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Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 18
Text2 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtothenear-destructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis. Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems. Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatpeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly. Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcoursetochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity. Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingusandtheworldisnopassinginconveniencenobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnobyproductofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Whatcontributiondoestheauthorfeelpeoplemustmakenow
Text2 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtothenear-destructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis. Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems. Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatpeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly. Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcoursetochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity. Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingusandtheworldisnopassinginconveniencenobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnobyproductofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Accordingtotheauthorwhatisoneexampleofourlossofmorality
Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderers--butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsastheleastfavou77ritemammaltovisitourgardens.46TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditsroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. 47ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitors--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. TheMammalSociety--whichconductedthesurvey--sayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear. "Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunters.48Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fedbutacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat"Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.49Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthekillingtheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgarden". Ownerswhohaveresortedtocollarbellstowarnpreymayhaveunderestimatedfelineguile."Somecatshavelearnedtoholdtheirheadstominimizenoisecomingfromthebellsaroundtheirnecks.Perhapsweneedtoadmirethisskillratherthangetparanoidaboutit." Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.50ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. 46
MyeldestdaughterlanInternetconsultantisonly30butshehasalreadylivedinfivedifferenthousesinfivedifferentplacesandhashadaboutsixdifferentjobs.EverytimeIvisitherInoticehowmanynewthingsthereareinherhouseandhowmanythingslieunusedoutofdate.Whatisevenmorestrikingishowmanythingstherearewhicharenotexpectedtolast--disposablethings.Disposableplatesandglassesdisposabletowelsandbabies’nappies.Itsometimesseemsthatweliveinanageofthedisposable. 46Thisphenomenonofconstantchangerunsthrougheverythinginlifenowadaysfromfashiontomusicfrommedicinetomotorcarsfromeducationtoemployment.Twoimportantfactoriesseemtobedrivingthesechanges.Thefirstistherapidgrowthinknowledgeandtheconsequentrapiddevelopmentoftechnology.Thesecondistherevolutionincommunicationswhichmeansthatknowledgeisspreadfasterandmorewidelythanever.Ourtimesareoftencalled"theinformationage"and.theeffectistobringabout"theknowledgeeconomy."Newtechnologiesandnewknowledgebringabouttheneedfornewskills.47Thespeedwithwhichthesetechnologiesarebeingcreatedissuchthatallofusarefacedwiththechallengeoflearningnewskillsnotjustoncebutseveraltimes.Whatweknewyesterdayisoftenobsoletetoday. Iremembermydaughtersayingtomethatshewasat"thecuttingedge"ofherparticularfield.Butwithinfiveyearsshesaidshewouldhavetodosomethingnewanddifferenttokeepup.Thereisagreaterneedforflexibilityandproblem-solvingthanbefore.Tasksrequireagreaterintegrationofskills.48Therewardsoflifegotothemulti-skilledtoflexibleteamsofworkerseachcapableofcontributinginarangeofways.49Tosucceedinthisnewworldofworkindividualswillhavetoregardtheircareersnotjustasaprocessofgatheringexperiencebutasaprocessoflearningnewthingsonanalmostcontinuousbasis.Allthissuggeststomethattherelationshipbetweeneducationandemploymenthaschangedradicallyoverthelastfewyears. 50OnecouldsummarizethechangebysayingthatwhenIgrewupIlearnedthingsinordertoachievelife-longemploymentwhilemychildrenneedtopursuelife-longlearninginordertostayemployed. 48
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 6
Text4 Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause. AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage. Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements. Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfive-year-oldchildrendoestheresearchofNesduleandRulesuggest
Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderers--butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsastheleastfavou77ritemammaltovisitourgardens.46TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditsroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. 47ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitors--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. TheMammalSociety--whichconductedthesurvey--sayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear. "Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunters.48Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fedbutacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat"Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.49Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthekillingtheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgarden". Ownerswhohaveresortedtocollarbellstowarnpreymayhaveunderestimatedfelineguile."Somecatshavelearnedtoholdtheirheadstominimizenoisecomingfromthebellsaroundtheirnecks.Perhapsweneedtoadmirethisskillratherthangetparanoidaboutit." Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.50ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. 48
MyeldestdaughterlanInternetconsultantisonly30butshehasalreadylivedinfivedifferenthousesinfivedifferentplacesandhashadaboutsixdifferentjobs.EverytimeIvisitherInoticehowmanynewthingsthereareinherhouseandhowmanythingslieunusedoutofdate.Whatisevenmorestrikingishowmanythingstherearewhicharenotexpectedtolast--disposablethings.Disposableplatesandglassesdisposabletowelsandbabies’nappies.Itsometimesseemsthatweliveinanageofthedisposable. 46Thisphenomenonofconstantchangerunsthrougheverythinginlifenowadaysfromfashiontomusicfrommedicinetomotorcarsfromeducationtoemployment.Twoimportantfactoriesseemtobedrivingthesechanges.Thefirstistherapidgrowthinknowledgeandtheconsequentrapiddevelopmentoftechnology.Thesecondistherevolutionincommunicationswhichmeansthatknowledgeisspreadfasterandmorewidelythanever.Ourtimesareoftencalled"theinformationage"and.theeffectistobringabout"theknowledgeeconomy."Newtechnologiesandnewknowledgebringabouttheneedfornewskills.47Thespeedwithwhichthesetechnologiesarebeingcreatedissuchthatallofusarefacedwiththechallengeoflearningnewskillsnotjustoncebutseveraltimes.Whatweknewyesterdayisoftenobsoletetoday. Iremembermydaughtersayingtomethatshewasat"thecuttingedge"ofherparticularfield.Butwithinfiveyearsshesaidshewouldhavetodosomethingnewanddifferenttokeepup.Thereisagreaterneedforflexibilityandproblem-solvingthanbefore.Tasksrequireagreaterintegrationofskills.48Therewardsoflifegotothemulti-skilledtoflexibleteamsofworkerseachcapableofcontributinginarangeofways.49Tosucceedinthisnewworldofworkindividualswillhavetoregardtheircareersnotjustasaprocessofgatheringexperiencebutasaprocessoflearningnewthingsonanalmostcontinuousbasis.Allthissuggeststomethattherelationshipbetweeneducationandemploymenthaschangedradicallyoverthelastfewyears. 50OnecouldsummarizethechangebysayingthatwhenIgrewupIlearnedthingsinordertoachievelife-longemploymentwhilemychildrenneedtopursuelife-longlearninginordertostayemployed. 50
Text3 Scienceisthenever-endingstruggletofindtruth.Youmaydismissthisstatementastheramblingofanamateurphilosopherbutitholdssomepracticalvalue.Truthisatemporaryphenomenon.Itislimitedbyhumancommunicationsystemstechnologyandskills.ForexampleduringtheDarkAgesinEuropetheworldwasperceivedasflat.Thisflatnesswasacceptableas"truth"becausetravelandhumanknowledgeofcelestialphenomenaweresolimitedthatnootherconceptwasneeded.Afamilylivedinasmallareaandconfineditsactivitytoasmallregion.Thisregionappearedtobeflatsoforallpracticalpurposestheearthwasflattoo.WhentravelandexplorationbecamewidespreadandespeciallywhenshipswereabletosailfaroutontheAtlanticthevisionofaflatearthhadtochange.Manyobservationsofstarsandplanetsandofships’movementsatsealedtonewprinciplesandtoanewtruth.Thosewhowereinthepositiontodosocouldexploitthenewtruthabouttheearth’sshapeandturnitintoriches.TheSpanishknowingtheywouldnotfallofftheedgeofaflatearthfoundtheNewWorldandbroughtgoldandsilverbacktoSpain. ThesituationhasnotchangedmuchsincetheDarkAges.Truthisstillsoughtbecauseithasvalueandthescientificmethodremainsthemostsystematicwayofpursuingit.Themethodstartswithaproblem.Oncetheproblemiswelldefinedinformationthatmighthaveaneffectonitisgathered.Theinformationissortedandanalyzedandthatwhichisusefuliskept--tobeusedasabasisforgeneralprinciples.Inthesocialsciencestheprinciplesareoftenusedtohelpformulatepolicies.Thepoliciesultimatelyareaimedatremovingtheproblemandimprovingpeople’slives. Ineconomicsandinothersocialsciencesthepursuitoftruthisslowedbecausehumanbehaviorcannotbesubjectedtothekindsofcontrolledexperimentsthatarepossiblewithwhiteratsandguineapigs.Theeconomistmustfollowthestepsinasearchfornewtruthsabouteconomicbehaviorbutfollowingthemisfrustratingandoftenleadsupblindalleys.Neverthelessproblemsfactsprinciplesandpoliciesmustbeconsideredinasystematicway. Thewritersuggeststhatthewayoffindingnewtruthsabouteconomicbehavior
