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In a game the moves are set Up beforehand. In a non-game situation the moves are supposed to aris...
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What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that______.
TheenlightenmentneedsrescuingorsothinksJonathanIsraelthepre-eminenthistorianof17th-centuryHolland.In2001hepublishedRadicalEnlightenment.HenowoffersasecondVolumewithathirdtocome.46ThethreevolumeswillbethefirstcomprehensivehistoryoftheEnlightenmentfordecades--andMr.Israel’sgroundbreakinginterpretationlookssettoestablishitselfastheonetobeat. Theperiodwasoncethoughtofasagloriouschapterinthehistoryofmankindatimewhentheforcesoflightscienceprogressandtolerancetriumphedovertheforcesofdarknesssuperstitionandprejudice.TodaytheEnlightenmenttendstobedismissed.47Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.Post-colonialistsaccuseitofbeingEurocentricanapologyforimperialism.NationalisthistoriansrejecttheideaofacoherentuniversalmovementpreferringtotalkabouttheEnglishFrenchevenIcelandicEnlightenments. Mr.Israelhassethimselfthetaskoilrepellingthesecriticsandre-establishingtheperiodasthedefiningepisodeintheliberationofman.Hisargumentsareconvincing.HecontendsthatthereweretwoEnlightenmentsoneRadicalandtheotherModerate.TheRadicalsinspiredbySpinozawerematerialistsatheistsandequalities.48TheModerateswhofollowedLockeandNewtonwereconservativeandmoreathomethantheRadicalsinthehierarchicalanddeeplyreligiousworldof18th-centuryEurope.TheyadvocatedonlyapartialEnlightenment. InMr.Israel’sopiniontheRadicalsofferedtheonlytrueEnlightenmentgivingusdemocracyequalityindividuallibertyandsecularmorality.TheModeratesontheotherhandhaveleftanambiguousandintheendharmfullegacy.Whilepromotingtolerancetheyremaineduncomfortablewiththeideaofuniversalequality.Whileadvancingreasontheyfailedtodivorcemoralityfromreligionandtriedtorationalizefaith.49Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon.Worststilltheysupplytoday’scriticswiththeevidencetheyneedtoblackenthemovement. Thisre-evaluationmakesforanunfamiliarpictureoftheEnlightenmentanditstorchbearers.AccordingtoMr.Israel"enlightenedvalues"werebornnotinEnglandbutinHollandandhere-castsmensuchasLockeVoltaireandevenHumeoncethoughtofaschampionsofthepartyoflightasapologistsforcolonialismandenemiesofequality.InadditionMr.Israelwouldlikehisbooktobestudiedbeyondacademia.Inanidealworldeveryonewouldbereadingit.50HisstupendousresearchandgraspofthesourcesaresuchthatfewwillcontesthiscoreargumentthattheEnlightenmentwasacoherentEurope-widephenomenonintellectualinoriginwhichrepresentedaprofoundshiftinthewaythatmenthoughtaboutthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem. 46
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 14
ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem.OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom.AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolintolock-down.Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled.October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom.WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995.Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudiencemenaredecidingtotaketheirlivesandthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem.Truebutnotveryoften.Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill.GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecauseagreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns./AccordingtothepassageanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableinthat______.
