonμ介子turnedintoanotherflavoranelectronneutrino.FormostoftheneutrinoenergyrangetheylookedatthescientistsdidnotseeanymoreelectronneutrinosthanwouldbepredictedbytheStandardModel.ThatruledoutthesimplestwaysofinterpretingtheLosAlamosneutrinodataDr.ConradandDr.Louissaid.Butatthelowerenergiesthescientistsdidseemoreelectronneutrinosthanpredicted:369ratherthanthepredicted273.Thatmaysimplymeanthatsomecalculationsareoff.Oritcouldpointtoasubtlerinterplayofparticlesknownandunknown.Dr.Louissaidhewassurprisedbytheresults.Iwassortofexpectingaclearexcessornoexcesshesaid.Inasensewegotboth./AccordingtothetextNeutrinosarekindsofparticlesthat______.
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms.ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures.It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaanearlyharvestunilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy.Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations.HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicatedspaghettibowlhinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics.AccordingtosomeeconomiststherapidlyincreasingnumberofFTAshasthelurkinghazardof______.
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 41
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 5
LeaveittowriterBuchwaldtobringhumortohospice.LastFebruarythefamedsatiristwasdiagnosedwithterminalkidneyfailuregiventhreeweekstoliveandtransferredtoahospiceforaquietgoodbye.Thentheunexpectedhappened.Hiskidneysalmostmiraculouslystartedworkingagain.Thepoisonsinhisbloodthatweresupposedtocarryhimoutinpeacefulslumber死亡washedoutofhissystemleavinginsteadafunnybonestunnedandamusedbytheabsurdityofthesituation.It’snoteverydaythatsomeoneflunkshospice.SeasonedauthorthatheisBuchwaldturnedtheironyintoabook.Only10monthsagohewasasad80-year-oldmanwithanewlyamputated切除legandkidneysonthefritz发生故障.Despitehisfamily’spleasheenteredahospicefacilityateasewithhisChoicetodienaturally.Mostpeopledon’tknowmuchabouthospicetheplace.Itdoesn’tcure;itcaresrelievingphysicalpainandmentalanguish.Mostoftencancerorcardiovascular心血管病diseasecarrieshospicepatientstotheirendusuallyinweeks.ButsomeareputonholdlikeBuchwald.Buchwaldleftafterfivemonths.Inonelargestudy6percentofhospicepatientsimprovedenoughtobetakenofftheterminallistandsenthome.Buchwaldwasshockedwhenthebigsleepdidn’tcome.BeforeBuchwaldbecamethehospice’ssuperstarhehadbeentheposterboyfordepression.Butwiththehelpofphysiciansandmedicationhedidn’tdrown.Laughorcry.Facingnaturaldeathhenowoffersamessagemanyofhiscontemporariesneedtohear.Oldermenparticularlythoseintheir80shavethehighestrateofsuicide.Riskfactorsforthemnotablyincludehealthissues.Infactsuicideoftencomessoonafterthey’veseenadoctor.OnthatpointBuchwaldnotesthemedicaldearthofsmilesandlaughter.Lookathowoftendoctorsandnurseswalkintoapatient’sroomallserioushesays.HisprescriptionTheyneedtogotoDisneyWorldtobetrained.Laughterofcourseisthebestmedicineandsomestudiesevenshowhumorisabiologicalstressreliever.AsBuchwaldseesitmanyhumoristsuseitastherapytoblockoutperiodsofhurtoranger.Youwouldnotknowtherewerehurtsorangerjudgingbyhishospicetime.FriendsandfamilysmotheredBuchwaldwithlove.VIPsbeatapathtothehospicedoor.Andtheyallcamebearingfoodlotsofcheesecake.Hethrived.Afterheplannedhisfuneralhestartedupwritingagainandfoundhecouldwritewonderfully.Buchwaldisnowteachingallofushowtolive--andtodie.Yethe’squicktoaddIhavehadsuchagoodtimeatthehospice.Iamgoingtomissit./WhathadBuchwaldexperiencedbeforeenteringthehospice
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 1
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle.Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle.OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless.WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.WhatarethelessonsThefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards.TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheestablishmentoftheschoolinLambeth
Directions:TomyourclassmatehaswonEnglishSpeakingContestsponsoredbyCCTV.Youwatchedthecon-testatthattimeandyouareveryproudofhim.Nowyouaregoingtowritehimalettertoconveyyourcongratulationsonhissuccess.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms.ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures.It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaanearlyharvestunilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy.Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations.HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicatedspaghettibowlhinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics.BysigninganewFTAwithKoreaSOKU.S.wishesto______.
