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Text 3 When I was a child in Sunday school, I would ask searching questions like "Angels can fl...
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Stocksfinishedmixedinpost-holidaytradingyesterdayasWallStreetmeanderedthroughashortenedsession.46Themajorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforwardtotheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshoppingandakeyjobsreportnextweek. WallStreetstruggledtocontinueitsbullishstreakalbeitinverylighttradingascontinuedweaknessinthedollarweighedonstocks.47ReportsthattheChinesecentralbankhadsoldoffsomeofitsUSTreasurynotesduetothelowdollarturnedouttobeunsubstantiatedboostingthedollaragainsttheyen.Thedollarreachedanothernewlowagainsttheeurohowever. Thetradingdayendedat1p.m.ESTaspartoftheThanksgivingholidayweekend. Investorsalreadylookedtonextweekforfurthernewshopingthatconsumerspendingovertheholidayswouldhelprevivetheoveralleconomy.TheLaborDepartmentisexpectedtoreleasejob-creationfiguresnextFridaythatWallStreethopeswillshowsignsofstrongerjobgrowth. 48"Traditionallythisisaprettylighttradingdaybutthepeoplewhoareinthemarketreallywanttobehereandthey’recominginwithapositivebias"saidJackCaffreyequitiesstrategistatJ.P.MorganPrivateBank."Mosteveryoneelsewillbelookingaheadtonextweektoseehowtheretailersdidthisweekendandseehowjobgrowthwillprogress." Astheholidayshoppingseasongotunderwaywithearlymorningsalesacrossthecountryretailstocksweremostlyhigher.DowcomponentWal-MartStoresInc.lost18centsto＄55.32tobucktheoveralltrendwhileTargetCorp.added24centsto＄52.21FederatedDepartmentStoresInc.wasup34centsat＄57.33andMayDepartmentStoresCo.rose55centsto＄30.19. 49ChipstocksfailedtogetasubstantialboostfromtheSemiconductorIndustryAssociation’slatestsalesreportwhichshoweda22percentyear-over-yearincreaseinsalesinOctober.Salesrose1.5percentmonth-to-month.DowcomponentIntelCorp.lost40centsto＄23.21onthenewswhileAdvancedMicroDevicesInc.slipped4centsto＄21.53. DeltaAirLinesInc.lost6centsto＄6.92afteritsaidlateWednesdaythatitreachednewagreementswithitslendersandaircraftlessorswrangling＄57millioninconcessionsfrom2005through2009inexchangefor4.4millionsharesofDeltastock. 50OracleCorp.saiditwillnominatefourpeopletotheboardofPeopleSoftInc.partofitsbidtoacquiretherivalsoftwarecompanythatlikelywilltriggeraproxybattle.Oracleslipped13centsto＄12.66whilePeopleSoftwasup2centsat＄23.54. 46Themajorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforwardtotheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshoppingandakeyjobsreportnextweek.
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Stocksfinishedmixedinpost-holidaytradingyesterdayasWallStreetmeanderedthroughashortenedsession.46Themajorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforwardtotheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshoppingandakeyjobsreportnextweek. WallStreetstruggledtocontinueitsbullishstreakalbeitinverylighttradingascontinuedweaknessinthedollarweighedonstocks.47ReportsthattheChinesecentralbankhadsoldoffsomeofitsUSTreasurynotesduetothelowdollarturnedouttobeunsubstantiatedboostingthedollaragainsttheyen.Thedollarreachedanothernewlowagainsttheeurohowever. Thetradingdayendedat1p.m.ESTaspartoftheThanksgivingholidayweekend. Investorsalreadylookedtonextweekforfurthernewshopingthatconsumerspendingovertheholidayswouldhelprevivetheoveralleconomy.TheLaborDepartmentisexpectedtoreleasejob-creationfiguresnextFridaythatWallStreethopeswillshowsignsofstrongerjobgrowth. 48"Traditionallythisisaprettylighttradingdaybutthepeoplewhoareinthemarketreallywanttobehereandthey’recominginwithapositivebias"saidJackCaffreyequitiesstrategistatJ.P.MorganPrivateBank."Mosteveryoneelsewillbelookingaheadtonextweektoseehowtheretailersdidthisweekendandseehowjobgrowthwillprogress." Astheholidayshoppingseasongotunderwaywithearlymorningsalesacrossthecountryretailstocksweremostlyhigher.DowcomponentWal-MartStoresInc.lost18centsto＄55.32tobucktheoveralltrendwhileTargetCorp.added24centsto＄52.21FederatedDepartmentStoresInc.wasup34centsat＄57.33andMayDepartmentStoresCo.rose55centsto＄30.19. 49ChipstocksfailedtogetasubstantialboostfromtheSemiconductorIndustryAssociation’slatestsalesreportwhichshoweda22percentyear-over-yearincreaseinsalesinOctober.Salesrose1.5percentmonth-to-month.DowcomponentIntelCorp.lost40centsto＄23.21onthenewswhileAdvancedMicroDevicesInc.slipped4centsto＄21.53. DeltaAirLinesInc.lost6centsto＄6.92afteritsaidlateWednesdaythatitreachednewagreementswithitslendersandaircraftlessorswrangling＄57millioninconcessionsfrom2005through2009inexchangefor4.4millionsharesofDeltastock. 50OracleCorp.saiditwillnominatefourpeopletotheboardofPeopleSoftInc.partofitsbidtoacquiretherivalsoftwarecompanythatlikelywilltriggeraproxybattle.Oracleslipped13centsto＄12.66whilePeopleSoftwasup2centsat＄23.54. 48Traditionallythisisaprettylighttradingdaybutthepeoplewhoareinthemarketreallywanttobehereandthey’recominginwithapositivebiassaidJackCaffreyequitiesstrategistatJ.P.MorganPrivateBank.