Internetadvertisingisbooming.Theindustryhasgonefrom$9.6billioninrevenuein2001to$27billionthisyearaccordingtoPiperJaffrayaninvestmentbank.Anditisstillearlydays.Theinternetaccountsforonly5%oftotalspendingonadvertisingbutthatfigureisexpectedtoreachatleast20%inthenextfewyears.Thesinglelargestcategorywithinthisflourishingindustryaccountingfornearlyhalfofallspendingispay-per-clickadvertisingwhichisusedbyfirmsbothlargeandsmalltopromotetheirwares.Thebenefitsofthepay-per-clickapproachovertraditionaladvertisingtelevisionradioprintandbillboardsareobvious.Sinceadvertiserspayonlytoreachthesmallsubsetwhoactuallyrespondtoanadvertisementthequalityoftheleadsgeneratedisveryhighandadvertisersarepreparedtopayaccordingly.Theprice:perclickvariesfrom$0.10toasmuchas$30dependingonthekeywordthoughtheaverageisaround$0.50.Googlemademostofits$6.1billioninrevenuelastyearfrompay-per-clickadvertising.Butaspay-per-clickadvertisinghasgrownintoahugeindustryconcernhasmountedoverso-calledclickfraud--bogusclicksthatdonotcomefromgenuinelyinterestedcustomers.Ittakestwomainforms.Ifyouclickrepeatedlyontheadvertisementsonyourownwebsiteorgetotherpeopleormachinestodosoonyourbehalfyoucangenerateastreamofboguscommissions.Clickfraudcanalsobeusedbyonecompanyagainstanother:clickingonarivalfirm’sadvertisementscansaddleitwithahugebill.Bogusclicksarethoughttoaccountforaround10%ofallclicktrafficthoughnobodyknowsforsure.AfewmonthsagoMr.Grosspioneeredanalternativetothepay-per-clickmodel.InFebruarySnapasearchenginebackedbyMr.Grosslaunchedpay-per-actionPPAanewmodelinwhichadvertiserspayonlyifaclickonanadisfollowedbyanactionsuchasapurchaseoradownload.MightthisputanendtoclickfraudDon’tbetonitsaysMikeZemanatStarcomanadvertisingagency.Payper-actionwillbeanichehepredictssinceconvertingaclickintoanactiondependsonavarietyoffactorssuchastheeaseofuseoftheadvertiser’swebsite.Googleanditspeerswillbereluctanttobesodependentonfactorsoutsidetheircontrol.ButMr.Tobaccowalathinkspay-per-actioncouldbecomearealalternativetopay-per-click.Asbiggercompaniesspendmoreoninternetadvertising;theywilldemandmoreaccountabilityandawiderrangeofoptionshesays.Attheveryleastthatmeansclampingdownonclickfraud;butitalsopresentsanopportunityforentrepreneurstoinventnewmodelsthatarelessvulnerabletoabuse.ThePPAwillbecomemorepopulardueto______.
Ifyouthinkyoucanmaketheplanetbetterbyclevershoppingthinkagain.Youmightmakeitworse. Youprobablygoshoppingseveraltimesamonthprovidingyourselfwithlotsofopportunitiestoexpressyouropinions.Ifyouareworriedabouttheenvironmentyoumightbuyorganicfood;ifyouwanttohelppoorfarmersyoucandoyourbitbybuyingFairtradeproducts;oryoucanexpressadislikeofevilmultinationalcompaniesandrampantglobalizationbybuyingonlylocalproduce.Andthebestbitisthatshoppingunlikevotingisfun;soyoucandogoodandenjoyyourselfatthesametime. Sadlyit’snotthateasy.41.Peoplewhowanttomaketheworldabetterplacecannotdosobyshiftingtheirshoppinghabits:transformingtheplanetrequiresdullerdisciplineslikepolitics. Organicfoodwhichisgrownwithoutman-madepesticidesandfertilisersisgenerallyassumedtobemoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanconventionalintensivefarmingwhichisheavilyreliantonchemicalinputs.Butitalldependsonwhatyoumeanby"environmentallyfriendly".Farmingisinherentlybadfortheenvironment:sincehumanstookituparound11000yearsagotheresulthasbeendeforestationonamassivescale. 