Text1 Onekeyanswertotheproblemoffindingandkeepingcustomers--andturningtheirgoodwillintosales--ishavinggoodcustomerrelationshipmanagementCRM.CRM’sgoalistocreateacooperationamongsalesmarketingandcustomer-serviceactivitieswithinanorganizationinordertoobtainandretaincustomers.CRMontheInternet--e-CRM--usesWebtechnologytocreatesuchacooperation. E-CRMmeansdifferentthingstodifferentcompanies.Someentere-CRMthroughtraditionalcontact-managementandsales-forceautomationsoftwarefromsuchvendorsasGoldMineSoftwareCorp.orInteractCommerceCorp.Manycompaniesseee-CRMasanaturalextensionoftheircallcenters.Inanidealsystemhistoricalinformationsuchascustomers’buyingpreferencesorcircumstantialinformationsuchascustomer-contractvolumescanlaunchactionsanddatascreens.FinallycompanieswithcorporateenterpriseresourceplanningERPsystemsseee-CRMasanaturalpartofcomputer-facilitatedmanagement. Youdon’tneedtobeginonagrandscale;youcantakesmallstepstowardacomprehensivee-CRMsystemwithexperiencedcontactmanagementcompaniessuchasCommenceCorp.GoldMineSoftwareCorp.InteractCommerceCorp.andMultiactiveSoftware.GoldMine5.0isaimedatteamsof1to50userswhowanttotrackreferandactontelephoneande-mailcontactsfromcustomers.Theusersneedn’tresideonalocalnetworktocoordinateanaction.AlleachuserneedsisanIPaddress.GoldMineFrontOfficeofferstemplatesforspecificindustries;thesedefinerolesandrelationshipsandincluderulesforworkflowprocesses.SimilarlyInteractCommerceCorp.hasamulti-layerproductfamilyincludingACT2000andSalesLogix2000.Eachcanintegratetheactivitiesofsalesmarketingandsupportteams. Smallerorganizationscanalsotakeadvantageoftheservicesofdot-comcompaniessuchassalesforcecomandUpShot.comwhichfocusprimarilyonsales-forceautomation.Thesecompanieswillputyourbasice-CRMservicesonlineforunder$50peruserpermonth.Onthedownsideyoudon’tgetmuchcustomizationorintegration. Somee-CRMcompanieshavefeweroptionsandoftenconcentrateonverticalmarkets.JannaSystemsforexamplespecializesine-CRMsolutionsforthefinancialservicesindustry.SomecompaniessuchaseGainCommunicationsCorp.andTalismaCorp.specializeine-mailbasedCRMandofferbothhostedandonlineservices.SocratesTechnologiesCorp.takestheonlineASPapproachandofferstheSalesLogix2000suiteontheWebalongwithothere-businessapplications. Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby
Text4 Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause. AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage. Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements. Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. Itcanbeinferredthatthetermpublicdutydenotes
Text2 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Theover-developmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtothenear-destructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis. Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-rangeplanningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousstatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems. Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesintheland.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepastithasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatpeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly. Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneedtoreassessourpresentcoursetochangethatcourseandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity. Tograspitweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingusandtheworldisnopassinginconveniencenobyproductoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnobyproductofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Bycomparingpastproblemswithpresentonestheauthordrawsattentiontothe
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 12
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 4
Text3 Scienceisthenever-endingstruggletofindtruth.Youmaydismissthisstatementastheramblingofanamateurphilosopherbutitholdssomepracticalvalue.Truthisatemporaryphenomenon.Itislimitedbyhumancommunicationsystemstechnologyandskills.ForexampleduringtheDarkAgesinEuropetheworldwasperceivedasflat.Thisflatnesswasacceptableas"truth"becausetravelandhumanknowledgeofcelestialphenomenaweresolimitedthatnootherconceptwasneeded.Afamilylivedinasmallareaandconfineditsactivitytoasmallregion.Thisregionappearedtobeflatsoforallpracticalpurposestheearthwasflattoo.WhentravelandexplorationbecamewidespreadandespeciallywhenshipswereabletosailfaroutontheAtlanticthevisionofaflatearthhadtochange.Manyobservationsofstarsandplanetsandofships’movementsatsealedtonewprinciplesandtoanewtruth.Thosewhowereinthepositiontodosocouldexploitthenewtruthabouttheearth’sshapeandturnitintoriches.TheSpanishknowingtheywouldnotfallofftheedgeofaflatearthfoundtheNewWorldandbroughtgoldandsilverbacktoSpain. ThesituationhasnotchangedmuchsincetheDarkAges.Truthisstillsoughtbecauseithasvalueandthescientificmethodremainsthemostsystematicwayofpursuingit.Themethodstartswithaproblem.Oncetheproblemiswelldefinedinformationthatmighthaveaneffectonitisgathered.Theinformationissortedandanalyzedandthatwhichisusefuliskept--tobeusedasabasisforgeneralprinciples.Inthesocialsciencestheprinciplesareoftenusedtohelpformulatepolicies.Thepoliciesultimatelyareaimedatremovingtheproblemandimprovingpeople’slives. Ineconomicsandinothersocialsciencesthepursuitoftruthisslowedbecausehumanbehaviorcannotbesubjectedtothekindsofcontrolledexperimentsthatarepossiblewithwhiteratsandguineapigs.Theeconomistmustfollowthestepsinasearchfornewtruthsabouteconomicbehaviorbutfollowingthemisfrustratingandoftenleadsupblindalleys.Neverthelessproblemsfactsprinciplesandpoliciesmustbeconsideredinasystematicway. WhatdoestheauthormeanbyturnitintorichesLineI1Paragraph1
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 8