Text1 EightmonthsafterSep.11itisbecomingincreasinglyapparentthatvariousarmsoftheUSgovernmenthadpiecesofinformationthatifputtogethermighthaveprovidedsketchyadvancewarningoftheterroriststrikestocome. TheWhiteHousenowacknowledgesthattheCIAtoldPresidentBushinAugustthatsuspectedmembersofA1Qaedahaddiscussedthehijackingofairplanes.AtthesametimeFBIagentswereincreasinglysuspiciousofsomeMiddleEasternmentrainingatUSflightschools.YettheUSgovernmentdidn’tpayattentiontothisinformation. "Therearealwaystheselittleindicatorsthatcomein--ofonesortoranother--thatdon’tgetenoughdecibelstoreceiveattention"sayformerCIADirectorStansfieldTurner. "Thepossibilityofatraditionalhijacking--inthepre-9·11sense---haslongbeenaconcernofthegovernment"WhiteHousespokesmanAriFleischersaid.But"thiswasanewtypeofattackthatwasnotforeseen."IndeedhesaidthewarningsdidnotsuggestcommercialairlinerswouldbeusedasmissilesandthatthegeneralassumptionwasthatanyattackwouldoccurabroadnotintheUS. StilltheWhiteHousesaysitdidquietlyalertseveralgovernmentagenciestothethreat. MeanwhileFBIagentsweregettinghintsoftheterribleplot.AclassifiedmemodraftedbythebureaureportedlywarnedinbluntlanguagethatOsamabinLadenmightbelinkedtoMiddleEasternmentakinglessonsatUSflightschools. Mr.Turnerseesthisasapainfulandavoidablemistake.Thebasicreasonforthelackofcoordinationandcommunicationis"averylargeintelligencebureaucracythatisverycompartmentalized"saysCharlesPeniaaseniordefenseanalystattheCatoInstitute. Todaythedisclosuresraiseacrucialquestion:HaverecentreformsboostedWashington’sabilitytopulltogetherinformationfromitsmanyagencies--andthusdisruptfutureattacksIndeedsinceSep.11thegovernmenthasstruggledtoimprovecoordination. Onechange:FBIdataisnowmergedwithCIAintelligenceinthepresident’sdailybriefing. Another:AnewcommandcenternearWashingtonwassetupbyWhiteHouseHomelandSecurity.It’soneplacetheCIAtheFBItheDefenseIntelligenceAgencyandothersareabletocoordinateandshareinformation.It’snotclearyetwhethertheyactuallywill. ThebasicreasonforthemistakeWashingtonhascommittedisthat
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.20
AttheendofthefifteenthcenturycelestialnavigationwasjustbeingdevelopedinEuropeprimarilybythePortuguese.Priortothedevelopmentofcelestialnavigationsailorsnavigatedby"deduced"or"dead"reckoninghereaftercalledDR.ThiswasthemethodusedbyColumbusandmostothersailorsofhisera.InDRthenavigatorfindshispositionbymeasuringthecourseanddistancehehassailedfromsomeknownpoint.Startingfromaknownpointsuchasaportthenavigatormeasuresouthiscourseanddistancefromthatpointonachartprickingthechartwithapintomarkthenewposition.Eachday’sendingpositionwouldbethestartingpointforthenextday’scourse-and-distancemeasurement. 41._______________________. Theship’sspeedwasmeasuredbythrowingapieceofflotsamoverthesideoftheship.Thereweretwomarksontheship’srailameasureddistanceapart.Whentheflotsampassedtheforwardmarkthepilotwouldstartaquickchantandwhenitpassedtheaftmarkthepilotwouldstopchanting.Thepilotwouldnotethelastsyllablereachedinthechantandhehadamnemonicthatwouldconvertthatsyllableintoaspeedinmilesperhour.Thismethodwouldnotworkwhentheshipwasmovingveryslowlysincethechantwouldnmtotheendbeforetheflotsamhadreachedtheaftmark. 42.____________________. Columbuswasthefirstsailorthatweknowofwhokeptadetailedlogofhisvoyagesbutonlythelogofthefirstvoyagesurvivesinanydetail.ItisbytheserecordsthatweknowhowColumbusnavigatedandhowweknowthathewasprimarilyaDRnavigator. 43.___________________.IfColumbushadbeenacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseecontinuousrecordsofcelestialobservations;butColumbus’slogdoesnotshowsuchrecordsduringeitherofthetransatlanticportionsofthefirstvoyage. IthasbeensupposedbysomescholarsthatColumbuswasacelestialnavigatoranywayandwasusingunrecordedcelestialchecksonhislatitudeashesailedwestonhisfirstvoyage.44.______________________InotherwordsifColumbuswereacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseeasenseofsmallintermittentcoursecorrectionsinordertostayatacelestiallydeterminedlatitude.Thesecorrectionsshouldoccurabouteverythreeorfourdaysperhapsmoreoften. Butthatisnotwhatthelogshows.45.________________.OnlythreetimesdoesColumbusdepartfromthiscourse:oncebecauseofcontrarywindsandtwicetochasefalsesignsoflandsouthwest.Innoneofthesecasesdoesheshowanydesiretoreturntoacelestially-determinedlatitude.Thisargumentisakillerforthecelestialhypothesis. [A]SinceDRisdependentuponcontinuousmeasurementsofcourseanddistancesailedweshouldexpectthatanylogkeptbyaDRnavigatorwouldhavetheserecords;andthisisexactlywhatColumbus’sloglookslike. [B]Onhisreturnvoyagein1493ColumbusstartedfromSamariaBayonthenorthcoastofHispaniolaandhemadelandfallatSantaMariaIslandintheAzores.WeknowhisentireDRcoursesanddistancesbetweenthesetwopointssincethey’rerecordedinhislog. [C]Inorderforthismethodtoworkthenavigatorneedsawaytomeasurehiscourseandawaytomeasurethedistancesailed.Coursewasmeasuredbyamagneticcompass.Distancewasdeterminedbyatimeandspeedcalculation:thenavigatormultipliedthespeedofthevesselinmilesperhourbythetimetraveledtogetthedistance. [D]OnthefirstvoyagewestboundColumbussticksdoggedlytohismagneticwestwardcourseforweeksatatime. [E]CouldColumbushascorrectedhiscompassesbycheckingthemagainstthestarsandthusavoidstheneedforcoursecorrectionsThiswouldhavebeenpossibleintheorybutweknowthatColumbuscouldnothaveactuallydonethis. [F]Speedanddistancewasmeasuredeveryhour.Theofficerofthewatchwouldkeeptrackofthespeedandcoursesailedeveryhourbyusingapeg-boardwithholesradiatingfromthecenteralongeverypointofthecompass.Thepegwasmovedfromthecenteralongthecoursetraveledforthedistancemadeduringthathour.Afterfourhoursanotherpegwasusedtorepresentthedistancemadegoodinleaguesduringthewholewatch.Attheendofthedaythetotaldistanceandcourseforthedaywastransferredtothechart. [G]Inthatcaseasmagneticvariationpulledhiscoursesouthwardfromtruewesthewouldhavenoticedthediscrepancyfromhiscelestialobservationsandhewouldhavecorrectedit. 44
