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Part B Directions: Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay of 160-200 words, in wh...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: A.Studythefollowingcartooncaref
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingsetofdrawingsc
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecaref
PartB Directions: PursuitforMoreComfortandLuxury
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingpictureandwrit
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingsetofdrawingsc
Ofthefollowing______iscorrect．
the Sailing Directions Book is also known as Pilot Book
the Sailing Directions Book and the Pilot Book are different books
the Pilot Book is a part of the Sailing Directions
the Sailing Directions Book contains the Pilot Book"
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwri
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Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork-forcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottle-necksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetoheoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.Accordingtothispassage______.
Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure. Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaning 3giveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Aconventionalteacher’slicenseeusuallyrequiresauniversitydegreeineducationplusanunpaidtermofpracticeteaching.Thishasnevermademuchsense.Itexcludesbrightstudentswhotakedegreesinothersubjectsandmightteachthosesubjects;itiscostlyandtime-consumingforcareer-switcherswhomustwaitayearormorebeforetheycanenteraclassroom;itissorigidthatprivate-schoolteachersoruniversityprofessorswithyearsofexperiencehavetojumpthroughhoopsbeforetheycanstartteachinginastateschool.Andthereisvirtuallynoevidencethatitcreatesbetterteachers.Forallthatitisstronglybackedbyschoolsofeducationwhichhaveamonopolyofteacher-trainingandbyteachers’unionswhosemembersmakemoremoneywhenitisartificiallyhardforotherstogetintotheprofession.Nowsome45statesandtheDistrictsofColumbiaofferanalternativeroutetoateacher’slicenseeupfromonlyahandfulinthe1980s.AlternativecertificationACgenerallyallowsindividualswithauniversitydegreetobeginteachingimmediatelyafterpassinganentranceexamination.Theserecruitswatchedoverbyamentorteachthesubjecttheystudiedatuniversityandtakeeducationcoursesatasponsoringuniversitywhiledrawingtheirsalaries.ThetraditionalsortofAmericanteacherislikelytobeyoungwhiteandfemale.Alternativecertificationattractsmoremenandmorenon-whites.InTexasforinstanceroughly90%ofpublic-schoolteachersarewhitebut40%ofthosewhohavejoinedthroughalternativecertificationarenon-whites.TheACroutealsodrawsteacherswillingtogowheretheyaremostneeded.AsurveyofTroopstoTeachersaprogramthatturnsexsoldiersintopublic-schoolteachersProudtoserveagainfoundthat39%ofthosetakingpartarewillingtoteachininner-cityschoolsand68%inruralareas.AretheygoodteachersOfficialdomisreluctanttoreleasethedetailswhichmightanswerthatquestionforcertain.Butanecdotalevidencesuggeststheydowell.InNewJerseywhichhasbeenrunningthissortofprogramsince1984richdistrictswhichcanaffordtobechoosyconsistentlyhiremoreACteachersthanpoordistrictsdo.InHoustonTexaswheretheTeachofAmericaprogramTFAputsrecentuniversitygraduatesintopoorcommunitiesasteachersthemosteffectiveteachersaregenerallytheTFAones.SchoolprincipalsareourbiggestfansWendyKoppTFA’spresidentsaysproudly.Sowhynotscrapthecumbersometeacher-licensinglawsFrederickHessaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiahaswrittenapaperfortheProgressivePolicyInstitutearguingthatteacher-licensingoughttobestrippedtothebareessentials.Prospectiveteachersshouldberequiredonlytoholdacollegedegreepassatestofessentialskillsandbecheckedtomakesuretheydonothaveacriminalbackground.OthertrainingisimportantarguesMr.Hessbutthemarketnotstatelegislatorsshoulddecidewhatthattraininglookslike.ThisnotionofcompetitivecertificationhasdrawnfavorableattentionfromtheBushadministration.WhatdoestheauthorsuggestwhenhecallsforcompetitivecertificationLine7—8Para.5