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 11
NowadaystheAmericansfrequentlyreadnewspaperarticlesaboutviolentcrimesseeragesofinhumanityontheeveningnewsandhearsoundbitesontheradiodescribingcrueltyandintolerance.46Weworryparticularlyabouttheeffectsonourchildrenofourownsocietyasocietythatislesssafeandlesshospitablethantheoneweexperiencedaschildrengrowingupduringthe1950’sand1960’s. 47InmanyschooldistrictsthroughoutAmericathereisalreadycompellingevidencethatadolescentshavebeenaffectednegativelybychangingsocialconditionsincludingbywhatmanyAmericanbelievetobeadeclineofbasichumanvalues.Parentsandteachersmustcontendoftenwithadolescentaggressionprofanityanddisrespect.Somestudentsdisplayantagonisticattitudesandbehaveinappropriately.Somestudentsareinsensitiveandunkindtotheirclassmatesdiscourteoustoadultsandquicktoexpresstheirangerbyraisingtheirvoicesorusingprofanity. Itistheresponsibilityofparentstoteachtheirchildrentobepolitecourteousandforbearing.48Itisoneofparents’mostfundamentalresponsibilitiestoimparttotheirchildrenthevaluesofintegritydecencyandrespectforothers;teachersandschooladministratorsshouldneverbecomehoweverethicalbystanders.Ifwewishtorealizeoureducationalphilosophynotonlytoeducateourstudentsbutalsotoencouragethemtoaccepttheinnateworthofeveryhumanbeingwemustnotsurrendertheidealofmaintainingamoralcommunityatourschoolwhereallpeoplehaveanobligationtobepoliteandtolerantofindividualdifferences. 49Someindividualsbelievethatschoolpersonnelshouldnotinterferewiththebehaviorofstudentsunlessitisdirectlyrelatedtolearningoraffectsthesafetyofindividualswhoareinsidetheschoolbuildingorsomewhereoncampus.Butgoodteachersandadministratorsdoteachvalues--notpersonalprivatevaluesbutcommonvaluesofcourtesymutualrespectpersistenceresponsibilityandself-reliance. 50Ideallyeducatorsaffirmingsocially-responsiblevaluestaughtathomebyparentsanddemandingappropriatevocabularyandgoodmannersfromtheirstudentsshouldhavebeenvaluedascompetentandsuccessfuleducators.Theyshouldremindthestudentsofsaying"please"and"thankyou"andremindthemofnotinterruptingwhenothersarespeaking.Itisverymuchtheresponsibilityofteachersandadministratorstopromoteourschool’straditionsofproperbehaviorandgoodsportsmanship.Thereforeschooleducatorsshouldbejudgedbythemoralandethicalclimateoftheirschool.Alltheacademicimprovementsoftheschoolnotwithstandingnoteachersshouldbeconsideredsuccessfuleducatorsunlesstheirstudentsgraduatednotonlyassuccessfullearnersbutalsoasladiesandgentlemen. 49
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 19
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 43
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle.Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle.OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless.WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.WhatarethelessonsThefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards.TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion.Fromothercountries’successfulexperienceBritaincanlearnthat______.