Text4 Theageatwhichyoungchildrenbegintomakemoraldiscriminationsaboutharmfulactionscommittedagainstthemselvesorothershasbeenthefocusofrecentresearchintothemoraldevelopmentofchildren.UntilrecentlychildpsychologistssupportedpioneerdevelopmentalistJeanPiagetinhishypothesisthatbecauseoftheirimmaturitychildrenunderagesevendonottakeintoaccounttheintentionsofapersoncommittingaccidentalordeliberateharmbutrathersimplyassignpunishmentforoffencesonthebasisofthemagnitudeofthenegativeconsequencescause. AccordingtoPiagetchildrenunderagesevenoccupythefirststageofmoraldevelopmentwhichischaracterizedbymoralabsolutismrulesmadebyauthoritiesmustbeobeyedandimminentjusticeifrulesarebrokenpunishmentwillbemetedout.Untilyoungchildrenmaturetheirmoraljudgmentsarebasedentirelyontheeffectratherthanthecauseofanoffence.HoweverinrecentresearchKeaseyfoundthatsix-year-oldchildrennotonlydistinguishbetweenaccidentalandintentionalharmbutalsojudgeintentionalharmasnaughtierregardlessoftheamountofdamageproduced.BothofthesefindingsseemtoindicatethatchildrenatanearlieragethanPiagetclaimedadvanceintothesecondstageofmoraldevelopmentmoralautonomyinwhichtheyacceptsocialrulesbutviewthemasmorearbitrarythandochildreninthefirststage. Kensey’sresearchraisestwokeyquestionsfordevelopmentalpsychologistsaboutchildrenunderageseven:dotheyrecognizejustificationsforharmfulactionsanddotheymakedistinctionsbetweenharmfulactsthatarepreventableandthoseactsthathaveunforeseenharmfulconsequences.’Studiesindicatethatjustificationsexcusingharmfulactionsmightincludepublicdutyself-defenseandprovocation.ForexampleNesdaleandRuleconcludedthatchildrenwerecapableofconsideringwhetherornotanaggressor’sactionswasjustifiedbypublicduty:fiveyearoldsreactedverydifferentlyto"BonniewrecksAnn’spretendhouse"dependingonwhetherBonniedidit"sosomebodywon’tfalloverit"orbecauseBonniewanted"tomakeAnnefeelbad."Thusachildoffivebeginstounderstandthatcertainharmfulactionsthoughintentionalcanbejustified:theconstraintsofmoralabsolutismnolongersolelyguidetheirjudgements. Psychologistshavedeterminedthatduringkindergartenchildrenlearntomakesubtledistinctionsinvolvingharm.Darleyobservedthatamongactsinvolvingunintentionalharmsix-year-oldchildrenjustenteringkindergartencouldnotdifferentiatebetweenforeseeableandthuspreventableharmandunforeseeableharmforwhichtheoffendercannotbeblamed.SevenmonthslaterhoweverDarleyfoundthatthesesamechildrencouldmakebothdistinctionsthusdemonstratingthattheyhadbecomemorallyautonomous. AstothepunishmentthatchildrenundersevenareassignedtowrongdoingPiagetsuggests
Text1 Onekeyanswertotheproblemoffindingandkeepingcustomers--andturningtheirgoodwillintosales--ishavinggoodcustomerrelationshipmanagementCRM.CRM’sgoalistocreateacooperationamongsalesmarketingandcustomer-serviceactivitieswithinanorganizationinordertoobtainandretaincustomers.CRMontheInternet--e-CRM--usesWebtechnologytocreatesuchacooperation. E-CRMmeansdifferentthingstodifferentcompanies.Someentere-CRMthroughtraditionalcontact-managementandsales-forceautomationsoftwarefromsuchvendorsasGoldMineSoftwareCorp.orInteractCommerceCorp.Manycompaniesseee-CRMasanaturalextensionoftheircallcenters.Inanidealsystemhistoricalinformationsuchascustomers’buyingpreferencesorcircumstantialinformationsuchascustomer-contractvolumescanlaunchactionsanddatascreens.FinallycompanieswithcorporateenterpriseresourceplanningERPsystemsseee-CRMasanaturalpartofcomputer-facilitatedmanagement. Youdon’tneedtobeginonagrandscale;youcantakesmallstepstowardacomprehensivee-CRMsystemwithexperiencedcontactmanagementcompaniessuchasCommenceCorp.GoldMineSoftwareCorp.InteractCommerceCorp.andMultiactiveSoftware.GoldMine5.0isaimedatteamsof1to50userswhowanttotrackreferandactontelephoneande-mailcontactsfromcustomers.Theusersneedn’tresideonalocalnetworktocoordinateanaction.AlleachuserneedsisanIPaddress.GoldMineFrontOfficeofferstemplatesforspecificindustries;thesedefinerolesandrelationshipsandincluderulesforworkflowprocesses.SimilarlyInteractCommerceCorp.hasamulti-layerproductfamilyincludingACT2000andSalesLogix2000.Eachcanintegratetheactivitiesofsalesmarketingandsupportteams. Smallerorganizationscanalsotakeadvantageoftheservicesofdot-comcompaniessuchassalesforcecomandUpShot.comwhichfocusprimarilyonsales-forceautomation.Thesecompanieswillputyourbasice-CRMservicesonlineforunder$50peruserpermonth.Onthedownsideyoudon’tgetmuchcustomizationorintegration. Somee-CRMcompanieshavefeweroptionsandoftenconcentrateonverticalmarkets.JannaSystemsforexamplespecializesine-CRMsolutionsforthefinancialservicesindustry.SomecompaniessuchaseGainCommunicationsCorp.andTalismaCorp.specializeine-mailbasedCRMandofferbothhostedandonlineservices.SocratesTechnologiesCorp.takestheonlineASPapproachandofferstheSalesLogix2000suiteontheWebalongwithothere-businessapplications. Welearnfromthepassagethatdot-comcompanies
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 16
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 10
TheacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41._______________________________Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood. 42._______________________________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother. AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!"ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43._______________________________. Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhergrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44._______________________________Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage--butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadandhadthreekids.Noregrets. Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45._______________________________Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsandotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceiveit.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkandnofun. [A]WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallydorequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuring. [B]AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollegeandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong--foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime. [C]Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples. [D]Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwantingchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretitforwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsareusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens. [E]Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity. [F]MywifeandIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching [G]Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike. 44
Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderers--butisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsastheleastfavou77ritemammaltovisitourgardens.46TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditsroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthenation’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. 47ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitors--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. TheMammalSociety--whichconductedthesurvey--sayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear. "Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunters.48Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fedbutacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat"Itdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.49Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthekillingtheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid:"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgarden". Ownerswhohaveresortedtocollarbellstowarnpreymayhaveunderestimatedfelineguile."Somecatshavelearnedtoholdtheirheadstominimizenoisecomingfromthebellsaroundtheirnecks.Perhapsweneedtoadmirethisskillratherthangetparanoidaboutit." Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.50ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. 50
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 2
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 20
TheacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41._______________________________Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood. 42._______________________________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother. AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!"ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43._______________________________. Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhergrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44._______________________________Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage--butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadandhadthreekids.Noregrets. Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45._______________________________Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsandotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceiveit.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkandnofun. [A]WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallydorequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuring. [B]AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollegeandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong--foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime. [C]Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples. [D]Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwantingchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretitforwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsareusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens. [E]Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity. [F]MywifeandIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching [G]Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike. 42
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondwhenyougeta3 Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachine6youwillhearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessagethat7sayssomethinglikethis:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe8rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"9isabriefhigh-pitched10.Afterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto11youoryoucanleavea12.Sometelephoneansweringmachinesrecordforonly20or30secondsafterthebeep13youmustrespondquickly. Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon14aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof15.Generallyspeakingusingthesesystems16youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyouto17acertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantinformationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Immediatelyaftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 14
PartB Directions: A.Title:POLLUTION B.Time:40minutes C.Wordlimit:160-200words. D.yourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenOpeningsentence. E.yourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyintheANSWERSHEET2. 3.Fortunatelymeasureshavebeentakentocopewiththesituation.
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