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Directions: Write an essay of 160--200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you sho...
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Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayont
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwrit
Directions:Studythepicturesabovecarefullyandwritea
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions: Youarerequiredtowriteanessayoffthetop
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefo
Directions:Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefol
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
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Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepictureandinterpretthemeaning 2analyzethephenomenonand 3giveyourcommentsonthisissue.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.4
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonehank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstoresrestaurantsandhotelsathomeacrossthecountryandevenabroadandtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.46Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere. Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumerstheyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.47Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecordsincludingwhosoldwhatwhenandtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusiness-mentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.48Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons. 49Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow whichtodevelopforthefutureandwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstockofrawmaterialsonhandandevenoftheproductionprocessitself. 50Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers. Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.
"Avoidtherush-hour"mustbethesloganoflargecitiestheworldover.Ifitisit’saslogannoonetakestheleastnoticeof.Twiceadaywithpredictableregularitythepotboilsover.Whereveryoulookit’speoplepeoplepeople.Thetrainswhichleaveorarriveeveryfewminutesarepacked:anendlessprocessionofhumansardinetins.Thestreetsaresocrowed;thereishardlyroomtomoveonthepavements.Thequeuesforbusesreachstaggeringproportions.Ittakesagesforabustogettoyoubecausethetrafficontheroadshasvirtuallycometoastandstill.Evenwhenabusdoesatlastarriveit’ssofullitcan’ttakeanymorepassengers.Thiswholecrazysystemofcommutingstretchesman’sresourcestotheutmost.Thesmallestunforeseeneventcanbringaboutconditionsofutterchaos.Apower-cutforinstanceanexceptionallyheavysnowfalloraminorderailmentmustalwaysmakecity-dwellersrealizehowprecariousthebalanceis.41__________ 42__________Theyimposetheirownlivingconditionsonthepeoplewhoinhabitthem.Citydwellersareobligedbytheirenvironmenttoadoptawhollyunnaturalwayoflife.Theylosetouchwiththelandandrhythmofnature.Itispossibletolivesuchahair-conditionedexistenceinalargecitythatyouarebarelyconsciousoftheseasons.Afewflowersinapublicparkifyouhavethetimetovisititmayremindyouthatitisspringorsummer.Afewleavesclingingtothepavementmayremindyouthatitisautumn.Beyondthatwhatisgoingoninnatureseemstotallyirrelevant.Allthesimplegoodthingsoflifelikesunshineandfreshairareatapremium.Tallbuildingsblotoutthesun.Trafficfumespollutetheatmosphere.Eventhedistinctionbetweendayandnightislost.Theflowoftrafficgoesonunceasinglyandthenoiseneverstops. 43__________Thedemandforaccommodationissogreatthatitisoftenimpossibleforordinarypeopletobuyahouseoftheirown.Exorbitantrentsmustbepaidfortinyflatswhichevencountryhenswoulddisdaintolivein.44__________ 45__________Thecrimerateinmostcitiesisveryhigh.Housesareburgleswithalarmingfrequency.Citiesbreedcrimeandviolenceandarefullofplacesyouwouldbeafraidtovisitatnight.Ifyouthinkaboutitthey’renotreallyfittoliveinatall.Cananyonereallydoubtthatthecountryiswhatmanwasbornforandwherehetrulybelongs. [A]Howeverpeopleneverdoubtthattheyactuallybelongtothecountry. [B]Theextraordinarythingisnotthatpeopleputupwiththeseconditionsbutthattheyactuallychoosetheminpreferencetoanythingelse. [C]Accommodationapartthecostoflivingisveryhigh.Justabouteverythingyoubuyislikelytobemoreexpensivethanitwouldbeinthecountry. [D]Inadditiontoallthiscity-dwellersliveunderconstantthreat. [E]Theprimedifferenceliesinpeople’sattitudetowardslife. [F]Largemoderncitiesaretoobigtocontrol. [G]Thefunnythingaboutitallisthatyoupaydearlyforthe"privilege"oflivinginacity. 44
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover. 47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas. NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense. DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness. AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits. 50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful. 50
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.6
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.12
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked.ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra.Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload.Thiswillchangepublishingforever!ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator.WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished.There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite.NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub.IthinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyerssaysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential.Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework.BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsaysMostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime.Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists.Whichofthefollowingcanserveasanappropriatetitleforthepassage
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonehank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstoresrestaurantsandhotelsathomeacrossthecountryandevenabroadandtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.46Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere. Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumerstheyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.47Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecordsincludingwhosoldwhatwhenandtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusiness-mentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.48Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons. 49Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow whichtodevelopforthefutureandwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstockofrawmaterialsonhandandevenoftheproductionprocessitself. 50Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers. Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-60.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementary’servicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanProvincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggestedthateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.FromthefirstsentencewelearnthattheUnitedStates______.