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text3 Overthelasttwentyyearsscholarlyandpopularwritershaveanalyzedandcelebratedtheworldsofleisureandentertainmentintheburgeoningcitiesofmid-nineteenth-centuryAmericagreatlyexpandingtheliteratureonthesesubjects.Theyhavefoundanenthusiasticreadershipbyofferingglimpsesofmodesofleisureperformanceandcharlatanismthatpassedfromthesceneintheearly20thcenturyindicatinghowlivelytheywereandhowcomparativelyimpoverishedourownentertainmentchoiceshavebecomeinaneradominatedbycorporateelectronicmedia. Manyscholarshavebeenluredintoafascinationwiththeextinctdemimondeofdimemuseumsexhibitionhailssaloonsandindustrialexhibitions.Duringthisperiodentertainmentrelieduponartfuldeceptioncomparableinimportancetosuchcontemporaryformsofamusementasminstrelsyandmelodrama.Theculturalactivitieswereformsofrepresentationalplayinwhichspectatorsarecausedtodoubttheirperceptionsandjudgement.EntertainmentsthattrickedordupedthepayingpublicflourishedinAmerica’scitiesinthe19thcentury.Whatdistinguishedthesecohortsofentertainerswasnottheirabilitytoperpetratefraudbutthattheyunderstoodthedynamicsofanewurbanaudiencethatenjoyeddistinguishingthegenuinefromthefakeandtheauthenticfromtheconcocted.Thewillingaudienceforartfuldeceptionsmaintainedadoubleconsciousnessinwhichitsimultaneouslymarveledatthequalitiesoftheobjectoractiondisplayedwhileenjoyingtheactofappraisingthequalityaudacityandperformanceofthedeception. ByofferingsemioticanalysesofarangeofVictorianperformanceswelearntherewasmoretotheseexhibitionsthanappearedatfirstviewing.ThetricksandluresoftheseentertainersdeserveamorethanmarginalpositioninAmericanculturalhistory. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisthat
Text4 ThomasHuxley“Darwin’sbulldog"issaidtohavecomeupwiththemostfamousdefenseoftheatheistbeliefthatlifewascreatedbychance.InadebateatOxfordheisreportedtohavestatedthatifenoughmonkeysrandomlypressedtypewriterkeysforalongenoughtimesoonerorlaterPsalm23wouldemerge.Notallatheistsusethisargumentbutitaccuratelyrepresentstheatheistbeliefthatwithenoughtimeandenoughsolarsystemsyou’llgetyouBach’scellosuitesandme.ThisbeliefhasalwaysstruckmeasimplausibleandalthoughIfullyacknowledgethegreatchallengetotheism--therampantandseeminglyrandomunfairnessbuiltintohumanlifenointellectuallyhonestatheistshoulddenythegreatchallengetoatheism--theexistenceofdesignandintelligence. ScientistshavetakenupHuxley’spropositionandfoundfromexperimentswithmonkeysnearatypewriterthatveryfewevenendeduphittinganykey.Aftertheexperimentmathematiciansthencalculatedthateachmonkeytypedasteady120charactersaminuteitwouldtake10tothe813thpower10followedby813zerosmonkeysaboutfiveyearstoknockoutadecentversionofShakespeare’sSonnet.Thefinitenumberofyearsintheuniverse’sexistencewouldnotcomeclosetoproducingafewsentencesletaloneaShakespeareplay. ProfessorRobertJastrowoneofthegreatestlivingastronomersheadoftheMountWilsonObservatoryandanagnosticbestexplainedtheatheismofmanyscientists.JastrowtellsofhissurprisewhensomanyfellowastronomersrefusedtoaccepttheBigBanghypothesisfortheoriginsoftheuniverse.InfactJastrowwritesmanyastronomerswereactuallyunhappyaboutit.WhyBecausetheBigBangimpliedabeginningtotheuniverseandabeginningimpliesaCreatorsomethingmanyscientistspassionatelyreject.ThisledJastrowtothesoberingconclusionthatmanyscientistshavevestednonscientificinterestsinsomeoftheirbeliefsespeciallythenon-existenceofaCreator.NeithermathsnorsciencearguesthatallcameaboutrandomlywithoutaCreator.Onlyakeendesiretodenyoneexplainssuchabeliefabeliefthatshouldbelaidtorest. Thelastparagraphindicatesthat
Text3 ApossibleconflictinIraq;deterioratingeconomiesinSouthAmericasfamineinsub-SaharanAfrica;turmoilinIndonesia;politicalinstabilityintheBalkans.Andinmanydevelopingcountriespersistentcrimelousyeducationandalackofopportunitiesforenergeticpeopletoprosperwithoutgraftandpoliticalconnections.Nowondersomanypeoplewantthechanceofabetterlifeinthestablemeritocraticeconomiesoftherichworld.Nowondertheyrisktheirlifesavingsoreventheirlivestobuythehopeofhigherearningsfairertreatmentandbetteropportunitiesfortheirfamilies. Thismovementofhumanitybringsundoubtedgainsandnotjusttotheimmigrants.Thegapbetweenearningsinthepoorandrichworldsisvastlygreaterthanthegapinthepricesoftradedgoods.Asoursurveyarguesthepotentialeconomicbenefitstotheworldofliberalizingmigrationdwarfthosefromremovingtradebarriers.Wherepopulationsareagingandeconomiesaresluggishthebenefitsareespeciallygreat.Immigrantsunlikenativesmovereadilytoareaswherelabourisinshortsupplysoeasingbottlenecks.Theybringajust-in-timesupplyofskillstoowhichiswhyhospitalswanttohireforeigndoctorsandnurses;farmerssparehandstopickfruitandvegetables;andwealthycouplesnanniesfortheirchildren.Inmanycasesimmigrantsalsopaymoreintaxesthantheycostinpublicspending. Butvotersinrichcountriesoftendon’tseethingsthisway.Likeotherforcesofglobalizationimmigrationisdisruptiveandatthemostintimatelevel.Itchangestheneighbourhood.Peopleinthestreetspeakoddlanguages;theneighbours’cookingsmellsstrange.Soimmigrationoftenmeetspassionateresistance.EvenincountriesbuiltonimmigrationliketheUnitedStatespoliticianshesitatetopressforeasierentry.AmericahasrefusedtostrikeadealwithMexicotoletinmorelegalmigrants.InEuropehostilityisdeeperandcanbemoredangerous.InthepastyearthefarrighthasgainedinelectionsinFranceDenmarkAustriaandNetherlands. Thehostilitymaywellincrease.Immigrationhasboomedinthepastdecadepartlybecauserichcountrieshavecreatedlotsofjobs.Iftheeconomicslowdownpersistsunemploymentissuretobreedgreaterresentment.AnotherterroristattackalongthelinesofSeptember11th2001wouldrightlyorwronglyincreasefearsthatimmigrantsthreatensecurity.AndasHIVspreadsinthepoorworldrichcountrieswillfretaboutthethreattotheirhealthservicesandtheriskofAIDS. HowthentosquaretheconflictingpressuresofpoliticsandeconomicsThefirstessentialistoacceptthatthevoters’righttoasayaboutwhoandhowmanycanentermusttakeprecedenceovertherightsofthoseunluckyenoughtobeborninpoorerpartsoftheworld.Thetaskofpoliticians--andofemployersistopersuadevotersthatimmigrationisnotonlyinevitablebutalsointheirlong-terminterests. Immigrationbringseconomicbenefitsinthat
