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凯洛夫教育学反映了苏联( )的教育实践经验。
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新中国成立初期在我国流行最广影响最大的苏联的教育学教材是
凯洛夫的《教育学》
冈察洛夫的《教育学》
巴拉诺夫的《教育学》
巴班斯基的《教育学》
解放初期在我国流行最广影响最大的苏联的教育学教材是
凯洛夫的《教育学》
冈察洛夫的《教育学》
巴拉诺夫的《教育学》
巴班斯基的《教育学》
建国初期从前苏联译介的大量教育学教材中对我国影响最大的是
申比寥夫等合著的《教育学》
斯米尔诺夫著的《教育学初级读本》
叶希波夫冈察洛夫著的《教育学》
凯洛夫主编的《教育学》
建国初期在我国流行最广影响最大的苏联的教育学教材是
凯洛夫的《教育学》
巴拉诺夫的《教育学》
冈察洛夫的《教育学》
巴班斯基的《教育学》
1939年苏联教育理论家凯洛夫明确提出以____________理论指导编写教育学
苏联教育理论家凯洛夫主编的以马克思主义为指导系统研究教育问题总结苏联20世纪2030年代教育正反两方
《普通教育学》
《大教学论》
《民主主义与教育》
《教育学》
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Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.Modernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause______.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.WemaysaytakingthepassageasawholethatLincolnwas______.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Themainfocusofthispassageis______.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthispassage
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.WhyareSakhalin’soffshoreoilandgasprojectsregardedasrisksforthewesterngreywhale
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.Anappropriatetitleforthepassageismostlikelytobe
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforabankloan.Writealettertothebankto 1introduceyourselfbriefly 2explainthereasonsofapplyingforabankloan. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Whatistheauthor’sattitudeinthispassage
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.SakhalinEnergysupportsthepanel’swork
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.ItissaidinthesecondparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln______.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.AccordingtotheauthorhumantraveltoMars
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.Geomantsbelievethat______.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.Bush’scitingoftheachievementsofspaceexplorationismentioned
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.ItissaidinthethirdparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln______.
Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames______.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
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