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover. 47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas. NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense. DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness. AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits. 50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful. 48
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-60.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementary’servicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanProvincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggestedthateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.ThevulnerabilityoftheU.S.insurancesystemsliesin______.
OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonehank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstoresrestaurantsandhotelsathomeacrossthecountryandevenabroadandtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.46Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it’salreadyhere. Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumerstheyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.47Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecordsincludingwhosoldwhatwhenandtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusiness-mentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.48Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficientallowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons. 49Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow whichtodevelopforthefutureandwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstockofrawmaterialsonhandandevenoftheproductionprocessitself. 50Numerousothercommercialenterprisesfromtheaterstomagazinepublishersfromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessorsbringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers. Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomaticallymakingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocationswhetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.
Credibilityaboutmessagesishighbecausetheyarereportedinindependentmedia.Anewspaperreviewofamoviehasmorebelievabilitythananadinthesamepaperbecausethereaderassociatesindependencewithobjectivity.Similarlypeoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontonewsreportsthanads.Readersspendtimereadingthestoriesbuttheyflipthroughtheads.Furthermoretheremaybe10commercialsduringahalf-hourtelevisionprogramorhundredsofadsinamagazine.Featurestoriesaremuchfewerinnumberandstandoutclearly.Publicityalsohassomesignificantlimitations.Afirmhaslittlecontrolovermessagestheirtimingtheirplacementortheircoveragebyagivenmedium.Itmayissuedetailednewsreleasesandfindonlyportionscitedbythemedia;andmediahavetheabilitytobemuchmorecriticalthanacompanywouldlike.Forexamplein1982Proctrer&Gamblefacedasubstantialpublicityproblemoverthemeaningofits123-year-oldcompanylogo.Afewministersandotherprivatecitizensbelievedthatthesymbolwassacrilegious.Thesebeliefswerecoveredextensivelybythemediaandresultedinthefirmreceiving15000phonecallsabouttherumorinJunealone.TocombatthisnegativepublicitythefirmissuednewsreleasesfeaturingprominentclergythatrefutedtherumorsthreatenedtosuethosepeoplespreadingthestoriesandhadaspokespersonappearonGoodMorningAmerica.Themediacooperatedwiththecompanyandthefalserumorweretemporarilyputtorest.Howeverin1985negativepublicitybecamesodisruptivethatProcter&Gambledecidedtoremovethelogofromitsproducts.Afirmmaywantpublicityduringcertainperiodssuchaswhenanewproductisintroducedornewstoreopenedbutthemediamaynotcovertheintroductionoropeninguntilafterthetimeitwouldaidthefirm.Similarlymediadeterminetheplacementofastory;itmayfollowareportoncrimeorsports.Finallythemediaascertainwhethertocoverastoryatallandtheamountofcoveragetobedevotedtoit.Acompany-sponsoredjobsprogrammightgounreportedorreceivethree-sentencecoverageinalocalnewspaper.TheexampleinParagraph3isintendedtodemonstrate______.
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethepicturebriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyitand 3giveyourcommentsonthisphenomenon.