WhenanassociateoftheMus6ed’ArtModerneAndr6-MalrauxinNormandyflippedthroughthecataloguefortheauctionofimpressionistartatSotheby’sinNewYorkonNovember2ndhemadeastartlingdiscovery.OnsalewasBlanchisseusessouffrantdesdentsapaintingbyEdgarDegaswhichhadbeenstolenin1973fromamuseumwhereithadbeenonloanfromtheLouvre.AfterbeingalertedbytheFrenchauthoritiesSotheby’sdroppedthepaintingfromthesale.Nowaninvestigationisunderway.TheownerislikelytoloseitwithoutcompensationwhenitisreturnedtoFrance.Likemostartcollectorstheownerhadnoart-titleinsurancewhichwouldhaveprovidedcompensationforthepainting’svalue.TheftaccountsforonlyaquarteroftitledisputessaysJudithPearsonaco-founderofARISasmallinsurancefirmthathasbeensellingtitleinsurancesince2006andwhichwastakenoverbyArgoGroupabiggerinsurerearlierthismonth.Three-quartersofsquabblesoccurincasesofdivorceorinheritance.Aworkofartmayalsocarryliensafterbeingusedasacollateralforaloan.Morerarelytwoormoreartistsmaycollaboratebutthendisagreeaboutwhohasauthoritytoflogtheirco-production.DoestheriskoftitledisputeswarrantthecostoftitleinsuranceARISchargesaone-offpremiumofbetween1.75%and6%oftheart’svalue.Inreturnthecompanywillcoverthelegalcostsincaseofatitledisputeandcompensatefortheagreedvalueoftheartiftheirclientlosestheownershipdispute.ARIShassofarwrittenabout1000policiesandhasnotyethadaclaim.Analternativetoart-titleinsuranceisforcollectorstododuediligenceabouttheprovenanceofaworkofartthemselves.Yetmanydonothavethetimeorthetoolstocarryoutsuchresearchwhichisacomplexundertakingasthereisnocentralregisterofartownership.AndevensophisticatedcollectorsgetitwrongastheclientsofSalander-O’ReillyaNewYorkartgallerydiscovered.Itcollapsedspectacularlyin2007afteritemergedthatithaddealtinstolenartanddefraudeditsclientsinaMadoffianmannerforyears.Suchcasesareexceptionalbutasthemarketboomsandthevalueofartincreasesmoreartloverswilllookforadditionalassurancesthattheirartisreallytheirs.Collectorshavedifficultiesininvestigatingthesourceofartsbecause______.
Aconventionalteacher’slicenseeusuallyrequiresauniversitydegreeineducationplusanunpaidtermofpracticeteaching.Thishasnevermademuchsense.Itexcludesbrightstudentswhotakedegreesinothersubjectsandmightteachthosesubjects;itiscostlyandtime-consumingforcareer-switcherswhomustwaitayearormorebeforetheycanenteraclassroom;itissorigidthatprivate-schoolteachersoruniversityprofessorswithyearsofexperiencehavetojumpthroughhoopsbeforetheycanstartteachinginastateschool.Andthereisvirtuallynoevidencethatitcreatesbetterteachers.Forallthatitisstronglybackedbyschoolsofeducationwhichhaveamonopolyofteacher-trainingandbyteachers’unionswhosemembersmakemoremoneywhenitisartificiallyhardforotherstogetintotheprofession.Nowsome45statesandtheDistrictsofColumbiaofferanalternativeroutetoateacher’slicenseeupfromonlyahandfulinthe1980s.AlternativecertificationACgenerallyallowsindividualswithauniversitydegreetobeginteachingimmediatelyafterpassinganentranceexamination.Theserecruitswatchedoverbyamentorteachthesubjecttheystudiedatuniversityandtakeeducationcoursesatasponsoringuniversitywhiledrawingtheirsalaries.ThetraditionalsortofAmericanteacherislikelytobeyoungwhiteandfemale.Alternativecertificationattractsmoremenandmorenon-whites.InTexasforinstanceroughly90%ofpublic-schoolteachersarewhitebut40%ofthosewhohavejoinedthroughalternativecertificationarenon-whites.TheACroutealsodrawsteacherswillingtogowheretheyaremostneeded.AsurveyofTroopstoTeachersaprogramthatturnsexsoldiersintopublic-schoolteachersProudtoserveagainfoundthat39%ofthosetakingpartarewillingtoteachininner-cityschoolsand68%inruralareas.AretheygoodteachersOfficialdomisreluctanttoreleasethedetailswhichmightanswerthatquestionforcertain.Butanecdotalevidencesuggeststheydowell.InNewJerseywhichhasbeenrunningthissortofprogramsince1984richdistrictswhichcanaffordtobechoosyconsistentlyhiremoreACteachersthanpoordistrictsdo.InHoustonTexaswheretheTeachofAmericaprogramTFAputsrecentuniversitygraduatesintopoorcommunitiesasteachersthemosteffectiveteachersaregenerallytheTFAones.SchoolprincipalsareourbiggestfansWendyKoppTFA’spresidentsaysproudly.Sowhynotscrapthecumbersometeacher-licensinglawsFrederickHessaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiahaswrittenapaperfortheProgressivePolicyInstitutearguingthatteacher-licensingoughttobestrippedtothebareessentials.Prospectiveteachersshouldberequiredonlytoholdacollegedegreepassatestofessentialskillsandbecheckedtomakesuretheydonothaveacriminalbackground.OthertrainingisimportantarguesMr.Hessbutthemarketnotstatelegislatorsshoulddecidewhatthattraininglookslike.ThisnotionofcompetitivecertificationhasdrawnfavorableattentionfromtheBushadministration.WhathaschangedsincetheintroductionofAC
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork-forcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottle-necksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetoheoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.AccordingtothispassagetheproblemAmericafirmfacedwithis______.