AttheendofthefifteenthcenturycelestialnavigationwasjustbeingdevelopedinEuropeprimarilybythePortuguese.Priortothedevelopmentofcelestialnavigationsailorsnavigatedby"deduced"or"dead"reckoninghereaftercalledDR.ThiswasthemethodusedbyColumbusandmostothersailorsofhisera.InDRthenavigatorfindshispositionbymeasuringthecourseanddistancehehassailedfromsomeknownpoint.Startingfromaknownpointsuchasaportthenavigatormeasuresouthiscourseanddistancefromthatpointonachartprickingthechartwithapintomarkthenewposition.Eachday’sendingpositionwouldbethestartingpointforthenextday’scourse-and-distancemeasurement. 41._______________________. Theship’sspeedwasmeasuredbythrowingapieceofflotsamoverthesideoftheship.Thereweretwomarksontheship’srailameasureddistanceapart.Whentheflotsampassedtheforwardmarkthepilotwouldstartaquickchantandwhenitpassedtheaftmarkthepilotwouldstopchanting.Thepilotwouldnotethelastsyllablereachedinthechantandhehadamnemonicthatwouldconvertthatsyllableintoaspeedinmilesperhour.Thismethodwouldnotworkwhentheshipwasmovingveryslowlysincethechantwouldnmtotheendbeforetheflotsamhadreachedtheaftmark. 42.____________________. Columbuswasthefirstsailorthatweknowofwhokeptadetailedlogofhisvoyagesbutonlythelogofthefirstvoyagesurvivesinanydetail.ItisbytheserecordsthatweknowhowColumbusnavigatedandhowweknowthathewasprimarilyaDRnavigator. 43.___________________.IfColumbushadbeenacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseecontinuousrecordsofcelestialobservations;butColumbus’slogdoesnotshowsuchrecordsduringeitherofthetransatlanticportionsofthefirstvoyage. IthasbeensupposedbysomescholarsthatColumbuswasacelestialnavigatoranywayandwasusingunrecordedcelestialchecksonhislatitudeashesailedwestonhisfirstvoyage.44.______________________InotherwordsifColumbuswereacelestialnavigatorwewouldexpecttoseeasenseofsmallintermittentcoursecorrectionsinordertostayatacelestiallydeterminedlatitude.Thesecorrectionsshouldoccurabouteverythreeorfourdaysperhapsmoreoften. Butthatisnotwhatthelogshows.45.________________.OnlythreetimesdoesColumbusdepartfromthiscourse:oncebecauseofcontrarywindsandtwicetochasefalsesignsoflandsouthwest.Innoneofthesecasesdoesheshowanydesiretoreturntoacelestially-determinedlatitude.Thisargumentisakillerforthecelestialhypothesis. [A]SinceDRisdependentuponcontinuousmeasurementsofcourseanddistancesailedweshouldexpectthatanylogkeptbyaDRnavigatorwouldhavetheserecords;andthisisexactlywhatColumbus’sloglookslike. [B]Onhisreturnvoyagein1493ColumbusstartedfromSamariaBayonthenorthcoastofHispaniolaandhemadelandfallatSantaMariaIslandintheAzores.WeknowhisentireDRcoursesanddistancesbetweenthesetwopointssincethey’rerecordedinhislog. [C]Inorderforthismethodtoworkthenavigatorneedsawaytomeasurehiscourseandawaytomeasurethedistancesailed.Coursewasmeasuredbyamagneticcompass.Distancewasdeterminedbyatimeandspeedcalculation:thenavigatormultipliedthespeedofthevesselinmilesperhourbythetimetraveledtogetthedistance. [D]OnthefirstvoyagewestboundColumbussticksdoggedlytohismagneticwestwardcourseforweeksatatime. [E]CouldColumbushascorrectedhiscompassesbycheckingthemagainstthestarsandthusavoidstheneedforcoursecorrectionsThiswouldhavebeenpossibleintheorybutweknowthatColumbuscouldnothaveactuallydonethis. [F]Speedanddistancewasmeasuredeveryhour.Theofficerofthewatchwouldkeeptrackofthespeedandcoursesailedeveryhourbyusingapeg-boardwithholesradiatingfromthecenteralongeverypointofthecompass.Thepegwasmovedfromthecenteralongthecoursetraveledforthedistancemadeduringthathour.Afterfourhoursanotherpegwasusedtorepresentthedistancemadegoodinleaguesduringthewholewatch.Attheendofthedaythetotaldistanceandcourseforthedaywastransferredtothechart. [G]Inthatcaseasmagneticvariationpulledhiscoursesouthwardfromtruewesthewouldhavenoticedthediscrepancyfromhiscelestialobservationsandhewouldhavecorrectedit. 42
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text4 ThomasHuxley“Darwin’sbulldog"issaidtohavecomeupwiththemostfamousdefenseoftheatheistbeliefthatlifewascreatedbychance.InadebateatOxfordheisreportedtohavestatedthatifenoughmonkeysrandomlypressedtypewriterkeysforalongenoughtimesoonerorlaterPsalm23wouldemerge.Notallatheistsusethisargumentbutitaccuratelyrepresentstheatheistbeliefthatwithenoughtimeandenoughsolarsystemsyou’llgetyouBach’scellosuitesandme.ThisbeliefhasalwaysstruckmeasimplausibleandalthoughIfullyacknowledgethegreatchallengetotheism--therampantandseeminglyrandomunfairnessbuiltintohumanlifenointellectuallyhonestatheistshoulddenythegreatchallengetoatheism--theexistenceofdesignandintelligence. ScientistshavetakenupHuxley’spropositionandfoundfromexperimentswithmonkeysnearatypewriterthatveryfewevenendeduphittinganykey.Aftertheexperimentmathematiciansthencalculatedthateachmonkeytypedasteady120charactersaminuteitwouldtake10tothe813thpower10followedby813zerosmonkeysaboutfiveyearstoknockoutadecentversionofShakespeare’sSonnet.Thefinitenumberofyearsintheuniverse’sexistencewouldnotcomeclosetoproducingafewsentencesletaloneaShakespeareplay. ProfessorRobertJastrowoneofthegreatestlivingastronomersheadoftheMountWilsonObservatoryandanagnosticbestexplainedtheatheismofmanyscientists.JastrowtellsofhissurprisewhensomanyfellowastronomersrefusedtoaccepttheBigBanghypothesisfortheoriginsoftheuniverse.InfactJastrowwritesmanyastronomerswereactuallyunhappyaboutit.WhyBecausetheBigBangimpliedabeginningtotheuniverseandabeginningimpliesaCreatorsomethingmanyscientistspassionatelyreject.ThisledJastrowtothesoberingconclusionthatmanyscientistshavevestednonscientificinterestsinsomeoftheirbeliefsespeciallythenon-existenceofaCreator.NeithermathsnorsciencearguesthatallcameaboutrandomlywithoutaCreator.Onlyakeendesiretodenyoneexplainssuchabeliefabeliefthatshouldbelaidtorest. WhatdoesJastrowthinkofmanyscientists
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments.