42.Organicmethodswhichrelyoncroprotationmanureandcompostinplaceoffertiliserarefarlessintensive.Soproducingtheworld’scurrentagriculturaloutputorganicallywouldrequireseveraltimesasmuchlandasiscurrentlycultivated.Therewouldn’tbemuchroomleftfortherainforest. Fairtradefoodisdesignedtoraisepoorfarmers’incomes.Itissoldatahigherpricethanordinaryfoodwithasubsidypassedbacktothefarmer.Butpricesofagriculturalcommoditiesarelowbecauseofoverproduction43. Surelythecaseforlocalfoodproducedascloseaspossibletotheconsumerinordertominimise"foodmiles"andbyextensioncarbonemissionsisclearSurprisinglyitisnot.AstudyofBritain’sfoodsystemfoundthatnearlyhalfoffood-vehiclemilesi.e.milestravelledbyvehiclescarryingfoodweredrivenbycarsgoingtoandfromtheshops.Mostpeopleliveclosertoasupermarketthanafarmer’smarketsomorelocalfoodcouldmeanmorefood-vehiclemiles.Movingfoodaroundinbigcarefullypackedlorriesassupermarketsdomayinfactbethemostefficientwaytotransportthestuff What’smoreoncetheenergyusedinproductionaswellastransportistakenintoaccountlocalfoodmayturnouttobeevenlessgreen.44.Andthelocal-foodmovement’saimsofcoursecontradictthoseoftheFairtrademovementbydiscouragingrich-countryconsumersfrombuyingpoor-countryproduce.Butsincethelocal-foodmovementlookssuspiciouslylikeold-fashionedprotectionismmasqueradingasconcernfortheenvironmenthelpingpoorcountriesispresumablynotthepoint. 45.Theproblemslieinthemeansnottheends.Thebestthingaboutthespreadoftheethical-foodmovementisthatitoffersgroundsforhope.Itsendsasignalthatthereisanenormousappetiteforchangeandwidespreadfrustrationthatgovernmentsarenotdoingenoughtopreservetheenvironmentreformworldtradeorencouragedevelopment. [A]Theaimsofmuchoftheethical-foodmovement--toprotecttheenvironmenttoencouragedevelopmentandtoredressthedistortionsinglobaltrade--areadmirable. [B]BymaintainingthepricetheFairtradesystemencouragesfarmerstoproducemoreofthesecommoditiesratherthandiversifyingintoothercropsandsodepressesprices--thusachievingformostfarmersexactlytheoppositeofwhattheinitiativeisintendedtodo. [C]Properfreetradewouldbebyfarthebestwaytohelppoorfarmers.Taxingcarbonwouldpricethecostofemissionsintothepriceofgoodsandretailerswouldthenhaveanincentivetosourcelocallyifitsavedenergy. [D]Therearegoodreasonstodoubttheclaimsmadeaboutthreeofthemostpopularvarietiesof"ethical"food:organicfoodFairtradefoodandlocalfood. [E]Butfollowingthe"greenrevolution"ofthe1960sgreateruseofchemicalfertiliserhastripledgrainyieldswithverylittleincreaseintheareaoflandundercultivation. [F]Andsinceonlyasmallfractionofthemark-uponFairtradefoodsactuallygoestothefarmer--mostgoestotheretailer-thesystemgivesrichconsumersaninflatedimpressionoftheirlargesseandmakesalleviatingpovertyseemtooeasy. [G]ProducinglambinNewZealandandshippingittoBritainuseslessenergythanproducingBritishlambbecausefanninginNewZealandislessenergy-intensive. 44
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 6
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 16
Internetadvertisingisbooming.Theindustryhasgonefrom$9.6billioninrevenuein2001to$27billionthisyearaccordingtoPiperJaffrayaninvestmentbank.Anditisstillearlydays.Theinternetaccountsforonly5%oftotalspendingonadvertisingbutthatfigureisexpectedtoreachatleast20%inthenextfewyears.Thesinglelargestcategorywithinthisflourishingindustryaccountingfornearlyhalfofallspendingispay-per-clickadvertisingwhichisusedbyfirmsbothlargeandsmalltopromotetheirwares.Thebenefitsofthepay-per-clickapproachovertraditionaladvertisingtelevisionradioprintandbillboardsareobvious.Sinceadvertiserspayonlytoreachthesmallsubsetwhoactuallyrespondtoanadvertisementthequalityoftheleadsgeneratedisveryhighandadvertisersarepreparedtopayaccordingly.Theprice:perclickvariesfrom$0.10toasmuchas$30dependingonthekeywordthoughtheaverageisaround$0.50.Googlemademostofits$6.1billioninrevenuelastyearfrompay-per-clickadvertising.Butaspay-per-clickadvertisinghasgrownintoahugeindustryconcernhasmountedoverso-calledclickfraud--bogusclicksthatdonotcomefromgenuinelyinterestedcustomers.Ittakestwomainforms.Ifyouclickrepeatedlyontheadvertisementsonyourownwebsiteorgetotherpeopleormachinestodosoonyourbehalfyoucangenerateastreamofboguscommissions.Clickfraudcanalsobeusedbyonecompanyagainstanother:clickingonarivalfirm’sadvertisementscansaddleitwithahugebill.Bogusclicksarethoughttoaccountforaround10%ofallclicktrafficthoughnobodyknowsforsure.AfewmonthsagoMr.Grosspioneeredanalternativetothepay-per-clickmodel.InFebruarySnapasearchenginebackedbyMr.Grosslaunchedpay-per-actionPPAanewmodelinwhichadvertiserspayonlyifaclickonanadisfollowedbyanactionsuchasapurchaseoradownload.MightthisputanendtoclickfraudDon’tbetonitsaysMikeZemanatStarcomanadvertisingagency.Payper-actionwillbeanichehepredictssinceconvertingaclickintoanactiondependsonavarietyoffactorssuchastheeaseofuseoftheadvertiser’swebsite.Googleanditspeerswillbereluctanttobesodependentonfactorsoutsidetheircontrol.ButMr.Tobaccowalathinkspay-per-actioncouldbecomearealalternativetopay-per-click.Asbiggercompaniesspendmoreoninternetadvertising;theywilldemandmoreaccountabilityandawiderrangeofoptionshesays.Attheveryleastthatmeansclampingdownonclickfraud;butitalsopresentsanopportunityforentrepreneurstoinventnewmodelsthatarelessvulnerabletoabuse.Thepriceperclickdependsonthekeywordbecause______.
TheenlightenmentneedsrescuingorsothinksJonathanIsraelthepre-eminenthistorianof17th-centuryHolland.In2001hepublishedRadicalEnlightenment.HenowoffersasecondVolumewithathirdtocome.46ThethreevolumeswillbethefirstcomprehensivehistoryoftheEnlightenmentfordecades--andMr.Israel’sgroundbreakinginterpretationlookssettoestablishitselfastheonetobeat. Theperiodwasoncethoughtofasagloriouschapterinthehistoryofmankindatimewhentheforcesoflightscienceprogressandtolerancetriumphedovertheforcesofdarknesssuperstitionandprejudice.TodaytheEnlightenmenttendstobedismissed.47Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.Post-colonialistsaccuseitofbeingEurocentricanapologyforimperialism.NationalisthistoriansrejecttheideaofacoherentuniversalmovementpreferringtotalkabouttheEnglishFrenchevenIcelandicEnlightenments. Mr.Israelhassethimselfthetaskoilrepellingthesecriticsandre-establishingtheperiodasthedefiningepisodeintheliberationofman.Hisargumentsareconvincing.HecontendsthatthereweretwoEnlightenmentsoneRadicalandtheotherModerate.TheRadicalsinspiredbySpinozawerematerialistsatheistsandequalities.48TheModerateswhofollowedLockeandNewtonwereconservativeandmoreathomethantheRadicalsinthehierarchicalanddeeplyreligiousworldof18th-centuryEurope.TheyadvocatedonlyapartialEnlightenment. InMr.Israel’sopiniontheRadicalsofferedtheonlytrueEnlightenmentgivingusdemocracyequalityindividuallibertyandsecularmorality.TheModeratesontheotherhandhaveleftanambiguousandintheendharmfullegacy.Whilepromotingtolerancetheyremaineduncomfortablewiththeideaofuniversalequality.Whileadvancingreasontheyfailedtodivorcemoralityfromreligionandtriedtorationalizefaith.49Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon.Worststilltheysupplytoday’scriticswiththeevidencetheyneedtoblackenthemovement. Thisre-evaluationmakesforanunfamiliarpictureoftheEnlightenmentanditstorchbearers.AccordingtoMr.Israel"enlightenedvalues"werebornnotinEnglandbutinHollandandhere-castsmensuchasLockeVoltaireandevenHumeoncethoughtofaschampionsofthepartyoflightasapologistsforcolonialismandenemiesofequality.InadditionMr.Israelwouldlikehisbooktobestudiedbeyondacademia.Inanidealworldeveryonewouldbereadingit.50HisstupendousresearchandgraspofthesourcesaresuchthatfewwillcontesthiscoreargumentthattheEnlightenmentwasacoherentEurope-widephenomenonintellectualinoriginwhichrepresentedaprofoundshiftinthewaythatmenthoughtaboutthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem. 48
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleapIfigureditwastheeasiestway.Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout.Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateistosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners.ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million.SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised$2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’ThisisnonsensehesaysMostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable.AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatherislikeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward./ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheboardoftheGoldenGateBridgewill______.
