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听第10段材料回答第17至20题WhendoParentsandchildrenlikegoingtothePlazaLeon
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
Intheglobaleconomyanewdrugforcancer________itisdiscoveredwillcreatemanyeconomicpossibilitiesaroundtheworld.
B We’veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestandersbuyingticketsfromscalpers票贩子orpurchasinglinecuttingprivilegesdirectlyfromsayanairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeuewaitingyourturnwiththemoralsofthemarketpayingapriceforfasterservice. Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthingsandeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.ThemoralsofthequeueFirstcomefirstservedhaveanegalitarian平等主义的appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilegepoweranddeeppockets. Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsaleIhavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalongsimplybecauseit’sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivitiesproperlygovernedbydifferentstandards. Sometimesstandardschangeanditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhearplayedoverandoverasyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It’sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness. Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Todaysomepeople’scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniestoscoreincomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping. Ofcoursemarketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymeritothersbyneedstillothersbychance.Howeverthetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeuesandothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe’veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparksincallcentersdoctors’officesandnationalparks—arerecentdevelopmentsscarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcernbutthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.Thepassageismeantto.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IamalwaysdelightedwhenIreceiveanemailfromyou.________ThepartyonJuly1stIshallbepleasedtoattend.
听第7段材料回答第89题WhydoesDianasaysorrytoPeter
听第8段材料回答第10至12题Whydoesthemancallthewoman
IshouldnothavelaughedifI________youwereserious.
听第6段材料回答第67题WhatisSaragoingtodo
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
听第9段材料回答第13至16题WhendidJanbegintowriteforamagazine
—Whataboutyourselfdrivetripyesterday —Tiring!Theroadisbeingwidenedandwe________aroughride.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
CIfadiversurfacestooquicklyhemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen氮dissolved溶解inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequenceifthebubbles气泡accumulateinajointissharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbraintheconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression减压sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whalesforexample.Andsolongagodidichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsintheboneandconsequentlyweakensitsometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil化石bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisendheandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseumslookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestartedheassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossilsreflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Insteadhewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydiedbutnotasingleTriassicspecimen标本showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeanstheyclearlydidsoquickly—andmoststrangelytheylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator捕食动物suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodilesbothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceansbycontrastweremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassicthenichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceoustheywereprey猎物aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult. ThepurposeofRothschild’sstudyistosee
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
听第8段材料回答第10至12题Whereisthewomannow
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
ThepresidentoftheWorldBanksayshehasapassionforChina________heremembersstartingasearlyashischildhood.
听第9段材料回答第13至16题WhatdoweknowaboutJan
听第10段材料回答第17至20题WhydoestheSpeakerlikeHoratioStreetbest
IusedtobelieveintheAmericanDreamwhichmeantajobamortgage按揭creditcardssuccess.Iwanteditandworkedtowarditlikeeveryoneelseallofus____36____chasingthesamething. Oneyearthroughaseriesofunhappyeventsitallfell____37____.Ifoundmyselfhomelessandalone.Ihadmytruckand$56.I____38____thecountrysideforsomeplaceIcouldrentforthe____39____possibleamount.Icameuponashabbyhousefourmilesupawindingmountainroad____40____thePotomacRiverinWestVirginia.Itwas____41____fullofbrokenglassandrubbish.Ifoundtheownerrenteditand____42____acornertocampin. Thelocalsknewnothingaboutme____43____slowlytheystartedteachingmethe____44____ofbeinganeighbor.Theydroppedoffblanketscandlesandtoolsandbegan____45____aroundtochat.Theystartedtoteachmeabeliefina____46____AmericanDream—nottheoneofindividualachievementbutof____47____. WhatIhadbelievedinallthosethingsIthoughtwere____48____foracivilizedlifewerenonexistentinthisplace.____49____onthemountainmymostvaluablepossessionsweremy____50____withmyneighbors. FouryearslaterImovedbackinto____51____.Isawmanypeoplewerehavingareallyhardtime____52____theirjobsandhomes.Imanagedtorentabigenoughhouseto____53____ahandfulofpeople.TherearefourofusnowinthehousebutovertimeI’vehadninepeoplecomeinandmoveontootherplaces.We’dallbein____54____ifwehadn’tbandedtogether. TheAmericanDreamIbelieveinnowisasharedone.It’snotsomuchaboutwhatIcangetformyself;it’sabout____55____wecanallgetbytogether.