[A]Noteverythinghaschangedofcourse.Asofteninthepasttheinjuredpolicemenweresofttargets.OneinDuncannonwasshotashiscarwasstalledinatrafficjam.TheLondonderryofficerwaswoundedashedroppedoffhissonatschool.AfriendsaidhehadrecentlyjoinedthePSNIwhichis23%CatholicbecausehebelieveditverydifferentfromtheoldProtestant-dominatedRoyalUlsterConstabulary.Hehadhowevermovedhouse.TheRealIRAansweredSinnFein’spleasforco-operationwiththepolicebythreateningtokillanyonewhodidso.AndtheshootinginDungannoncausedalong-delayedmeetingofthepolicing-partnershipcommitteetheretowhichSinnFeinhadatlastsentnomineestobecancelled. [B]Theseeventsmakemanyanxious.Othershowevernoteadvances.ThepolicemenwereshotbymenwhocallthemselvestheRealIRAanimplicitdismissalofmainstreamrepublicanswhosupportthepeaceprocessthatsixmonthsagoputMartinMcCuinnessatormerIRAleaderattheheadoftheprovince’sdevolvedgovernmentalongwiththeLiveIanPaisleyonceadiehardunionist. [C]Ulster’smiserablepastrefusestogoquietly.TwopolicemenwereshotandinjuredbyrepublicanparamilitariesinthefivedaysfromNovember8th.OnNovemberlaththeUlsterDefenceAssociationUDA.thelargestoftheloyalistparamilitarygroupssaiditwould"standdown"frommidnightbutwouldneitherdestroynorhandoveritsweapons.ThefollowingdaythepeaceprocesswatchdogtheIndependentMonitoringCommissionIMCconfirmedthatthosewhobeatPaulQuinntodeathlastmonthacrosstheborderfromsouthArmaghwereIRAmembers"pastorpresentorassociates".ItwastoosoontotellitsaidwhethertheIRA’scommanding"armycouncil"hadgiventheorder. [D]ThereisnoloyalistequivalentofSinnFeinoriginallytheIRA’smouthpieceandnowthelargestpartyrepresentingCatholicvoters.TheUDAandthesmallerUlsterVolunteerForcecameintobeingtodefendtheUnionandProtestantsagainsttheIRAthoughmostoftheir980victimswereinnocentCatholics.AsIRAviolencewanedUDAfiguresbecamebestknownfortheirdrug-dealinggoldjewelryandcocainehabits.Fledglingloyalistpoliticsweredamagedbyassociation.Rivalryforthecontroloflucrativecriminalbusinessesfuelledviolentfeudsanddelayedthedecommissioningofweapons. [E]Butviolenceisyieldingdiminishingreturns.TheRealIRAbecamenotoriousin1998whentheytriedtowreckthenewlynegotiatedpower-sharingsettlementbybombingthetownofOmaghnearDungannon.Thedeathtollof29wasthegreatestlossoflifeinasingleTroublesbombing.Butthetragedystrengthenedsupportforthepeaceprocess.Mostdissidentattackssincethenhavebeensabotagedbypoliceinfiltrationandwhatmanysuspectisinformationfromotherrepublicans. [F]Loyalistgroupsfirstcalledamuch-breachedceasefirein1994andtheUDA’sannouncementthistimewasunderminedbytherefusaltohandoveritsguns.Butarecenttragedyhasunderlinedjustwhytheparamilitariesmustbeputoutofbusiness.Afortnightagoa16-year-oldnamedDeanClarkehangedhimselfinthedown-at-heelTigersBaydistrictofnorthBelfast.Hehadjustcomeoutofhospitalaftertreatmentfordrugpoisoning.HismothersaidalocalUDAbosshadsoldtheboyketamineatranquilliserusedtosedatehorses. [G]TwentyyearsagoMrMcGuinnessdirectedthebombingsthatblitzedthecentreofLondonderry.Thistimehederidedthosewhoattackedanofficerinthatcityforseemingnottoknowthewarwasoverandcalledonwitnessestohelpthepolice.MrPaisleyandhistroopshavechangedaswell.InthepasthisDemocraticUnionistPartyprofessedtoseenodifferencebetweenmainstreamanddissidentrepublicans.ThisweekhewascontenttoseekassurancesfromSirHughOrdechiefconstableofthePoliceServiceofNorthernIrelandPSNIthatthepolicehadresourcesenoughto"quash"thedissidents. Order: 42