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 4
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleapIfigureditwastheeasiestway.Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout.Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateistosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners.ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million.SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised$2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’ThisisnonsensehesaysMostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable.AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatherislikeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward./Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthefoundationofbarriersoverthebridge
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 8
Ifyouthinkyoucanmaketheplanetbetterbyclevershoppingthinkagain.Youmightmakeitworse. Youprobablygoshoppingseveraltimesamonthprovidingyourselfwithlotsofopportunitiestoexpressyouropinions.Ifyouareworriedabouttheenvironmentyoumightbuyorganicfood;ifyouwanttohelppoorfarmersyoucandoyourbitbybuyingFairtradeproducts;oryoucanexpressadislikeofevilmultinationalcompaniesandrampantglobalizationbybuyingonlylocalproduce.Andthebestbitisthatshoppingunlikevotingisfun;soyoucandogoodandenjoyyourselfatthesametime. Sadlyit’snotthateasy.41.Peoplewhowanttomaketheworldabetterplacecannotdosobyshiftingtheirshoppinghabits:transformingtheplanetrequiresdullerdisciplineslikepolitics. Organicfoodwhichisgrownwithoutman-madepesticidesandfertilisersisgenerallyassumedtobemoreenvironmentallyfriendlythanconventionalintensivefarmingwhichisheavilyreliantonchemicalinputs.Butitalldependsonwhatyoumeanby"environmentallyfriendly".Farmingisinherentlybadfortheenvironment:sincehumanstookituparound11000yearsagotheresulthasbeendeforestationonamassivescale. 42.Organicmethodswhichrelyoncroprotationmanureandcompostinplaceoffertiliserarefarlessintensive.Soproducingtheworld’scurrentagriculturaloutputorganicallywouldrequireseveraltimesasmuchlandasiscurrentlycultivated.Therewouldn’tbemuchroomleftfortherainforest. Fairtradefoodisdesignedtoraisepoorfarmers’incomes.Itissoldatahigherpricethanordinaryfoodwithasubsidypassedbacktothefarmer.Butpricesofagriculturalcommoditiesarelowbecauseofoverproduction43. Surelythecaseforlocalfoodproducedascloseaspossibletotheconsumerinordertominimise"foodmiles"andbyextensioncarbonemissionsisclearSurprisinglyitisnot.AstudyofBritain’sfoodsystemfoundthatnearlyhalfoffood-vehiclemilesi.e.milestravelledbyvehiclescarryingfoodweredrivenbycarsgoingtoandfromtheshops.Mostpeopleliveclosertoasupermarketthanafarmer’smarketsomorelocalfoodcouldmeanmorefood-vehiclemiles.Movingfoodaroundinbigcarefullypackedlorriesassupermarketsdomayinfactbethemostefficientwaytotransportthestuff What’smoreoncetheenergyusedinproductionaswellastransportistakenintoaccountlocalfoodmayturnouttobeevenlessgreen.44.Andthelocal-foodmovement’saimsofcoursecontradictthoseoftheFairtrademovementbydiscouragingrich-countryconsumersfrombuyingpoor-countryproduce.Butsincethelocal-foodmovementlookssuspiciouslylikeold-fashionedprotectionismmasqueradingasconcernfortheenvironmenthelpingpoorcountriesispresumablynotthepoint. 