Text1 EightmonthsafterSep.11itisbecomingincreasinglyapparentthatvariousarmsoftheUSgovernmenthadpiecesofinformationthatifputtogethermighthaveprovidedsketchyadvancewarningoftheterroriststrikestocome. TheWhiteHousenowacknowledgesthattheCIAtoldPresidentBushinAugustthatsuspectedmembersofA1Qaedahaddiscussedthehijackingofairplanes.AtthesametimeFBIagentswereincreasinglysuspiciousofsomeMiddleEasternmentrainingatUSflightschools.YettheUSgovernmentdidn’tpayattentiontothisinformation. "Therearealwaystheselittleindicatorsthatcomein--ofonesortoranother--thatdon’tgetenoughdecibelstoreceiveattention"sayformerCIADirectorStansfieldTurner. "Thepossibilityofatraditionalhijacking--inthepre-9·11sense---haslongbeenaconcernofthegovernment"WhiteHousespokesmanAriFleischersaid.But"thiswasanewtypeofattackthatwasnotforeseen."IndeedhesaidthewarningsdidnotsuggestcommercialairlinerswouldbeusedasmissilesandthatthegeneralassumptionwasthatanyattackwouldoccurabroadnotintheUS. StilltheWhiteHousesaysitdidquietlyalertseveralgovernmentagenciestothethreat. MeanwhileFBIagentsweregettinghintsoftheterribleplot.AclassifiedmemodraftedbythebureaureportedlywarnedinbluntlanguagethatOsamabinLadenmightbelinkedtoMiddleEasternmentakinglessonsatUSflightschools. Mr.Turnerseesthisasapainfulandavoidablemistake.Thebasicreasonforthelackofcoordinationandcommunicationis"averylargeintelligencebureaucracythatisverycompartmentalized"saysCharlesPeniaaseniordefenseanalystattheCatoInstitute. Todaythedisclosuresraiseacrucialquestion:HaverecentreformsboostedWashington’sabilitytopulltogetherinformationfromitsmanyagencies--andthusdisruptfutureattacksIndeedsinceSep.11thegovernmenthasstruggledtoimprovecoordination. Onechange:FBIdataisnowmergedwithCIAintelligenceinthepresident’sdailybriefing. Another:AnewcommandcenternearWashingtonwassetupbyWhiteHouseHomelandSecurity.It’soneplacetheCIAtheFBItheDefenseIntelligenceAgencyandothersareabletocoordinateandshareinformation.It’snotclearyetwhethertheyactuallywill. Thegovernmenthasmadegreateffortto
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text2 DietarystudieshavesuggestedthatpeoplewhoconsumelargeamountsofvitaminAinfoodsmultivitaminsorbotharemorelikelytosufferhipfracturesthanarepeoplewhoingestmodestamounts. Newevidencebolstersthesefindings.Researchershavenowcorrelatedmen’sbloodconcentrationsofvitaminAwithalaterincidenceofbrokenbones:acomparisonthatavoidsthevagariesthatplaguediet-recallstudies. TakentogetherthenewworkandthedietstudiesraiseknottyquestionsaboutthemaximumamountofvitaminAthatapersoncansafelyingesteachdaysaysstudycoauthorKarlMichassonanorthopedicsurgeonatUniversityHospitalinUppsalaSweden.HeandhiscolleaguesreportthenewfindingsinJan.23NewEnglandJournalofMedicine. IntheUnitedStatestheaveragedailyintakeofvitaminAthroughfoodspeciallyfisheggsandmeatisroughly2600IUinternationalunitsformenandmanymulti-vitaminscontain5000IU.TheUSInstituteofMedicinerecommendsthatpeopleget2300to3000IUofvitaminAeachdayandsetsthesafeupperlimitaround10000IU. "Ibelievetiffsupperlevelshouldbelowered"Michassonsays.Whenheandhiscolleaguesgavethemendietaryquestionnairestheylearnedthatmeningestingaslittleas5000IUofvitaminAperdayweremorepronetofracturesthanweremengettingless.ManufacturersshouldlowertheamountofvitaminAinmulti-vitamintabletsandfortifiedfoodssuchascerealssaysMichasson. Thenewstudybeganintheearly1970swhenresearchersstoredbloodsamplesfrom2047menabout50yearsold.Sincethen266ofthemenhavehadatleastonebonefracture.AfterdividingthemenintofiveequalgroupsaccordingtotheirbloodvitaminAconcentrationstheresearchersfoundthatmeninthetopgroupwerenearlytwiceaslikelyasthoseinthemiddlegrouptohavebrokenabone.Thecorrelationwasparticularlystrongwithfracturesofthehip. "Ithinkit’sprettyconclusivenowthatthere’sabadeffectofvitaminAsupplementation"saysMargoA.DenkeanendocrinologistattheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterinDallas.Elderlypeoplemaybeatspecialriskbecausethey’reslowtoclearthevitaminfromtheirbodies.StudiesofanimalshaveestablishedthatexcessvitaminAstimulatestheformationofcellsthatdissolvebone. HoweversincesomevitaminAisnecessarytomaintaingoodeyesightandgeneralhealthDenkeandMichassonagreethatfullyfortifiedfoodsandsupplementsshouldremainavailableincountrieswherepoornutritionputspeopleatriskofavitaminAdeficiency. Thepassageismainlyabout
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Text3 Overthelasttwentyyearsscholarlyandpopularwritershaveanalyzedandcelebratedtheworldsofleisureandentertainmentintheburgeoningcitiesofmid-nineteenth-centuryAmericagreatlyexpandingtheliteratureonthesesubjects.Theyhavefoundanenthusiasticreadershipbyofferingglimpsesofmodesofleisureperformanceandcharlatanismthatpassedfromthesceneintheearly20thcenturyindicatinghowlivelytheywereandhowcomparativelyimpoverishedourownentertainmentchoiceshavebecomeinaneradominatedbycorporateelectronicmedia. Manyscholarshavebeenluredintoafascinationwiththeextinctdemimondeofdimemuseumsexhibitionhailssaloonsandindustrialexhibitions.Duringthisperiodentertainmentrelieduponartfuldeceptioncomparableinimportancetosuchcontemporaryformsofamusementasminstrelsyandmelodrama.Theculturalactivitieswereformsofrepresentationalplayinwhichspectatorsarecausedtodoubttheirperceptionsandjudgement.EntertainmentsthattrickedordupedthepayingpublicflourishedinAmerica’scitiesinthe19thcentury.Whatdistinguishedthesecohortsofentertainerswasnottheirabilitytoperpetratefraudbutthattheyunderstoodthedynamicsofanewurbanaudiencethatenjoyeddistinguishingthegenuinefromthefakeandtheauthenticfromtheconcocted.Thewillingaudienceforartfuldeceptionsmaintainedadoubleconsciousnessinwhichitsimultaneouslymarveledatthequalitiesoftheobjectoractiondisplayedwhileenjoyingtheactofappraisingthequalityaudacityandperformanceofthedeception. ByofferingsemioticanalysesofarangeofVictorianperformanceswelearntherewasmoretotheseexhibitionsthanappearedatfirstviewing.ThetricksandluresoftheseentertainersdeserveamorethanmarginalpositioninAmericanculturalhistory. Theauthorthinkscurrententertainmentisrelativelypoorbecause