Aconventionalteacher’slicenseeusuallyrequiresauniversitydegreeineducationplusanunpaidtermofpracticeteaching.Thishasnevermademuchsense.Itexcludesbrightstudentswhotakedegreesinothersubjectsandmightteachthosesubjects;itiscostlyandtime-consumingforcareer-switcherswhomustwaitayearormorebeforetheycanenteraclassroom;itissorigidthatprivate-schoolteachersoruniversityprofessorswithyearsofexperiencehavetojumpthroughhoopsbeforetheycanstartteachinginastateschool.Andthereisvirtuallynoevidencethatitcreatesbetterteachers.Forallthatitisstronglybackedbyschoolsofeducationwhichhaveamonopolyofteacher-trainingandbyteachers’unionswhosemembersmakemoremoneywhenitisartificiallyhardforotherstogetintotheprofession.Nowsome45statesandtheDistrictsofColumbiaofferanalternativeroutetoateacher’slicenseeupfromonlyahandfulinthe1980s.AlternativecertificationACgenerallyallowsindividualswithauniversitydegreetobeginteachingimmediatelyafterpassinganentranceexamination.Theserecruitswatchedoverbyamentorteachthesubjecttheystudiedatuniversityandtakeeducationcoursesatasponsoringuniversitywhiledrawingtheirsalaries.ThetraditionalsortofAmericanteacherislikelytobeyoungwhiteandfemale.Alternativecertificationattractsmoremenandmorenon-whites.InTexasforinstanceroughly90%ofpublic-schoolteachersarewhitebut40%ofthosewhohavejoinedthroughalternativecertificationarenon-whites.TheACroutealsodrawsteacherswillingtogowheretheyaremostneeded.AsurveyofTroopstoTeachersaprogramthatturnsexsoldiersintopublic-schoolteachersProudtoserveagainfoundthat39%ofthosetakingpartarewillingtoteachininner-cityschoolsand68%inruralareas.AretheygoodteachersOfficialdomisreluctanttoreleasethedetailswhichmightanswerthatquestionforcertain.Butanecdotalevidencesuggeststheydowell.InNewJerseywhichhasbeenrunningthissortofprogramsince1984richdistrictswhichcanaffordtobechoosyconsistentlyhiremoreACteachersthanpoordistrictsdo.InHoustonTexaswheretheTeachofAmericaprogramTFAputsrecentuniversitygraduatesintopoorcommunitiesasteachersthemosteffectiveteachersaregenerallytheTFAones.SchoolprincipalsareourbiggestfansWendyKoppTFA’spresidentsaysproudly.Sowhynotscrapthecumbersometeacher-licensinglawsFrederickHessaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiahaswrittenapaperfortheProgressivePolicyInstitutearguingthatteacher-licensingoughttobestrippedtothebareessentials.Prospectiveteachersshouldberequiredonlytoholdacollegedegreepassatestofessentialskillsandbecheckedtomakesuretheydonothaveacriminalbackground.OthertrainingisimportantarguesMr.Hessbutthemarketnotstatelegislatorsshoulddecidewhatthattraininglookslike.ThisnotionofcompetitivecertificationhasdrawnfavorableattentionfromtheBushadministration.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheconventionalteacher’straining
[A]Noteverythinghaschangedofcourse.Asofteninthepasttheinjuredpolicemenweresofttargets.OneinDuncannonwasshotashiscarwasstalledinatrafficjam.TheLondonderryofficerwaswoundedashedroppedoffhissonatschool.AfriendsaidhehadrecentlyjoinedthePSNIwhichis23%CatholicbecausehebelieveditverydifferentfromtheoldProtestant-dominatedRoyalUlsterConstabulary.Hehadhowevermovedhouse.TheRealIRAansweredSinnFein’spleasforco-operationwiththepolicebythreateningtokillanyonewhodidso.AndtheshootinginDungannoncausedalong-delayedmeetingofthepolicing-partnershipcommitteetheretowhichSinnFeinhadatlastsentnomineestobecancelled. [B]Theseeventsmakemanyanxious.Othershowevernoteadvances.ThepolicemenwereshotbymenwhocallthemselvestheRealIRAanimplicitdismissalofmainstreamrepublicanswhosupportthepeaceprocessthatsixmonthsagoputMartinMcCuinnessatormerIRAleaderattheheadoftheprovince’sdevolvedgovernmentalongwiththeLiveIanPaisleyonceadiehardunionist. [C]Ulster’smiserablepastrefusestogoquietly.TwopolicemenwereshotandinjuredbyrepublicanparamilitariesinthefivedaysfromNovember8th.OnNovemberlaththeUlsterDefenceAssociationUDA.thelargestoftheloyalistparamilitarygroupssaiditwould"standdown"frommidnightbutwouldneitherdestroynorhandoveritsweapons.ThefollowingdaythepeaceprocesswatchdogtheIndependentMonitoringCommissionIMCconfirmedthatthosewhobeatPaulQuinntodeathlastmonthacrosstheborderfromsouthArmaghwereIRAmembers"pastorpresentorassociates".ItwastoosoontotellitsaidwhethertheIRA’scommanding"armycouncil"hadgiventheorder. [D]ThereisnoloyalistequivalentofSinnFeinoriginallytheIRA’smouthpieceandnowthelargestpartyrepresentingCatholicvoters.TheUDAandthesmallerUlsterVolunteerForcecameintobeingtodefendtheUnionandProtestantsagainsttheIRAthoughmostoftheir980victimswereinnocentCatholics.AsIRAviolencewanedUDAfiguresbecamebestknownfortheirdrug-dealinggoldjewelryandcocainehabits.Fledglingloyalistpoliticsweredamagedbyassociation.Rivalryforthecontroloflucrativecriminalbusinessesfuelledviolentfeudsanddelayedthedecommissioningofweapons. [E]Butviolenceisyieldingdiminishingreturns.TheRealIRAbecamenotoriousin1998whentheytriedtowreckthenewlynegotiatedpower-sharingsettlementbybombingthetownofOmaghnearDungannon.Thedeathtollof29wasthegreatestlossoflifeinasingleTroublesbombing.Butthetragedystrengthenedsupportforthepeaceprocess.Mostdissidentattackssincethenhavebeensabotagedbypoliceinfiltrationandwhatmanysuspectisinformationfromotherrepublicans. [F]Loyalistgroupsfirstcalledamuch-breachedceasefirein1994andtheUDA’sannouncementthistimewasunderminedbytherefusaltohandoveritsguns.Butarecenttragedyhasunderlinedjustwhytheparamilitariesmustbeputoutofbusiness.Afortnightagoa16-year-oldnamedDeanClarkehangedhimselfinthedown-at-heelTigersBaydistrictofnorthBelfast.Hehadjustcomeoutofhospitalaftertreatmentfordrugpoisoning.HismothersaidalocalUDAbosshadsoldtheboyketamineatranquilliserusedtosedatehorses. [G]TwentyyearsagoMrMcGuinnessdirectedthebombingsthatblitzedthecentreofLondonderry.Thistimehederidedthosewhoattackedanofficerinthatcityforseemingnottoknowthewarwasoverandcalledonwitnessestohelpthepolice.MrPaisleyandhistroopshavechangedaswell.InthepasthisDemocraticUnionistPartyprofessedtoseenodifferencebetweenmainstreamanddissidentrepublicans.ThisweekhewascontenttoseekassurancesfromSirHughOrdechiefconstableofthePoliceServiceofNorthernIrelandPSNIthatthepolicehadresourcesenoughto"quash"thedissidents. Order: 44
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure. Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure.
Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
WhenanassociateoftheMus6ed’ArtModerneAndr6-MalrauxinNormandyflippedthroughthecataloguefortheauctionofimpressionistartatSotheby’sinNewYorkonNovember2ndhemadeastartlingdiscovery.OnsalewasBlanchisseusessouffrantdesdentsapaintingbyEdgarDegaswhichhadbeenstolenin1973fromamuseumwhereithadbeenonloanfromtheLouvre.AfterbeingalertedbytheFrenchauthoritiesSotheby’sdroppedthepaintingfromthesale.Nowaninvestigationisunderway.TheownerislikelytoloseitwithoutcompensationwhenitisreturnedtoFrance.Likemostartcollectorstheownerhadnoart-titleinsurancewhichwouldhaveprovidedcompensationforthepainting’svalue.TheftaccountsforonlyaquarteroftitledisputessaysJudithPearsonaco-founderofARISasmallinsurancefirmthathasbeensellingtitleinsurancesince2006andwhichwastakenoverbyArgoGroupabiggerinsurerearlierthismonth.Three-quartersofsquabblesoccurincasesofdivorceorinheritance.Aworkofartmayalsocarryliensafterbeingusedasacollateralforaloan.Morerarelytwoormoreartistsmaycollaboratebutthendisagreeaboutwhohasauthoritytoflogtheirco-production.DoestheriskoftitledisputeswarrantthecostoftitleinsuranceARISchargesaone-offpremiumofbetween1.75%and6%oftheart’svalue.Inreturnthecompanywillcoverthelegalcostsincaseofatitledisputeandcompensatefortheagreedvalueoftheartiftheirclientlosestheownershipdispute.ARIShassofarwrittenabout1000policiesandhasnotyethadaclaim.Analternativetoart-titleinsuranceisforcollectorstododuediligenceabouttheprovenanceofaworkofartthemselves.Yetmanydonothavethetimeorthetoolstocarryoutsuchresearchwhichisacomplexundertakingasthereisnocentralregisterofartownership.AndevensophisticatedcollectorsgetitwrongastheclientsofSalander-O’ReillyaNewYorkartgallerydiscovered.Itcollapsedspectacularlyin2007afteritemergedthatithaddealtinstolenartanddefraudeditsclientsinaMadoffianmannerforyears.Suchcasesareexceptionalbutasthemarketboomsandthevalueofartincreasesmoreartloverswilllookforadditionalassurancesthattheirartisreallytheirs.Theexampleofthefirstparagraphmeans______.