CIfadiversurfacestooquicklyhemaysufferthebends.Nitrogen氮dissolved溶解inhisbloodissuddenlyliberatedbythereductionofpressure.Theconsequenceifthebubbles气泡accumulateinajointissharppainandabentbody—thusthename.Ifthebubblesforminhislungsorhisbraintheconsequencecanbedeath.Otherair-breathinganimalsalsosufferthisdecompression减压sicknessiftheysurfacetoofast:whalesforexample.Andsolongagodidichthyosaurs.Thattheseancientseaanimalsgotthebendscanbeseenfromtheirbones.Ifbubblesofnitrogenforminsidethebonetheycancutoffitsbloodsupply.Thiskillsthecellsintheboneandconsequentlyweakensitsometimestothepointofcollapse.Fossil化石bonesthathavecavedinonthemselvesarethusasignthattheanimaloncehadthebends.BruceRothschildoftheUniversityofKansasknewallthiswhenhebeganastudyofichthyosaurbonestofindouthowwidespreadtheproblemwasinthepast.Whatheparticularlywantedtoinvestigatewashowichthyosaursadaptedtotheproblemofdecompressionoverthe150millionyears.Tothisendheandhiscolleaguestraveledtheworld’snatural-historymuseumslookingathundredsofichthyosaursfromtheTriassicperiodandfromthelaterJurassicandCretaceousperiods.Whenhestartedheassumedthatsignsofthebendswouldberarerinyoungerfossilsreflectingtheirgradualevolutionofmeasurestodealwithdecompression.Insteadhewasastonishedtodiscovertheopposite.Morethan15%ofJurassicandCretaceousichthyosaurshadsufferedthebendsbeforetheydiedbutnotasingleTriassicspecimen标本showedevidenceofthatsortofinjury.Ifichthyosaursdidevolveananti-decompressionmeanstheyclearlydidsoquickly—andmoststrangelytheylostitafterwards.ButthatisnotwhatDrRothschildthinkshappened.Hesuspectsitwasevolutioninotheranimalsthatcausedthechange.Whalesthatsufferthebendsoftendosobecausetheyhavesurfacedtoescapeapredator捕食动物suchasalargeshark.OneofthefeaturesofJurassicoceanswasanabundanceoflargesharksandcrocodilesbothofwhichwerefondofichthyosaurlunches.Triassicoceansbycontrastweremercifullyshark-andcrocodile-free.IntheTriassicthenichthyosaursweretopofthefoodchain.IntheJurassicandCretaceoustheywereprey猎物aswellaspredator—andoftenhadtomakeaspeedyexitasaresult. Rothschildmighthaveconcludedthatichthyosaurs
LionelMessi________therecordforthemostgoalsinacalendaryearisconsideredthemosttalentedfootballplayerinEurope.
B We’veconsideredseveralwaysofpayingtocutinline:hiringlinestandersbuyingticketsfromscalpers票贩子orpurchasinglinecuttingprivilegesdirectlyfromsayanairlineoranamusementpark.Eachofthesedealsreplacesthemoralsofthequeuewaitingyourturnwiththemoralsofthemarketpayingapriceforfasterservice. Marketsandqueues—payingandwaiting—aretwodifferentwaysofallocatingthingsandeachisappropriatetodifferentactivities.ThemoralsofthequeueFirstcomefirstservedhaveanegalitarian平等主义的appeal.Theytellustoignoreprivilegepoweranddeeppockets. Theprincipleseemsrightonplaygroundsandatbusstops.Butthemoralsofthequeuedonotgovernalloccasions.IfIputmyhouseupforsaleIhavenodutytoacceptthefirstofferthatcomesalongsimplybecauseit’sthefirst.Sellingmyhouseandwaitingforabusaredifferentactivitiesproperlygovernedbydifferentstandards. Sometimesstandardschangeanditisunclearwhichprincipleshouldapply.Thinkoftherecordedmessageyouhearplayedoverandoverasyouwaitonholdwhencallingyourbank:Yourcallwillbeansweredintheorderinwhichitwasreceived.Thisisessentialforthemoralsofthequeue.It’sasifthecompanyistryingtoeaseourimpatiencewithfairness. Butdon’ttaketherecordedmessagetooseriously.Todaysomepeople’scallsareansweredfasterthanothers.Callcentertechnologyenablescompaniestoscoreincomingcallsandtogivefasterservicetothosethatcomefromrichplaces.Youmightcallthistelephonicqueuejumping. Ofcoursemarketsandqueuesarenottheonlywaysofallocatingthings.Somegoodswedistributebymeritothersbyneedstillothersbychance.Howeverthetendencyofmarketstoreplacequeuesandothernon-marketwaysofallocatinggoodsissocommoninmodernlifethatwescarcelynoticeitanymore.Itisstrikingthatmostofthepaidqueue-jumpingschemeswe’veconsidered—atairportsandamusementparksincallcentersdoctors’officesandnationalparks—arerecentdevelopmentsscarcelyimaginablethreedecadesago.Thedisappearanceofthequeuesintheseplacesmayseemanunusualconcernbutthesearenottheonlyplacesthatmarketshaveentered.AccordingtotheauthorwhichofthefollowingseemsgovernedbytheprincipleFirstcomefirstserved
—TheTshirtIreceivedisnotthesameasisshownonline. —________ButIpromiseyouwe’lllookintoitrightaway.
TheleafletistoinformvisitorsofthePark’s
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