Text2 Nowthatmanymediachieftainshavefallenintodisreputeandhaveleftthosewhoarestillinpositionsfeeltheneedtotaketheproblemseriously. "CEOswereoverturnedasweresomestocks."ThatishowAOLTimeWarnerentertainmentgroupChairmanJeffBewkessummeditup.Theeraofthe"imperial"one-manruleCEOhascometoanendMTVNetworksChairmanTomFrestonadded. Thetwoexecutivesagreedthattheindustry’scomplexandoftenill-fatedmegsmergershadproventhatbiggerisnotnecessarilybetternomatterhowbigthereputationsofthepersonalitiesbehindthem. Thecontinuingflameoutofmediaexecutiveswhoafewyearsagowerehailedasvisionarieswasactivethismonthandtheindustry’sfearsreachedintotheexecutiveranksofmusicpublishingandTV. TechnologyvisionarySteveCaseleftaschairmanofAOLTimeWarnerreplacedbyChiefExecutiveRichardParsons.TopexecutivesatSonyMusicMCARecordsandRandomHousewerebooted.AndWalterIsaacsonchairmanofCNNNetworksleftforathinktank. Thisshowsjusthowdifficultithasbecometofindtherightmanagersfortheterriblyalteredmedia."Manyexecutivesgotcaughtupinthelate90’sboominthemediaindustryandgotaheadofthemselvesinstrategicvisionfortheircompanies"saidMarkMayofUSinvestmentfirmKaufmanBros."Ittakesmorethanacoupleofyearsforthesecompaniestobereadyforanothervisionary." ThecollapseofthedotcombubbletheabilityofmusicfanstogetsongsfreeontheInternetsaggingbottomlinesandintensecompetitionamongcableTVnewsnetworksaresomedevelopmentsthathelpedtripupmediaexecutivesrecently.Buttheurgetomergewasoneoftheirweakestpoints. ItisnotthatmediacompaniesshouldavoidallmergerssaidLarryHavertymanagingdirectoratStateStreetResearchaUSinvestmentmanagementfirm.Theyneedacquisitionsforgrowth.Butmakingthemworkisarealchallenge.Theyneedtochoosewhatpiecesfittogetherandhowmuchtheyareworth.Theyneedtoadjustquicklywhentechnologyandconsumerhabittrendsshift.Andmorethanevertheymustbecarefulnottopromisetoomuch. SonyCorp.ofAmericaChairmanHowardStringersaidthatanexecutivetodayis"therarestofseniorentertainmentexecutivesequallyadeptatbusinessmanagementstrategyandvaluecreationaswellasaconsummate完美的andprovendeveloperofcontenttalentandideas". BothJeffandTomagreethat
Text2 Nowthatmanymediachieftainshavefallenintodisreputeandhaveleftthosewhoarestillinpositionsfeeltheneedtotaketheproblemseriously. "CEOswereoverturnedasweresomestocks."ThatishowAOLTimeWarnerentertainmentgroupChairmanJeffBewkessummeditup.Theeraofthe"imperial"one-manruleCEOhascometoanendMTVNetworksChairmanTomFrestonadded. Thetwoexecutivesagreedthattheindustry’scomplexandoftenill-fatedmegsmergershadproventhatbiggerisnotnecessarilybetternomatterhowbigthereputationsofthepersonalitiesbehindthem. Thecontinuingflameoutofmediaexecutiveswhoafewyearsagowerehailedasvisionarieswasactivethismonthandtheindustry’sfearsreachedintotheexecutiveranksofmusicpublishingandTV. TechnologyvisionarySteveCaseleftaschairmanofAOLTimeWarnerreplacedbyChiefExecutiveRichardParsons.TopexecutivesatSonyMusicMCARecordsandRandomHousewerebooted.AndWalterIsaacsonchairmanofCNNNetworksleftforathinktank. Thisshowsjusthowdifficultithasbecometofindtherightmanagersfortheterriblyalteredmedia."Manyexecutivesgotcaughtupinthelate90’sboominthemediaindustryandgotaheadofthemselvesinstrategicvisionfortheircompanies"saidMarkMayofUSinvestmentfirmKaufmanBros."Ittakesmorethanacoupleofyearsforthesecompaniestobereadyforanothervisionary." ThecollapseofthedotcombubbletheabilityofmusicfanstogetsongsfreeontheInternetsaggingbottomlinesandintensecompetitionamongcableTVnewsnetworksaresomedevelopmentsthathelpedtripupmediaexecutivesrecently.Buttheurgetomergewasoneoftheirweakestpoints. ItisnotthatmediacompaniesshouldavoidallmergerssaidLarryHavertymanagingdirectoratStateStreetResearchaUSinvestmentmanagementfirm.Theyneedacquisitionsforgrowth.Butmakingthemworkisarealchallenge.Theyneedtochoosewhatpiecesfittogetherandhowmuchtheyareworth.Theyneedtoadjustquicklywhentechnologyandconsumerhabittrendsshift.Andmorethanevertheymustbecarefulnottopromisetoomuch. SonyCorp.ofAmericaChairmanHowardStringersaidthatanexecutivetodayis"therarestofseniorentertainmentexecutivesequallyadeptatbusinessmanagementstrategyandvaluecreationaswellasaconsummate完美的andprovendeveloperofcontenttalentandideas". Whatcausedthedeclineofmedia
Stocksfinishedmixedinpost-holidaytradingyesterdayasWallStreetmeanderedthroughashortenedsession.46Themajorindexesendedtheweekhigherasinvestorslookedforwardtotheresultsofthefirstweekendofholidayshoppingandakeyjobsreportnextweek. WallStreetstruggledtocontinueitsbullishstreakalbeitinverylighttradingascontinuedweaknessinthedollarweighedonstocks.47ReportsthattheChinesecentralbankhadsoldoffsomeofitsUSTreasurynotesduetothelowdollarturnedouttobeunsubstantiatedboostingthedollaragainsttheyen.Thedollarreachedanothernewlowagainsttheeurohowever. Thetradingdayendedat1p.m.ESTaspartoftheThanksgivingholidayweekend. Investorsalreadylookedtonextweekforfurthernewshopingthatconsumerspendingovertheholidayswouldhelprevivetheoveralleconomy.TheLaborDepartmentisexpectedtoreleasejob-creationfiguresnextFridaythatWallStreethopeswillshowsignsofstrongerjobgrowth. 48"Traditionallythisisaprettylighttradingdaybutthepeoplewhoareinthemarketreallywanttobehereandthey’recominginwithapositivebias"saidJackCaffreyequitiesstrategistatJ.P.MorganPrivateBank."Mosteveryoneelsewillbelookingaheadtonextweektoseehowtheretailersdidthisweekendandseehowjobgrowthwillprogress." Astheholidayshoppingseasongotunderwaywithearlymorningsalesacrossthecountryretailstocksweremostlyhigher.DowcomponentWal-MartStoresInc.lost18centsto＄55.32tobucktheoveralltrendwhileTargetCorp.added24centsto＄52.21FederatedDepartmentStoresInc.wasup34centsat＄57.33andMayDepartmentStoresCo.rose55centsto＄30.19. 49ChipstocksfailedtogetasubstantialboostfromtheSemiconductorIndustryAssociation’slatestsalesreportwhichshoweda22percentyear-over-yearincreaseinsalesinOctober.Salesrose1.5percentmonth-to-month.DowcomponentIntelCorp.lost40centsto＄23.21onthenewswhileAdvancedMicroDevicesInc.slipped4centsto＄21.53. DeltaAirLinesInc.lost6centsto＄6.92afteritsaidlateWednesdaythatitreachednewagreementswithitslendersandaircraftlessorswrangling＄57millioninconcessionsfrom2005through2009inexchangefor4.4millionsharesofDeltastock. 50OracleCorp.saiditwillnominatefourpeopletotheboardofPeopleSoftInc.partofitsbidtoacquiretherivalsoftwarecompanythatlikelywilltriggeraproxybattle.Oracleslipped13centsto＄12.66whilePeopleSoftwasup2centsat＄23.54. 50OracleCorp.saiditwillnominatefourpeopletotheboardofPeopleSoftInc.partofitsbidtoacquiretherivalsoftwarecompanythatlikelywilltriggeraproxybattle.