Sincethe19thcenturyNathanHalehasbeenwidelyviewedasanAmericanhero.HewasthefirstAmericanexecutedforspyingforhiscountry.StatuesofhimstandinNewYorkCityatYaleUniversityandattheCentralIntelligenceAgency’sheadquarters.46Hislastwords"IonlyregretthatIhavebutonelifetoloseformycountry"indicatehisdeepdevotiontohisnationandhavebeenaninspirationtosubsequentgenerationsofAmericans. InSeptemberof1776NathanHalewasa21-yearoldcaptainintheContinentalArmyduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.47WhentherewasaneedforintelligencegatheringfollowingtheAmericanlossofLongIslandHalevolunteeredtocrossenemylinesandgatherasmuchinformationabouttheBritisharmyinNewWorkashecould.TodothathedisguisedhimselfasaDutchschoolteacherandmadehiswaytoNewYorkfromNorwalkConnecticut. HisactivitiesuponarrivingatNewYorkremainsomethingofamystery.Itisknownthathetooknotesandmadesomedrawingsbeforeattemptingtoleavetheisland.Beforehecoulddothathoweverhewasbetrayed.Howhewasbetrayedremainsamysteryaswell.Therearetwomainaccountsofhowthishappened.OnesaysthatoneofHale’srelativesSamuelHaleturnedhiminafterrecognizinghiminatavern.48TheothersaysthatRobertRogersaBritishMajordidnotbelievethatHalewasaschoolteacherandthathegotHaletoadmithewasaspybypretendingtobeaspyhimself.HoweverithappenedHalewascapturedonSeptember211776. WhenhewascapturedtheBritishfoundthenotesanddrawingsthatHalehadproduced.49ArmedwiththisevidencetheyeasilyobtainedhisconfessionthathewasindeedamemberoftheContinentalArmy.Thismadehimanuninformedenemycombatantbehindenemylines.GiventherulesofwaratthetimetheBritishwereperfectlyjustifiedinhanginghimthenextmorningwithoutatrial.Halewasexecutedatthetenderageof21.50AlthoughHale’sspyingmissionendedinfailurehisdisplayofpatriotismmadehimaheroamongthecolonistsfightingforindependence. HislastwordsIonlyregretthatIhavebutonelifetoloseformycountryindicatehisdeepdevotiontohisnationandhavebeenaninspirationtosubsequentgenerationsofAmericans.
Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Directions: Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethecartoonbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythecartoonand 3giveyourpointofview. YoushouldwriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
ArareprovisioninSanFrancisco’sbusinesstaxcodethattaxescompanieswhenemployeescashintheirstockoptionshascausedastirinthishotbedoffledglingtechcompanies.Remarkablyfewcompaniesevenknewaboutthetaxwhichhasbeenineffectforsevenyears.ButsincecityofficialsofferedTwitterapayroll-taxbreakasanincentiveforittoremaininSanFranciscothecompanyisconsideredlikelytogopublicsoonthestock-optionprovisionhassuddenlycomeunderintensescrutiny.AnumberofotherboomingcompaniesincludingZingsthemakerofonlinegamesandoneofthecity’sfastest-growingfirmshavethreatenedtoleavethecityunlesstheyreceivesimilarpayroll-taxexemptionsbeforegoingpublic.UnlikemostcitiesSanFranciscogeneratesmostofitsbusinesstaxrevenuethroughapayrolltax.TheTwitterexemptionbillwhichwillbeconsideredbythefullBoardofSupervisorsonApril5wouldfreezepayrolltaxesforsixyearsalongastripofMarketStreet—whereTwitterissettorelocate—andseveralsquareblocksintheTenderloinneighborhood.Twitterexecutiveshadbeenconcernedbecausesince2004thecity’spayrolltaxcodehascountedstockoptionsgrantedtoemployeesascompensationwhichistaxedat1.5percent.IfTwittergoespublicinSanFranciscoandalargenumberofworkersexercisetheiroptionsthecitywouldtaxthecompanyonitsemployees’stockgains—abilllikelytoamounttotensofmillionsofdollars.TwittercouldbelookingatasignificantlylargerpayrolltaxliabilityifandwhenitgoespublicsaidTedEganthechiefeconomistinSanFrancisco’scontroller’soffice.BecauseofthedearthofI.P.O.’sinsidethecitylimitsinthelastdecadethestockoptiontaxhasgoneunderradaruntilnow.Businessescityofficialsandevenseasonedtaxlawyersareconfounded.Nobodyevertalkedaboutthisbecausenobody’sreallytestedtheseissuesbeforesaidThomasH.SteeleapartnerinMorrison&Foerster’sSanFranciscoofficespecializinginstateandlocaltax.Hesaidthathisclientsbegancallinghimthisweektoaskaboutthetax’sramifications.APandora’sboxhasalreadybeenopenedsaidSupervisorRossMirkarimiamemberoftheBoardofSupervisors’budgetandfinancecommitteewhohasexpressedconcernabouttailoringlegislationforonecompany.We’vebeengoingaboutthisthewrongwayhesaid.TherecentconfusionhasaddedimpetustocallsforcomprehensivebusinesstaxreformbyDavidChiutheboardpresident.ThestockoptionproblemisrealMr.Chiusaid.Wehavetoaddressitinafairandresponsibleway./AccordingtoRossMirkarimiwhichisRight