45.Theproblemslieinthemeansnottheends.Thebestthingaboutthespreadoftheethical-foodmovementisthatitoffersgroundsforhope.Itsendsasignalthatthereisanenormousappetiteforchangeandwidespreadfrustrationthatgovernmentsarenotdoingenoughtopreservetheenvironmentreformworldtradeorencouragedevelopment. [A]Theaimsofmuchoftheethical-foodmovement--toprotecttheenvironmenttoencouragedevelopmentandtoredressthedistortionsinglobaltrade--areadmirable. [B]BymaintainingthepricetheFairtradesystemencouragesfarmerstoproducemoreofthesecommoditiesratherthandiversifyingintoothercropsandsodepressesprices--thusachievingformostfarmersexactlytheoppositeofwhattheinitiativeisintendedtodo. [C]Properfreetradewouldbebyfarthebestwaytohelppoorfarmers.Taxingcarbonwouldpricethecostofemissionsintothepriceofgoodsandretailerswouldthenhaveanincentivetosourcelocallyifitsavedenergy. [D]Therearegoodreasonstodoubttheclaimsmadeaboutthreeofthemostpopularvarietiesof"ethical"food:organicfoodFairtradefoodandlocalfood. [E]Butfollowingthe"greenrevolution"ofthe1960sgreateruseofchemicalfertiliserhastripledgrainyieldswithverylittleincreaseintheareaoflandundercultivation. [F]Andsinceonlyasmallfractionofthemark-uponFairtradefoodsactuallygoestothefarmer--mostgoestotheretailer-thesystemgivesrichconsumersaninflatedimpressionoftheirlargesseandmakesalleviatingpovertyseemtooeasy. [G]ProducinglambinNewZealandandshippingittoBritainuseslessenergythanproducingBritishlambbecausefanninginNewZealandislessenergy-intensive. 42
[A]Energisingmoney [B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney [D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic [F]Acashcall[ G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 42
Directions:Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGiorgione46Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetianrevolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodieslandscapesandfemalebeautywastitled"modern"bytheleadingartcommentatorofthedayVasari. Giorgionewasnotaloneasillustratedbytheexcellentcatalogueaccompanyingtheexhibition"BelliniGiorgioneTitianandtheRenaissanceofVenetianPainting"nowshowingattheNationalGalleryofArtinWashingtonD.C.47WhatmadehimandthegenerationofartistsheinspiredsospecialwashisabilitytoabsorbthenewcurrentsofculturethenflowingthroughVenice.AcatalystwasLeonardodaVinciwhobrieflyvisitedVenicein1500.InLeonardo’sdrawingsGiorgioneaswellastheyoungerartistTitianandtheirmasterGiovanniBelliniglimpsedanewconceptionofthehumanformbasedonobservationandexpressedinsmokycontoursandsubtleshadesoflightanddark. Overthesubsequent30yearsoneofthemostexcitingperiodsinthehistoryofartunfolded.InreadableengagingessaysDavidBrownandSylviaFerino-Pagdentheexhibition’scuratorstogetherwithateamoftopscholarstellitsstory.WelearnhowthistriumvirateofVenetianpaintersdevourednotonlyLeonardo’sideasbutalsothoseofAlbrechtDarertheGermanartistwhoserealisticrenderingofnaturewasknowninVenicethroughprintsevenbeforehissojourntherein1506-7.48Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscapecouldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolicbackdropforreligioussubjects. Theresultwasanewstylefullofnaturalmovementsensualityandpoeticatmosphere.49Venetianpaintinghadlongbeencharacterizedbyitsjewel-likecolor--obtainedbygrindingcoloredglassandminerals--butnowitwasappliedinawaythatgaveartthekissoflife. Giorgioneblazedthetrail.AtopstudentofBellinihelaterforgedhisownstyleinspiredbythecurrentvogueforpastorallovepoetrybasedonrecentlydiscoveredancienttextsthenthebestsellersofVenice’sflourishingprintingindustry.50Heexcelledatwhatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetweenpaintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrivalpoetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind.Thiswasrevolutionarybecauseitimpliedthatpaintingoriginatedintheimaginationoftheartistratherthanbeingasimplerecordingofthegreatandthegoodhistoryandreligion.Itprovedpainterswerecreatorsandnotjustcraftsmen. Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscapecouldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolicbackdropforreligioussubjects.
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 18
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleapIfigureditwastheeasiestway.Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout.Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateistosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners.ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million.SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised$2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’ThisisnonsensehesaysMostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable.AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatherislikeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward./KevinHineschoosetocommitsuicideatsuchanearlyageinthat______.
WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGiorgione46Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetianrevolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodieslandscapesandfemalebeautywastitled"modern"bytheleadingartcommentatorofthedayVasari. Giorgionewasnotaloneasillustratedbytheexcellentcatalogueaccompanyingtheexhibition"BelliniGiorgioneTitianandtheRenaissanceofVenetianPainting"nowshowingattheNationalGalleryofArtinWashingtonD.C.47WhatmadehimandthegenerationofartistsheinspiredsospecialwashisabilitytoabsorbthenewcurrentsofculturethenflowingthroughVenice.AcatalystwasLeonardodaVinciwhobrieflyvisitedVenicein1500.InLeonardo’sdrawingsGiorgioneaswellastheyoungerartistTitianandtheirmasterGiovanniBelliniglimpsedanewconceptionofthehumanformbasedonobservationandexpressedinsmokycontoursandsubtleshadesoflightanddark. Overthesubsequent30yearsoneofthemostexcitingperiodsinthehistoryofartunfolded.InreadableengagingessaysDavidBrownandSylviaFerino-Pagdentheexhibition’scuratorstogetherwithateamoftopscholarstellitsstory.WelearnhowthistriumvirateofVenetianpaintersdevourednotonlyLeonardo’sideasbutalsothoseofAlbrechtDarertheGermanartistwhoserealisticrenderingofnaturewasknowninVenicethroughprintsevenbeforehissojourntherein1506-7.48Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscapecouldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolicbackdropforreligioussubjects. Theresultwasanewstylefullofnaturalmovementsensualityandpoeticatmosphere.49Venetianpaintinghadlongbeencharacterizedbyitsjewel-likecolor--obtainedbygrindingcoloredglassandminerals--butnowitwasappliedinawaythatgaveartthekissoflife. Giorgioneblazedthetrail.AtopstudentofBellinihelaterforgedhisownstyleinspiredbythecurrentvogueforpastorallovepoetrybasedonrecentlydiscoveredancienttextsthenthebestsellersofVenice’sflourishingprintingindustry.50Heexcelledatwhatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetweenpaintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrivalpoetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind.Thiswasrevolutionarybecauseitimpliedthatpaintingoriginatedintheimaginationoftheartistratherthanbeingasimplerecordingofthegreatandthegoodhistoryandreligion.Itprovedpainterswerecreatorsandnotjustcraftsmen. Heexcelledatwhatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetweenpaintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrivalpoetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind.
[A]Energisingmoney [B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney [D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic [F]Acashcall[ G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 44
ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem.OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom.AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolintolock-down.Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled.October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom.WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995.Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudiencemenaredecidingtotaketheirlivesandthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem.Truebutnotveryoften.Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill.GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecauseagreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns./AccordingtoHelenSmithwhydidthemenkillothersbeforetheycommitsuicide
ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem.OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom.AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolintolock-down.Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled.October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom.WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995.Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudiencemenaredecidingtotaketheirlivesandthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem.Truebutnotveryoften.Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill.GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecauseagreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns./WhydidFBIdeemitimpossibletoproduceausefulprofileofapossibleshooter
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 2
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 20
What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllisonasksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero.NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample.Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.ForthefirsttimeanewstudyIt’sAllAboutMetobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries.Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhisWho’sWhoentry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive.Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad.Thewordself-effacinginthelastsentenceofParagraph2mostprobablymeans______.