Text3 ApossibleconflictinIraq;deterioratingeconomiesinSouthAmericasfamineinsub-SaharanAfrica;turmoilinIndonesia;politicalinstabilityintheBalkans.Andinmanydevelopingcountriespersistentcrimelousyeducationandalackofopportunitiesforenergeticpeopletoprosperwithoutgraftandpoliticalconnections.Nowondersomanypeoplewantthechanceofabetterlifeinthestablemeritocraticeconomiesoftherichworld.Nowondertheyrisktheirlifesavingsoreventheirlivestobuythehopeofhigherearningsfairertreatmentandbetteropportunitiesfortheirfamilies. Thismovementofhumanitybringsundoubtedgainsandnotjusttotheimmigrants.Thegapbetweenearningsinthepoorandrichworldsisvastlygreaterthanthegapinthepricesoftradedgoods.Asoursurveyarguesthepotentialeconomicbenefitstotheworldofliberalizingmigrationdwarfthosefromremovingtradebarriers.Wherepopulationsareagingandeconomiesaresluggishthebenefitsareespeciallygreat.Immigrantsunlikenativesmovereadilytoareaswherelabourisinshortsupplysoeasingbottlenecks.Theybringajust-in-timesupplyofskillstoowhichiswhyhospitalswanttohireforeigndoctorsandnurses;farmerssparehandstopickfruitandvegetables;andwealthycouplesnanniesfortheirchildren.Inmanycasesimmigrantsalsopaymoreintaxesthantheycostinpublicspending. Butvotersinrichcountriesoftendon’tseethingsthisway.Likeotherforcesofglobalizationimmigrationisdisruptiveandatthemostintimatelevel.Itchangestheneighbourhood.Peopleinthestreetspeakoddlanguages;theneighbours’cookingsmellsstrange.Soimmigrationoftenmeetspassionateresistance.EvenincountriesbuiltonimmigrationliketheUnitedStatespoliticianshesitatetopressforeasierentry.AmericahasrefusedtostrikeadealwithMexicotoletinmorelegalmigrants.InEuropehostilityisdeeperandcanbemoredangerous.InthepastyearthefarrighthasgainedinelectionsinFranceDenmarkAustriaandNetherlands. Thehostilitymaywellincrease.Immigrationhasboomedinthepastdecadepartlybecauserichcountrieshavecreatedlotsofjobs.Iftheeconomicslowdownpersistsunemploymentissuretobreedgreaterresentment.AnotherterroristattackalongthelinesofSeptember11th2001wouldrightlyorwronglyincreasefearsthatimmigrantsthreatensecurity.AndasHIVspreadsinthepoorworldrichcountrieswillfretaboutthethreattotheirhealthservicesandtheriskofAIDS. HowthentosquaretheconflictingpressuresofpoliticsandeconomicsThefirstessentialistoacceptthatthevoters’righttoasayaboutwhoandhowmanycanentermusttakeprecedenceovertherightsofthoseunluckyenoughtobeborninpoorerpartsoftheworld.Thetaskofpoliticians--andofemployersistopersuadevotersthatimmigrationisnotonlyinevitablebutalsointheirlong-terminterests. ThewordmeritocraticLine5Paragraph1isclosestinmeaningto
Text2 DietarystudieshavesuggestedthatpeoplewhoconsumelargeamountsofvitaminAinfoodsmultivitaminsorbotharemorelikelytosufferhipfracturesthanarepeoplewhoingestmodestamounts. Newevidencebolstersthesefindings.Researchershavenowcorrelatedmen’sbloodconcentrationsofvitaminAwithalaterincidenceofbrokenbones:acomparisonthatavoidsthevagariesthatplaguediet-recallstudies. TakentogetherthenewworkandthedietstudiesraiseknottyquestionsaboutthemaximumamountofvitaminAthatapersoncansafelyingesteachdaysaysstudycoauthorKarlMichassonanorthopedicsurgeonatUniversityHospitalinUppsalaSweden.HeandhiscolleaguesreportthenewfindingsinJan.23NewEnglandJournalofMedicine. IntheUnitedStatestheaveragedailyintakeofvitaminAthroughfoodspeciallyfisheggsandmeatisroughly2600IUinternationalunitsformenandmanymulti-vitaminscontain5000IU.TheUSInstituteofMedicinerecommendsthatpeopleget2300to3000IUofvitaminAeachdayandsetsthesafeupperlimitaround10000IU. "Ibelievetiffsupperlevelshouldbelowered"Michassonsays.Whenheandhiscolleaguesgavethemendietaryquestionnairestheylearnedthatmeningestingaslittleas5000IUofvitaminAperdayweremorepronetofracturesthanweremengettingless.ManufacturersshouldlowertheamountofvitaminAinmulti-vitamintabletsandfortifiedfoodssuchascerealssaysMichasson. Thenewstudybeganintheearly1970swhenresearchersstoredbloodsamplesfrom2047menabout50yearsold.Sincethen266ofthemenhavehadatleastonebonefracture.AfterdividingthemenintofiveequalgroupsaccordingtotheirbloodvitaminAconcentrationstheresearchersfoundthatmeninthetopgroupwerenearlytwiceaslikelyasthoseinthemiddlegrouptohavebrokenabone.Thecorrelationwasparticularlystrongwithfracturesofthehip. "Ithinkit’sprettyconclusivenowthatthere’sabadeffectofvitaminAsupplementation"saysMargoA.DenkeanendocrinologistattheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterinDallas.Elderlypeoplemaybeatspecialriskbecausethey’reslowtoclearthevitaminfromtheirbodies.StudiesofanimalshaveestablishedthatexcessvitaminAstimulatestheformationofcellsthatdissolvebone. HoweversincesomevitaminAisnecessarytomaintaingoodeyesightandgeneralhealthDenkeandMichassonagreethatfullyfortifiedfoodsandsupplementsshouldremainavailableincountrieswherepoornutritionputspeopleatriskofavitaminAdeficiency. HighconcentrationofvitaminAmayleadtofracturebecause