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired—rentedatthelowestpossiblecost—muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirwork-forcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottle-necksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetoheoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsAmericancompanies
Sincethe19thcenturyNathanHalehasbeenwidelyviewedasanAmericanhero.HewasthefirstAmericanexecutedforspyingforhiscountry.StatuesofhimstandinNewYorkCityatYaleUniversityandattheCentralIntelligenceAgency’sheadquarters.46Hislastwords"IonlyregretthatIhavebutonelifetoloseformycountry"indicatehisdeepdevotiontohisnationandhavebeenaninspirationtosubsequentgenerationsofAmericans. InSeptemberof1776NathanHalewasa21-yearoldcaptainintheContinentalArmyduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.47WhentherewasaneedforintelligencegatheringfollowingtheAmericanlossofLongIslandHalevolunteeredtocrossenemylinesandgatherasmuchinformationabouttheBritisharmyinNewWorkashecould.TodothathedisguisedhimselfasaDutchschoolteacherandmadehiswaytoNewYorkfromNorwalkConnecticut. HisactivitiesuponarrivingatNewYorkremainsomethingofamystery.Itisknownthathetooknotesandmadesomedrawingsbeforeattemptingtoleavetheisland.Beforehecoulddothathoweverhewasbetrayed.Howhewasbetrayedremainsamysteryaswell.Therearetwomainaccountsofhowthishappened.OnesaysthatoneofHale’srelativesSamuelHaleturnedhiminafterrecognizinghiminatavern.48TheothersaysthatRobertRogersaBritishMajordidnotbelievethatHalewasaschoolteacherandthathegotHaletoadmithewasaspybypretendingtobeaspyhimself.HoweverithappenedHalewascapturedonSeptember211776. WhenhewascapturedtheBritishfoundthenotesanddrawingsthatHalehadproduced.49ArmedwiththisevidencetheyeasilyobtainedhisconfessionthathewasindeedamemberoftheContinentalArmy.Thismadehimanuninformedenemycombatantbehindenemylines.GiventherulesofwaratthetimetheBritishwereperfectlyjustifiedinhanginghimthenextmorningwithoutatrial.Halewasexecutedatthetenderageof21.50AlthoughHale’sspyingmissionendedinfailurehisdisplayofpatriotismmadehimaheroamongthecolonistsfightingforindependence. TheothersaysthatRobertRogersaBritishMajordidnotbelievethatHalewasaschoolteacherandthathegotHaletoadmithewasaspybypretendingtobeaspyhimself.
Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
ArareprovisioninSanFrancisco’sbusinesstaxcodethattaxescompanieswhenemployeescashintheirstockoptionshascausedastirinthishotbedoffledglingtechcompanies.Remarkablyfewcompaniesevenknewaboutthetaxwhichhasbeenineffectforsevenyears.ButsincecityofficialsofferedTwitterapayroll-taxbreakasanincentiveforittoremaininSanFranciscothecompanyisconsideredlikelytogopublicsoonthestock-optionprovisionhassuddenlycomeunderintensescrutiny.AnumberofotherboomingcompaniesincludingZingsthemakerofonlinegamesandoneofthecity’sfastest-growingfirmshavethreatenedtoleavethecityunlesstheyreceivesimilarpayroll-taxexemptionsbeforegoingpublic.UnlikemostcitiesSanFranciscogeneratesmostofitsbusinesstaxrevenuethroughapayrolltax.TheTwitterexemptionbillwhichwillbeconsideredbythefullBoardofSupervisorsonApril5wouldfreezepayrolltaxesforsixyearsalongastripofMarketStreet—whereTwitterissettorelocate—andseveralsquareblocksintheTenderloinneighborhood.Twitterexecutiveshadbeenconcernedbecausesince2004thecity’spayrolltaxcodehascountedstockoptionsgrantedtoemployeesascompensationwhichistaxedat1.5percent.IfTwittergoespublicinSanFranciscoandalargenumberofworkersexercisetheiroptionsthecitywouldtaxthecompanyonitsemployees’stockgains—abilllikelytoamounttotensofmillionsofdollars.TwittercouldbelookingatasignificantlylargerpayrolltaxliabilityifandwhenitgoespublicsaidTedEganthechiefeconomistinSanFrancisco’scontroller’soffice.BecauseofthedearthofI.P.O.’sinsidethecitylimitsinthelastdecadethestockoptiontaxhasgoneunderradaruntilnow.Businessescityofficialsandevenseasonedtaxlawyersareconfounded.Nobodyevertalkedaboutthisbecausenobody’sreallytestedtheseissuesbeforesaidThomasH.SteeleapartnerinMorrison&Foerster’sSanFranciscoofficespecializinginstateandlocaltax.Hesaidthathisclientsbegancallinghimthisweektoaskaboutthetax’sramifications.APandora’sboxhasalreadybeenopenedsaidSupervisorRossMirkarimiamemberoftheBoardofSupervisors’budgetandfinancecommitteewhohasexpressedconcernabouttailoringlegislationforonecompany.We’vebeengoingaboutthisthewrongwayhesaid.TherecentconfusionhasaddedimpetustocallsforcomprehensivebusinesstaxreformbyDavidChiutheboardpresident.ThestockoptionproblemisrealMr.Chiusaid.Wehavetoaddressitinafairandresponsibleway./Wecaninferfromthesecondparagraph______.