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 17
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 45
Anexperimentthatsomehopedwouldrevealanewclassofsubatomicparticlesandperhapsevenpointtocluesaboutwhytheuniverseexistsatallhasinsteadproducedafirstroundofresultsthataremysteriouslyinconclusive.Dr.ConradandWilliamC.LouispresentedtheirinitialfindingsinatalkyesterdayattheFermiNationalAcceleratorLaboratorywheretheexperimentisbeingperformed.Thegoalwastoconfirmorrefuteobservationsmadeinthe1990sinaLosAlamosexperimentthatobservedtransformationsintheevanescentbutbountifulparticlesknownasneutrinos微中子.Neutrinoshavenoelectricalchargeandalmostnomassbuttherearesomanyofthemthattheycouldcollectivelyoutweighallthestarsintheuniverse.Thenewexperimenthasattractedwideinterest.ThatreflectedinpartthehopeoffindingcracksintheStandardModelwhichencapsulatesphysicists’currentknowledgeaboutfundamentalparticlesandforces.TheStandardModelhasprovedremarkablyeffectiveandaccuratebutitcannotanswersomefundamentalquestionslikewhytheuniversedidnotcompletelyannihilate毁灭itselfaninstantaftertheBigBang.Thebirthoftheuniverse13.7billionyearsagocreatedequalamountsofmatterandantimatter.Sincematterandantimatterannihilateeachotherwhentheycomeincontactthatwouldhaveleftnothingtocoalesceintostarsandgalaxies.Theremustbesomeimbalanceinthelawsofphysicsthatledtoaslightpreponderanceofmatteroverantimatterandthatextrabitofmatterformedeverythinginthevisibleuniverse.Theimbalancesomephysicistsbelievemaybehidinginthedynamicsofneutrinos.Neutrinoscomeinthreeknowntypesorflavors.Andtheycanchangeflavorastheytravel.ButtheneutrinotransformationsreportedintheLosAlamosdatadonotfitthethree-flavormodelsuggestingfourflavorsofneutrinosifnotmore.Thenewexperimentsoughttocountthenumberoftimesoneflavorofneutrinocalledamuonμ介子turnedintoanotherflavoranelectronneutrino.FormostoftheneutrinoenergyrangetheylookedatthescientistsdidnotseeanymoreelectronneutrinosthanwouldbepredictedbytheStandardModel.ThatruledoutthesimplestwaysofinterpretingtheLosAlamosneutrinodataDr.ConradandDr.Louissaid.Butatthelowerenergiesthescientistsdidseemoreelectronneutrinosthanpredicted:369ratherthanthepredicted273.Thatmaysimplymeanthatsomecalculationsareoff.Oritcouldpointtoasubtlerinterplayofparticlesknownandunknown.Dr.Louissaidhewassurprisedbytheresults.Iwassortofexpectingaclearexcessornoexcesshesaid.Inasensewegotboth./AccordingtothetexttheLosAlamosexperimenthasreportedthat______.
WhentheUnitedStatesandKoreaSOKannouncedtheirnewfree-tradeagreementlastmonththenewswasmainlyeconomic.ThedealwouldgiveAmericanfarmersandbankersalikebetteraccesstoKoreanconsumersandhelpKoreancompaniespushmoreelectronicscarsandtextilesintotheUnitedStates.Largelyunreportedwasthepoliticalangle--theU.S.-KoreaSOKfreetradeagreementcomesatpreciselythemomentwhenAmerica’smilitarypresenceontheKoreanPeninsulaisrapidlydiminishinganti-U.S.nationalisminKoreaSOKisgrowingandChinaisplayinganevermoreimportantleadershiproleintheregion.ThisFTAismuchmoresignificantinstrategicthaneconomicterms.ItisthesameaboutanynumberoftradedealsinAsiathesedays.Whilefree-tradeagreementshavealwaysbeensomewhatpoliticalsolidifyingnationalrelationshipstheuseofFTAsingeopoliticaljockeying竞赛isreachingnewheightsinEastAsia.Since1997thenumberofFTAsintheregionhasrisenfromsevento38.Lasttimewesawthissortoffrenziedbilateralactivitywasbackinthe1930s.Thatworriessomeeconomistswhofearthatallthefree-tradepolitickingwillfurthererodeanalreadybeleagueredglobaltradingsystemandcreateasnowballeffectofcountermeasures.It’snoaccidentthattheactivityintheregionhasincreasedsince2004whichmarkedthebeginningofamassivefreetradeagreementbetweenChinaandtheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations.ChinaofferedcountrieslikeLaosandCambodiaanearlyharvestunilaterallyopeningupmarketsforhundredsofdifferentkindsofagriculturalproducts.ThatinturnhelpedsmooththewayforareductionintensioninhotspotslikethedisputedSouthChinaSeaterritories.FTAsarebecomingakeyinstrumentforgreat-powerdiplomacy.Thatworriesrivalswhoarerushingtofindtheirownpartners.TheJapaneseforexamplehavealwaysbeencautiouswhenitcomestobilateralagreements.JapanesePrimeMinisterShinzoAberecentlyannouncedanewpushformoreJapaneseFTAsintheregion.MeanwhiletheEUistryingdesperatelytopushitswaybackintotheregionrecentlyannouncingplanstonegotiateitsowndealswithbothSouthKoreaandtheASEANnations.HowwillallthewheelinganddealingendNotwithmoreefficienttrading.ArecentmapofAsiantradedealsshowsanincreasinglycomplicatedspaghettibowlhinderingbroaderglobaleffortstoliberalizetrade.Suchdealshaveadisproportionatelynegativeeffectonsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesrepresentingasmuchas80percentofjobsinsomepartsofAsia.AlreadytheU.S.-KoreaSOKdealiscausinggrousing不满inJapanwhichwouldtakeahitasKoreancompetitorsnolongerhave.todealwithU.S.tariffs.Stillthatprobablywon’tturnthetide--themostimportantcriterioninmotivatingacountrytoseekFTAswellaheadofeconomicreformwas--surprise--politics.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthegrowingFTAactivities
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 13
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 3
WhatdoesthefutureholdfortheproblemofhousingAgood1dependsofcourseonthemeaningof"future".Ifoneisthinkingin2ofsciencefictionandthespaceage3atleastpossibletoassumethatmanwillhavesolvedsuchtrivialandearthlyproblemsashousing.Writersofsciencefictionhave4thesuggestionthatmenwillliveingreatcomfortwithevery5devicetomakelifesmoothhealthyandeasy6nothappy.Buttheyhavenotsaidwhathishousewillbemadeof. Theproblemsofthenextgenerationortwocanmorereadilybeimagined.Scientistshavealreadypointedoutthat7somethingisdoneeithertorestricttheworld’srapidgrowthinpopulationortodiscoveranddevelopnewsourcesoffoodorbothmillionsofpeoplewillbedyingofstarvationor8sufferingfromunderfeedingbeforethis9isout.Butnobodyhasworkedoutanyplanforhousingthesegrowingpopulations.Admittedlytheworsesituationswilloccurinthe10partsoftheworldwherehousingcanbeoflightstructureorinbackwardareaswherestandardsare11low.Buteventheminimumshelterrequiresmaterialsof12kindandinthecrowdedbulgingtownsthelow-standard"housing"offlattenedpetrolmansanddirtycanvasisfarmorewasteful13groundspacethancanbetolerated. SincethewarHongKonghassufferedthekindofcrisiswhichislikelyto14inmanyotherplacesduringthenextgeneration.15millionsofrefugeesarrivedto16thealreadygrowingpopulationandemergencystepshadtobetakentopreventsqualoranddiseaseandthe17ofcrime.HongKongisonlyonesmallpartofwhatwillcertainlybecomeavastproblemandnot18ahousingproblembecausewhenpopulationgrowsatthisratethereare19problemsofeducationtransportwatersupplyandsoon.NoteveryareamayhavethesameresourcesasHongKongto20andthesearchforquickerandcheapermethodsofconstructionmustnevercease. 1
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 15
Directions:ProfessorWangyourseniormiddleschoolEnglishteacherhasbeenteachingforexactlythirtyyears.Yourformerclassmatesaregoingtoholdapartytocelebratethisspecialoccasion.Youcannotattendthepartyforacertainreason.SoyouaregoingtowritealettertoProfessorWangtoexpressyourcongratulationsaswellasyourapologyforfailingtoshowupintheparty.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