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 12
Whatimpactcanmobilephoneshaveontheirusers’healthManypeopleworryaboutthesupposedilleffectscausedbyradiationfromhandsetsandbasestations1thelackofcredibleevidenceofanyharm.Butevidenceforthebeneficialeffectsofmobilephonesonhealthisrathermore2Indeedasystematicreview3outbyRifatAtunandhiscolleaguesatImperialCollegeroundsup1504oftheuseoftext-messaginginthe5ofhealthcare.Theseuses6threecategories:efficiencygains;public-healthgains;anddirectbenefitstopatientsby7text-messagingintotreatmentregimes. Usingtextingto8efficiencyisnotprofoundsciencebutbigsavingscanbeachieved.Several9carriedoutinEnglandhavefoundthattheuseoftext-messagingreminders10thenumberofmissedappointmentswithfamilydoctorsby26-39%andthenumberofmissedhospitalappointmentsby33-50%.Ifsuchschemeswere11nationallythiswouldtranslate12annualsavingsof￡256-364million. Textmessagescanalsobeagoodwaytodeliverpublic-healthinformationparticularlytogroups13arehardtoreachbyothermeans.TextmessageshavebeenusedinIndiato14peopleabouttheWorldHealthOrganization’sstrategytocontrollungdisease.InIraqtextmessageswereusedtosupporta15toimmunizenearly5millionchildren16paralysis. 17therearetheusesoftext-messagingaspartofatreatmentregime.Theseinvolvesendingreminderstopatientsto18theirmedicineortoencourageaccordancewithexerciseregimes.HoweverDr.Rifatnotesthattheevidencefortheeffectivenessofsuchschemesisgenerally19andmorequantitativeresearchis20 10
WHOwasthefirstmodernartist.9HowaboutGiorgione46Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetianrevolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodieslandscapesandfemalebeautywastitled"modern"bytheleadingartcommentatorofthedayVasari. Giorgionewasnotaloneasillustratedbytheexcellentcatalogueaccompanyingtheexhibition"BelliniGiorgioneTitianandtheRenaissanceofVenetianPainting"nowshowingattheNationalGalleryofArtinWashingtonD.C.47WhatmadehimandthegenerationofartistsheinspiredsospecialwashisabilitytoabsorbthenewcurrentsofculturethenflowingthroughVenice.AcatalystwasLeonardodaVinciwhobrieflyvisitedVenicein1500.InLeonardo’sdrawingsGiorgioneaswellastheyoungerartistTitianandtheirmasterGiovanniBelliniglimpsedanewconceptionofthehumanformbasedonobservationandexpressedinsmokycontoursandsubtleshadesoflightanddark. Overthesubsequent30yearsoneofthemostexcitingperiodsinthehistoryofartunfolded.InreadableengagingessaysDavidBrownandSylviaFerino-Pagdentheexhibition’scuratorstogetherwithateamoftopscholarstellitsstory.WelearnhowthistriumvirateofVenetianpaintersdevourednotonlyLeonardo’sideasbutalsothoseofAlbrechtDarertheGermanartistwhoserealisticrenderingofnaturewasknowninVenicethroughprintsevenbeforehissojourntherein1506-7.48Darer’sworktaughtVenetianartiststhatlandscapecouldbeanindependentelementofapaintingratherthanjustasymbolicbackdropforreligioussubjects. Theresultwasanewstylefullofnaturalmovementsensualityandpoeticatmosphere.49Venetianpaintinghadlongbeencharacterizedbyitsjewel-likecolor--obtainedbygrindingcoloredglassandminerals--butnowitwasappliedinawaythatgaveartthekissoflife. Giorgioneblazedthetrail.AtopstudentofBellinihelaterforgedhisownstyleinspiredbythecurrentvogueforpastorallovepoetrybasedonrecentlydiscoveredancienttextsthenthebestsellersofVenice’sflourishingprintingindustry.50Heexcelledatwhatwasknownamongtheeducatedeliteasthemodelacompetitionbetweenpaintingandpoetryinwhichpainterssoughttoprovethattheycouldrivalpoetsinconveyingbeautybyappealingtotheeyesaswellastothemind.Thiswasrevolutionarybecauseitimpliedthatpaintingoriginatedintheimaginationoftheartistratherthanbeingasimplerecordingofthegreatandthegoodhistoryandreligion.Itprovedpainterswerecreatorsandnotjustcraftsmen. Afar-fetchednotionperhapsbutthisRenaissanceVenetianrevolutionizedpainting--andhisworkfocusingonsubjectssuchasbodieslandscapesandfemalebeautywastitledmodernbytheleadingartcommentatorofthedayVasari.
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