Hippiesweremembersofayouthmovementofthe1960’sand1970’sthatstartedintheUnitedStatesandspreadtoCanadaGreatBritainandmanyothercountries.Thehippiesrejectedthecustomstraditionsandlifestylesofsocietyandtriedtodevelopthoseoftheirown.Mosthippiescamefromwhitemiddle-classfamiliesandrangedinagefrom15to25yearsold.Theythoughttoomanyadultscaredaboutmakingmoneyandlittleelse.Thetermhippiemaycomefromthewordhipwhichmeansturned-inoraware.Hippieswantedaworldbasedonloveofhumanityandpeace.Manybelievedthatwonderfulmagicalchangeswereabouttotakeplace.Theythoughtthesechangeswouldhappenassoonaspeoplelearnedtoexpresstheirfeelingshonestlyandtobehavenaturallyatalltimes.HippiesstronglyopposedU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Manyhippieslivedtogetherinsmallgroupsworkingwithoneanotherandsharingpossessions.Othersrefusedtobetieddowntoafixedjoborhome.Theywanderedfromplacetoplaceseekingpart-timeworkandtemporaryshelter.Somebeggedforsparechangeandlivedinthestreetsorcampedinparksorotherpubliclands.Hippiesweresometimescalledflowerchildrenbecausetheygavepeopleflowerstocommunicategentlenessandlove.Theylettheirhairgrowlongandwalkedbarefootorinsandals.Hippiesattractedpublicattentionbywearingclothingthatfeaturedunusualcombinationsofcolorsandtextures.AlargenumberofhippiesusedmarijuanaLSDandotherdrugs.Drugexperiencesshapedmanyoftheirsymbolsandideas.TheBeatlesapopularEnglishrockgrouphelpedspreadthehippiemovementwiththeirsong.HippiefavoritesincludedsuchotherrockgroupsastheGratefulDeadandtheJeffersonAirplanesingersJoanBaezandBobDylanpoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistKenKesey.ManyhippiesadmiredTimothyLearyapsychologistwhopreachedsalvationthroughtheuseofdrugs.Intimemosthippiesrealizeditwasnoteasytoreformsocietybydropping’outofit.Somejoinedmoreorganizedpoliticalmovementstoworkforspecificsocialcauses.Othersturnedtospiritualityorreligion.Themajoritysimplyleftthehippiestageoftheirlivesbehindwhiletryingtoholdontoatleastafewoftheidealsthatonceinspiredthem.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthatthehippiemovementfinallydeclinedbecause______.
Hippiesweremembersofayouthmovementofthe1960’sand1970’sthatstartedintheUnitedStatesandspreadtoCanadaGreatBritainandmanyothercountries.Thehippiesrejectedthecustomstraditionsandlifestylesofsocietyandtriedtodevelopthoseoftheirown.Mosthippiescamefromwhitemiddle-classfamiliesandrangedinagefrom15to25yearsold.Theythoughttoomanyadultscaredaboutmakingmoneyandlittleelse.Thetermhippiemaycomefromthewordhipwhichmeansturned-inoraware.Hippieswantedaworldbasedonloveofhumanityandpeace.Manybelievedthatwonderfulmagicalchangeswereabouttotakeplace.Theythoughtthesechangeswouldhappenassoonaspeoplelearnedtoexpresstheirfeelingshonestlyandtobehavenaturallyatalltimes.HippiesstronglyopposedU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Manyhippieslivedtogetherinsmallgroupsworkingwithoneanotherandsharingpossessions.Othersrefusedtobetieddowntoafixedjoborhome.Theywanderedfromplacetoplaceseekingpart-timeworkandtemporaryshelter.Somebeggedforsparechangeandlivedinthestreetsorcampedinparksorotherpubliclands.Hippiesweresometimescalledflowerchildrenbecausetheygavepeopleflowerstocommunicategentlenessandlove.Theylettheirhairgrowlongandwalkedbarefootorinsandals.Hippiesattractedpublicattentionbywearingclothingthatfeaturedunusualcombinationsofcolorsandtextures.AlargenumberofhippiesusedmarijuanaLSDandotherdrugs.Drugexperiencesshapedmanyoftheirsymbolsandideas.TheBeatlesapopularEnglishrockgrouphelpedspreadthehippiemovementwiththeirsong.HippiefavoritesincludedsuchotherrockgroupsastheGratefulDeadandtheJeffersonAirplanesingersJoanBaezandBobDylanpoetAllenGinsbergandnovelistKenKesey.ManyhippiesadmiredTimothyLearyapsychologistwhopreachedsalvationthroughtheuseofdrugs.Intimemosthippiesrealizeditwasnoteasytoreformsocietybydropping’outofit.Somejoinedmoreorganizedpoliticalmovementstoworkforspecificsocialcauses.Othersturnedtospiritualityorreligion.Themajoritysimplyleftthehippiestageoftheirlivesbehindwhiletryingtoholdontoatleastafewoftheidealsthatonceinspiredthem.Hippiesgaveflowerstopeoplebecausethey______.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.14
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.2
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.8
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.20
Credibilityaboutmessagesishighbecausetheyarereportedinindependentmedia.Anewspaperreviewofamoviehasmorebelievabilitythananadinthesamepaperbecausethereaderassociatesindependencewithobjectivity.Similarlypeoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontonewsreportsthanads.Readersspendtimereadingthestoriesbuttheyflipthroughtheads.Furthermoretheremaybe10commercialsduringahalf-hourtelevisionprogramorhundredsofadsinamagazine.Featurestoriesaremuchfewerinnumberandstandoutclearly.Publicityalsohassomesignificantlimitations.Afirmhaslittlecontrolovermessagestheirtimingtheirplacementortheircoveragebyagivenmedium.Itmayissuedetailednewsreleasesandfindonlyportionscitedbythemedia;andmediahavetheabilitytobemuchmorecriticalthanacompanywouldlike.Forexamplein1982Proctrer&Gamblefacedasubstantialpublicityproblemoverthemeaningofits123-year-oldcompanylogo.Afewministersandotherprivatecitizensbelievedthatthesymbolwassacrilegious.Thesebeliefswerecoveredextensivelybythemediaandresultedinthefirmreceiving15000phonecallsabouttherumorinJunealone.TocombatthisnegativepublicitythefirmissuednewsreleasesfeaturingprominentclergythatrefutedtherumorsthreatenedtosuethosepeoplespreadingthestoriesandhadaspokespersonappearonGoodMorningAmerica.Themediacooperatedwiththecompanyandthefalserumorweretemporarilyputtorest.Howeverin1985negativepublicitybecamesodisruptivethatProcter&Gambledecidedtoremovethelogofromitsproducts.Afirmmaywantpublicityduringcertainperiodssuchaswhenanewproductisintroducedornewstoreopenedbutthemediamaynotcovertheintroductionoropeninguntilafterthetimeitwouldaidthefirm.Similarlymediadeterminetheplacementofastory;itmayfollowareportoncrimeorsports.Finallythemediaascertainwhethertocoverastoryatallandtheamountofcoveragetobedevotedtoit.Acompany-sponsoredjobsprogrammightgounreportedorreceivethree-sentencecoverageinalocalnewspaper.Thepassageimpliesthat______.
ForhealthinsurancetheUnitedStateshastakentheroadlesstraveled.TheUnitedStatesistheonlyrichcountrywithoutuniversalhealthinsurance.PeopleintheUnitedStatesspendthemostrelyheavilyontheprivatesectorandobtaincarefromtheworld’smostcomplicateddeliverysystem.WhilesomesupportershaveexpressedsatisfactionifnotprideintheseremarkablequalitiesotherscontendthattheUnitedStatesfacesuniquelimitationsinreforminghealthcare.InherexceptionalbookPartingattheCrossroadsAntoniaMaionicomparestheformationoftheU.S.andCanadianhealth-caresystemsfortheyears1930-60.TheUnitedStatesandCanadaareoftenconsideredthemostsimilarofWesterndemocracies.Theyshareacommonborderarewealthyandhavefederalgovernment.Theirtradeunionsareonlymoderatelypowerfulandtheirpopulationsarediverseandyoung.Neverthelesstheirhealth-insurancesystemsarenearlyopposite.TheUnitedStatesreliesonamixofgovernmentplanstargetedtotheelderlyandindigentandemployment-basedplanswhichthegovernmentindirectlysupports.Canadaofferspublichealthinsurancetoallqualifiedresidentswiththeprivatesectorprovidingsupplementary’servicesinsomeprovinces.Labororganizationsbecamestrongadvocatesforhealth-insurancereforminbothcountries.Theirimpactpartiallydependedonpoliticalinstitutionsandhowotheractorsparticularlyorganizedmedicinewieldedthem.Canada’sgovernmentalandelectoralsystemsallowedlabortocooperatewithasocialdemocraticpartyintheSaskatchewanProvincewhichestablishedauniversalprogram.TheSaskatchewanprogramdemonstrateduniversalinsurancefeasibilityspurringthedominantLiberalstointroduceanationaluniversalprogram.IncontrasttheU.S.electoralsystemeffectivelyprecludedthird-partyformationforcingorganizedlabortodiluteitshealth-insurancegoalsbecauseitwasoneofmanyinterestsrepresentedbytheDemocraticParty.Maionisuggestedthateconomicvitalityisimportantforthefutureofbothcountries’systemsbuttheprognosisisuncertain.DespiterecentconcernsabouttheCanadiangovernment’sbudgetaryhealthMaionicontendsthatwidespreadsupportprotectsuniversalinsurance.ConverselyMaioniseemspessimisticaboutoptionsforU.S.universalhealthinsurance.Despiteeconomicbuoyancydissensionwilllikelypreventreforms.AlthoughadevastatingeconomicdownturnwouldmakehealthfinancedifficultineithercountrytheU.S.systemseemsespeciallyvulnerable.Employment-basedinsuranceandMedicarebothrelyonlabormarketattachment.HighchronicunemploymentcouldresultincoveragelossandfinancialdifficultiesforemployerinsuranceandMedicareswellingtheuninsuredpool.Suchacrisiscouldprovideanopeningforuniversalhealthinsurance.InanycasewhethertheUnitedStatesreliesonthepublicorprivatesectorescalatinghealthexpendituresfigureintobudgetofgovernmentcorporationsandfamilies.TheU.S.healthcaresystem’sfuturemaydependonAmericans’willingnesstodevotemoreoftheirnationalincometohealthcare.Thepassageismostlikelytobe______.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.16
Younggirlsathighriskfordepressionappeartohaveamalfunctioningrewardsystemintheirbrainsanewstudysuggests.Thefindingcomesfromresearchthat1ahigh-riskgroupof13girlsaged10to14whowerenotdepressedbuthadmotherswho2recurrentdepressionandalow-riskgroupof13girlswithno3orfamilyhistoryofdepression.BothgroupsweregivenMRIbrain4whilecompletingataskthatcould5eitherrewardorpunishment.6withgirlsinthelow-riskgroupthoseinthehigh-riskgrouphad7neuralresponsesduringbothanticipationandreceiptofthereward.8thehigh-riskgirlsshowedno9inanareaofthebraincalledthedorsalanteriorcingulatedcortex背侧前扣带皮质believedtoplayarolein10pastexperiencestoassistlearning.Thehigh-riskgirlsdidhavegreateractivationofthisbrainarea11receivingpunishmentcomparedwiththeothergirls.Theresearcherssaidthatthissuggeststhathigh-riskgirlshaveeasiertime12informationaboutlossandpunishmentthaninformationaboutrewardandpleasure.Consideredtogetherwithreducedactivationinthestriatal纹状体的areascommonlyobserved13rewarditseemsthatthereward-processingsystemiscritically14indaughterswhoareatelevatedriskfordepression15theyhavenotyetexperiencedadepressive16wroteIanH.GotlibofStanfordUniversityandhiscolleagues.17longitudinalstudiesareneededtodeterminewhethertheanomalousactivations18inthisstudyduringtheprocessingof19andlossesareassociatedwiththe20onsetofdepressiontheyconcluded.ThestudywaspublishedintheApriloftheArchivesofGeneralPsychiatry.