ForalongtimepsychoanalysiswastheonlyformalizedpsychotherapypracticedinWesternsociety.ItwasthistypeoftherapythatgaverisetotheclassicpictureofabeardedViennesedoctorseatedbehindapatientwhoislyingonacouch. PsychoanalysisisbasedonthetheoriesofSigmundFreud.46AccordingtoFreud’sviewspsychologicaldisturbancesareduetoanxietyabouthiddenconflictsintheunconsciouspartsofone’spersonality;thereforeoneofthepsychoanalystsjobistohelpmakethepatientsawareoftheunconsciousimpulsesdesiresandfearsthatarecausingtheanxiety.Psychoanalystsbelievethatifpatientscanunderstandtheirunconsciousmotivestheyhavetakenthefirststeptowardgainingcontroloftheirproblems.Suchunderstandingiscalledinsight. Psychoanalysisisaslowprocedure.Itmaytakeyearsoffifty-minutesessionsseveraltimesaweekbeforethepatientisabletomakefundamentalchangesinherlife.47Throughoutthistimetheanalystassistshispatientinacompleteexaminationoftheunconsciousmotivesbehindherbehavior.Thistaskbeginswiththeanalysttellingthepatienttorelaxandtalkabouteverythingthatcomesintohermind.Thismethodiscalledfreeassociation. Asthepatientliesonthecouchshemaydescribeherdreamsdiscussprivatethoughtsorrecalllong-forgottenexperiences.Thepsychoanalystoftensaysnothingforlongperiodsoftime.48Thepsycho-analystalsooccasionallymakesremarksorasksquestionsthatguidethepatientorhemaysuggestanunconsciousmotiveorfactorthatexplainssomethingthepatienthasbeentalkingaboutbutmostoftheworkisdonebythepatientherself. Psychoanalysishassometimesbeencriticizedforbeing"alltalkandnoaction."Inbehaviortherapythereismuchmoreemphasisonaction.49Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit.Theideabehindbehaviortherapyisthatadisturbedpersonisonewhohaslearnedtobehaveinthewrongway.Thetherapist’sjobthereforeisto"reeducate"thepatient.50Thereasonsforthepatient’sundesirablebehaviorarenotimportant;whatisimportantistochangethepatient’sbehaviorwhichisformedandreinforcedinstressedenvironmentandtoestablishnewpatternsofbehaviorforthepatient. Onetechniqueusedbybehaviortherapistsissystematicrecovery.Thismethodisusedtoovercomeirrationalfearsandanxietiesthepatienthaslearned.Thegoalofsystematicrecoverytherapyistoencouragepeopletoimaginethefearedsituationwhilerelaxing.Havingbeentaughthowtorelaxthepatientlearnstothinkaboutthepastexperiencewithoutbeingafraid.Duringthisprocessthetherapistattemptstoreplaceanxietywithitsoppositerelaxation. Ratherthanspendingalargeamountoftimegoingintothepatient’spasthistoryorthedetailsofhisorherdreamsthebehaviortherapistconcentratesonfindingoutwhatisspecificallywrongwiththepatient’scurrentlifeandtakesstepstochangeit
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle.Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle.OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless.WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.WhatarethelessonsThefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards.TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueaboutthenewschool
Therearemanyfeaturesthat1amovieasAmericanbutperhapsthemost2isthethemeoftheloner-hero孤胆英雄.Inthewesternmoviewhichcomesoutofmany3oftheAmericanWestatypicalfigureisthelonesomecowboy.Hewandersintoatownand4outitstroubles.Thenthestrongandindependentheroridesoffintothesunset5.Americanslikethis6intheirfilmsbecausetheyare7independentandindividualism8agreatdealwiththem.Anindividualwhoisableto9theevilsoftheworldorofasmalltownissomeonetoadmire. Eventhegangstermovieaverypopular10ofthetypicalAmericanfilmusuallyhasahero.11heisalawmanouttocatchthecriminalsoragangsterwhosuddenlyseesthelightandtriestogo12Duringtheviolence-riddenperiodofProhibitioninthe1920sthegangstermovie13inpopularity.Thesefilmskeptthesame.14asthewestern--thebadcannottriumph.Onegoodpersoncansavetheinnocent. Recentsciencefictionfilmsdeal15thesametheme.Againsttheforcesofthealienpowerspeoplewillfighttoprotecttheirideals.Heretootheaction16aroundasingleindividual17nowheorshemustsavetheworld.Theherobattlestheunknowntrustingininnercapabilitiesandinthepowerofgood18evil.FearlesstheheroofatypicalAmericanmoviedoesnot19tojumpintotheaction.ThisdominantthemeoftheAmericanmovieisfamiliar20peoplearoundtheworld. 7
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