Text4 ThomasHuxley“Darwin’sbulldog"issaidtohavecomeupwiththemostfamousdefenseoftheatheistbeliefthatlifewascreatedbychance.InadebateatOxfordheisreportedtohavestatedthatifenoughmonkeysrandomlypressedtypewriterkeysforalongenoughtimesoonerorlaterPsalm23wouldemerge.Notallatheistsusethisargumentbutitaccuratelyrepresentstheatheistbeliefthatwithenoughtimeandenoughsolarsystemsyou’llgetyouBach’scellosuitesandme.ThisbeliefhasalwaysstruckmeasimplausibleandalthoughIfullyacknowledgethegreatchallengetotheism--therampantandseeminglyrandomunfairnessbuiltintohumanlifenointellectuallyhonestatheistshoulddenythegreatchallengetoatheism--theexistenceofdesignandintelligence. ScientistshavetakenupHuxley’spropositionandfoundfromexperimentswithmonkeysnearatypewriterthatveryfewevenendeduphittinganykey.Aftertheexperimentmathematiciansthencalculatedthateachmonkeytypedasteady120charactersaminuteitwouldtake10tothe813thpower10followedby813zerosmonkeysaboutfiveyearstoknockoutadecentversionofShakespeare’sSonnet.Thefinitenumberofyearsintheuniverse’sexistencewouldnotcomeclosetoproducingafewsentencesletaloneaShakespeareplay. ProfessorRobertJastrowoneofthegreatestlivingastronomersheadoftheMountWilsonObservatoryandanagnosticbestexplainedtheatheismofmanyscientists.JastrowtellsofhissurprisewhensomanyfellowastronomersrefusedtoaccepttheBigBanghypothesisfortheoriginsoftheuniverse.InfactJastrowwritesmanyastronomerswereactuallyunhappyaboutit.WhyBecausetheBigBangimpliedabeginningtotheuniverseandabeginningimpliesaCreatorsomethingmanyscientistspassionatelyreject.ThisledJastrowtothesoberingconclusionthatmanyscientistshavevestednonscientificinterestsinsomeoftheirbeliefsespeciallythenon-existenceofaCreator.NeithermathsnorsciencearguesthatallcameaboutrandomlywithoutaCreator.Onlyakeendesiretodenyoneexplainssuchabeliefabeliefthatshouldbelaidtorest. Atheistsseemtobelievethat
Text2 DietarystudieshavesuggestedthatpeoplewhoconsumelargeamountsofvitaminAinfoodsmultivitaminsorbotharemorelikelytosufferhipfracturesthanarepeoplewhoingestmodestamounts. Newevidencebolstersthesefindings.Researchershavenowcorrelatedmen’sbloodconcentrationsofvitaminAwithalaterincidenceofbrokenbones:acomparisonthatavoidsthevagariesthatplaguediet-recallstudies. TakentogetherthenewworkandthedietstudiesraiseknottyquestionsaboutthemaximumamountofvitaminAthatapersoncansafelyingesteachdaysaysstudycoauthorKarlMichassonanorthopedicsurgeonatUniversityHospitalinUppsalaSweden.HeandhiscolleaguesreportthenewfindingsinJan.23NewEnglandJournalofMedicine. IntheUnitedStatestheaveragedailyintakeofvitaminAthroughfoodspeciallyfisheggsandmeatisroughly2600IUinternationalunitsformenandmanymulti-vitaminscontain5000IU.TheUSInstituteofMedicinerecommendsthatpeopleget2300to3000IUofvitaminAeachdayandsetsthesafeupperlimitaround10000IU. "Ibelievetiffsupperlevelshouldbelowered"Michassonsays.Whenheandhiscolleaguesgavethemendietaryquestionnairestheylearnedthatmeningestingaslittleas5000IUofvitaminAperdayweremorepronetofracturesthanweremengettingless.ManufacturersshouldlowertheamountofvitaminAinmulti-vitamintabletsandfortifiedfoodssuchascerealssaysMichasson. Thenewstudybeganintheearly1970swhenresearchersstoredbloodsamplesfrom2047menabout50yearsold.Sincethen266ofthemenhavehadatleastonebonefracture.AfterdividingthemenintofiveequalgroupsaccordingtotheirbloodvitaminAconcentrationstheresearchersfoundthatmeninthetopgroupwerenearlytwiceaslikelyasthoseinthemiddlegrouptohavebrokenabone.Thecorrelationwasparticularlystrongwithfracturesofthehip. "Ithinkit’sprettyconclusivenowthatthere’sabadeffectofvitaminAsupplementation"saysMargoA.DenkeanendocrinologistattheUniversityofTexasSouthwesternMedicalCenterinDallas.Elderlypeoplemaybeatspecialriskbecausethey’reslowtoclearthevitaminfromtheirbodies.StudiesofanimalshaveestablishedthatexcessvitaminAstimulatestheformationofcellsthatdissolvebone. HoweversincesomevitaminAisnecessarytomaintaingoodeyesightandgeneralhealthDenkeandMichassonagreethatfullyfortifiedfoodsandsupplementsshouldremainavailableincountrieswherepoornutritionputspeopleatriskofavitaminAdeficiency. Wecanlearnfromthetextthat
Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologiesmarkedbyrapidchangeandgrowth--ismovingintoaneweraaneraofextraordinary1andversatilitywhichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanelectronicrevolutionofsortsmadepossiblebythe2oftelevisionandcomputertechnologies. Theword"television"derivedfromitsGreektele:distantandLatinvision:sightrootscan3beinterpretedassightfromdistance.Verysimply4itworksinthis5:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronicstelevisionprovidesthecapabilityof6animagefocusedonaspecialphoto-conductiveplatewithinacameraintoelectronicimpulseswhichcanbesentthroughawireofcable.Theseimpulseswhenfedintoa7televisionsetcanthenbeelectronically8intothatsameimage. Televisionis9justanelectronicsystem10.Itisameansofexpressionaswellasa11forcommunicationandassuchbecomesapowerfultoolforreachingotherhumanbeings. Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwo12determinedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firstthereisbroadcasttelevisionwhichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevision13.Secondthereisnon-broadcasttelevisionwhichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsor14interestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques. Traditionallytelevisionhasbeena15ofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevision16ithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyearsithasbeencontrolledforthemostpartbythebroadcastnetworks.ABCNBCandCBSwhohavebeenthe17purveyorsofnewsinformationandentertainment.Thesegiantsof18haveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometo19thepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmentplacingourroleinthis20mediumasthepassiveviewer. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.16
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