Cultureisactivityofthoughtandreceptivenesstobeautyandhumanfeeling.1ofinformationhavenothingtodowithit.Amerelywell-informedmanisthemostuseless2onGod’searth.Whatweshould3atproducingismenwho4bothcultureandexpertknowledgeinsomespecialdirection.Theirexpertknowledgewillgivethemthegroundtostart5andtheirculturewillleadthemas6asphilosophyandashighas7Wehavetorememberthatthevaluable8developmentisself-developmentandthatit9takesplacebetweentheagesofsixteenandthirty.Astotrainingthemostimportantpartisgivenbymothersbeforetheageoftwelve. Intrainingachildtoactivityofthoughtaboveallthingswemust10ofwhatIwillcall"inertideas"——thatistosayideasthataremerely11intothemindwithoutbeing12ortestedorthrownintofreshcombinations. Inthehistoryofeducationthemost13phenomenonisthatschoolsoflearningwhichatoneepocharealivewithacrazeforgeniusina14generationexhibitmerelypedantryandroutine.Thereasonisthattheyareoverladewithinertideas.Exceptat15intervalsofintellectualmotivationeducationinthepasthasbeenradically16withinertideas.Thatisthereasonwhy17cleverwomenwhohaveseenmuchoftheworldareinmiddlelifesomuchthemostculturedpartofthecommunity.Theyhavebeensavedfromthishorrible18ofinertideas.Everyintellectualrevolutionwhichhaseverstirredhumanity19greatnesshasbeena20protestagainstinertideas. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplantsunderdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar8FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol9theday-nurserieschieflyby10themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries.The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcared16inday-carecentersreceivingFederal17.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howevertheexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled.
Sincethe19thcenturyNathanHalehasbeenwidelyviewedasanAmericanhero.HewasthefirstAmericanexecutedforspyingforhiscountry.StatuesofhimstandinNewYorkCityatYaleUniversityandattheCentralIntelligenceAgency’sheadquarters.46Hislastwords"IonlyregretthatIhavebutonelifetoloseformycountry"indicatehisdeepdevotiontohisnationandhavebeenaninspirationtosubsequentgenerationsofAmericans. InSeptemberof1776NathanHalewasa21-yearoldcaptainintheContinentalArmyduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.47WhentherewasaneedforintelligencegatheringfollowingtheAmericanlossofLongIslandHalevolunteeredtocrossenemylinesandgatherasmuchinformationabouttheBritisharmyinNewWorkashecould.TodothathedisguisedhimselfasaDutchschoolteacherandmadehiswaytoNewYorkfromNorwalkConnecticut. HisactivitiesuponarrivingatNewYorkremainsomethingofamystery.Itisknownthathetooknotesandmadesomedrawingsbeforeattemptingtoleavetheisland.Beforehecoulddothathoweverhewasbetrayed.Howhewasbetrayedremainsamysteryaswell.Therearetwomainaccountsofhowthishappened.OnesaysthatoneofHale’srelativesSamuelHaleturnedhiminafterrecognizinghiminatavern.48TheothersaysthatRobertRogersaBritishMajordidnotbelievethatHalewasaschoolteacherandthathegotHaletoadmithewasaspybypretendingtobeaspyhimself.HoweverithappenedHalewascapturedonSeptember211776. WhenhewascapturedtheBritishfoundthenotesanddrawingsthatHalehadproduced.49ArmedwiththisevidencetheyeasilyobtainedhisconfessionthathewasindeedamemberoftheContinentalArmy.Thismadehimanuninformedenemycombatantbehindenemylines.GiventherulesofwaratthetimetheBritishwereperfectlyjustifiedinhanginghimthenextmorningwithoutatrial.Halewasexecutedatthetenderageof21.50AlthoughHale’sspyingmissionendedinfailurehisdisplayofpatriotismmadehimaheroamongthecolonistsfightingforindependence. AlthoughHale’sspyingmissionendedinfailurehisdisplayofpatriotismmadehimaheroamongthecolonistsfightingforindependence.
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