"Avoidtherush-hour"mustbethesloganoflargecitiestheworldover.Ifitisit’saslogannoonetakestheleastnoticeof.Twiceadaywithpredictableregularitythepotboilsover.Whereveryoulookit’speoplepeoplepeople.Thetrainswhichleaveorarriveeveryfewminutesarepacked:anendlessprocessionofhumansardinetins.Thestreetsaresocrowed;thereishardlyroomtomoveonthepavements.Thequeuesforbusesreachstaggeringproportions.Ittakesagesforabustogettoyoubecausethetrafficontheroadshasvirtuallycometoastandstill.Evenwhenabusdoesatlastarriveit’ssofullitcan’ttakeanymorepassengers.Thiswholecrazysystemofcommutingstretchesman’sresourcestotheutmost.Thesmallestunforeseeneventcanbringaboutconditionsofutterchaos.Apower-cutforinstanceanexceptionallyheavysnowfalloraminorderailmentmustalwaysmakecity-dwellersrealizehowprecariousthebalanceis.41__________ 42__________Theyimposetheirownlivingconditionsonthepeoplewhoinhabitthem.Citydwellersareobligedbytheirenvironmenttoadoptawhollyunnaturalwayoflife.Theylosetouchwiththelandandrhythmofnature.Itispossibletolivesuchahair-conditionedexistenceinalargecitythatyouarebarelyconsciousoftheseasons.Afewflowersinapublicparkifyouhavethetimetovisititmayremindyouthatitisspringorsummer.Afewleavesclingingtothepavementmayremindyouthatitisautumn.Beyondthatwhatisgoingoninnatureseemstotallyirrelevant.Allthesimplegoodthingsoflifelikesunshineandfreshairareatapremium.Tallbuildingsblotoutthesun.Trafficfumespollutetheatmosphere.Eventhedistinctionbetweendayandnightislost.Theflowoftrafficgoesonunceasinglyandthenoiseneverstops. 43__________Thedemandforaccommodationissogreatthatitisoftenimpossibleforordinarypeopletobuyahouseoftheirown.Exorbitantrentsmustbepaidfortinyflatswhichevencountryhenswoulddisdaintolivein.44__________ 45__________Thecrimerateinmostcitiesisveryhigh.Housesareburgleswithalarmingfrequency.Citiesbreedcrimeandviolenceandarefullofplacesyouwouldbeafraidtovisitatnight.Ifyouthinkaboutitthey’renotreallyfittoliveinatall.Cananyonereallydoubtthatthecountryiswhatmanwasbornforandwherehetrulybelongs. [A]Howeverpeopleneverdoubtthattheyactuallybelongtothecountry. [B]Theextraordinarythingisnotthatpeopleputupwiththeseconditionsbutthattheyactuallychoosetheminpreferencetoanythingelse. [C]Accommodationapartthecostoflivingisveryhigh.Justabouteverythingyoubuyislikelytobemoreexpensivethanitwouldbeinthecountry. [D]Inadditiontoallthiscity-dwellersliveunderconstantthreat. [E]Theprimedifferenceliesinpeople’sattitudetowardslife. [F]Largemoderncitiesaretoobigtocontrol. [G]Thefunnythingaboutitallisthatyoupaydearlyforthe"privilege"oflivinginacity. 42
Peopledon’twanttobuyinformationonline.WhyBecausetheydon’thaveto.Nomorethanthatbecausethey’reusedtonotpayingforit.That’stheconventionalwisdom.SlateMicrosoft’sonlinepolitics-and-culturemagazineisanoft-citedexampleofthefailedattemptstochargeafeeforaccesstocontent.Sofarformostpublishersithasn’tworked.ButnothingontheWebisadonedeal.InSeptembergraphics-soft-warepowerhouseAdobeannouncednewapplicationsthatintegratecommerceintodownloadingbooksandarticlesonlinewithSimon&SchusterBarnesandNobleandSalon.cornamongitshigh-profilepartners.Someanalystsputthemarketfordigitizedpublishingatmorethan$100billion.OfcourseiftheInternetcangeneratethatkindofmoney—somemightsayalmostanykindofmoney—peoplewantin.Andthiscouldn’tcomeatabettertime.Newspaperandmagazinewritersinparticularareincreasinglyfrustratedbytheirpublisherswhichposttheirwritingsonlinebutfrequentlydon’tpaythemextra.Sohere’sthegoodnews:Fathrain.comthethirdbiggestbook-sellerontheNet—afterAmazon.comandBarnesandnoble.corn—isnowdoingjustwhatthepublishingindustrythatmadeitasuccessfears.it’sofferingasecurewaytopayfordownloadablemanuscriptsonline.FatbraincallsitoffshooteMatter.Withitthecompany’sexecutiveshavetheradicalnotionofoustingpublishersfromthebook-sellingbusinessaltogetherbygivingwriters50%ofeachandeverysaleToreelinauthorseMatterisrunninga100%royaltypromotionuntiltheendoftheyear.Suggestedpricestoconsumersrangefromaminimum$2to$20dependingonthesizeofthebooktodownload.Thiswillchangepublishingforever!ChrisMaeAskillco-founderandchiefexecutiveofFatbraindeclareswiththebravadoofaninteriordecorator.WitheBayanybodycouldsellantiques.Nowanybodycanbepublished.There’sbeennoshortageofauthorswantingin.Withinafewweeksaccordingtothecompanysome2000writerssignedontopublishtheirworks.Someofthisistechnicalstuff—Fatbraingotwhereitisbyspecializingintechnicalbooks—buttherearesomewell-knownwriterslikeCatherineLaniganauthorofRomancingtheStonewhohasputherout-of-printbooksandanewnovellaonthesite.AnotherpopulardrawisRichardBachwhoagreedtoposta23-pageshortstorytothesite.NoteveryonethinksdownloadabledocumentsarethebiggestthinginpublishingsinceOprah’sBookClub.IthinkitwillappealtosellersmorethanbuyerssaysMichaelMayadigitalcommerceanalystatJupiterCommunicationswhichreleasedareportthatcastdoubtonthemarket’spotential.Alotofpeoplearegoingtopublishgibberish.Thechallengeistoensurethequalityofthework.BlaineMathieuananalystatGartnerGroup’sDataquestsaysMostpeoplewhowantdigitalcontentwantitimmediatelyIdon’tknowifthismodelwouldsatisfytheirimmediateneed.EvenauthorsmaynotfindthatWebdistributionoftheirworksisgoingtobringthemapotofgold.Foronethingitcouldunderminesalesratherthanenhancethem.Foranotheranybodycoulde-maildownloadedcopiesofmanuscriptsaroundtownoraroundtheworldovertheNetwithoutthewriter’severseeingaproverbialdime.Softlock.comAuthenticaandFatbrainaretryingtoheadthisproblemoffbydevelopingencryptionpadlocksthatwouldallowonlyoneharddrivetoreceiveandprintthemanuscripts.Fornowtheproblempersists.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforsomepeople’sbeliefthate-publisherswillnotsucceed
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.18
Credibilityaboutmessagesishighbecausetheyarereportedinindependentmedia.Anewspaperreviewofamoviehasmorebelievabilitythananadinthesamepaperbecausethereaderassociatesindependencewithobjectivity.Similarlypeoplearemorelikelytopayattentiontonewsreportsthanads.Readersspendtimereadingthestoriesbuttheyflipthroughtheads.Furthermoretheremaybe10commercialsduringahalf-hourtelevisionprogramorhundredsofadsinamagazine.Featurestoriesaremuchfewerinnumberandstandoutclearly.Publicityalsohassomesignificantlimitations.Afirmhaslittlecontrolovermessagestheirtimingtheirplacementortheircoveragebyagivenmedium.Itmayissuedetailednewsreleasesandfindonlyportionscitedbythemedia;andmediahavetheabilitytobemuchmorecriticalthanacompanywouldlike.Forexamplein1982Proctrer&Gamblefacedasubstantialpublicityproblemoverthemeaningofits123-year-oldcompanylogo.Afewministersandotherprivatecitizensbelievedthatthesymbolwassacrilegious.Thesebeliefswerecoveredextensivelybythemediaandresultedinthefirmreceiving15000phonecallsabouttherumorinJunealone.TocombatthisnegativepublicitythefirmissuednewsreleasesfeaturingprominentclergythatrefutedtherumorsthreatenedtosuethosepeoplespreadingthestoriesandhadaspokespersonappearonGoodMorningAmerica.Themediacooperatedwiththecompanyandthefalserumorweretemporarilyputtorest.Howeverin1985negativepublicitybecamesodisruptivethatProcter&Gambledecidedtoremovethelogofromitsproducts.Afirmmaywantpublicityduringcertainperiodssuchaswhenanewproductisintroducedornewstoreopenedbutthemediamaynotcovertheintroductionoropeninguntilafterthetimeitwouldaidthefirm.Similarlymediadeterminetheplacementofastory;itmayfollowareportoncrimeorsports.Finallythemediaascertainwhethertocoverastoryatallandtheamountofcoveragetobedevotedtoit.Acompany-sponsoredjobsprogrammightgounreportedorreceivethree-sentencecoverageinalocalnewspaper.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingadvantagesofpublicityEXCEPT______.
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