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Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture 3giveyourcommentonthephenomenon. Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmore.intractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious-andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival."Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100KratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalled"ThePurpose-DrivenLife"whoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree
Text2Browsethroughtheracksofdressesskirtsandtopsinalmostanytrendyclothingstoreinfashion-savvyArgentinaandwhetheryoufindsomethingthatfitsdependsonyoursize.Butshopscarryfew—ifany—optionsforcurvaceouswomen.WhenyougointoastoreandfindanextralargeyouknowthatitisreallytheequivalentofamediumorevenasmallbasedonAmericanstandards.Youfeelfrustratedbemuseyoustarttothinkthateverybodyislikethisandthatyouarebig.Butthat’snottrue.Inthisbeauty-consciousnationwhichhastheworld’ssecond-highestrateofanorexiamanyarepartiallyblarningthecountry’sclothingindustryforofferingonlytinysizesofthelatestfashions.Theresultisadangerousparadoxofgirlsandwomenadaptingtotheclothesratherthanclothesadaptingtothem.TheArgentinelegislatureisconsideringwhethertoforceclothingmanufacturerstocover"alltheanthropometricmeasurementsoftheArgentinewoman"uptoextralargesize.Thebillalsoaddressestherelatedproblemofso-called"tricky"labelinginwhichSMandLdesignationsvarybybrandandaresmallerthaninternationalstandards.Theproposalhasraisedeyebrowsinahistoricallyflirtatioussocietyskepticalofgovernmentandwellknownforitsobsessionwithbeauty."Argentinahastheworld’shighestratesofaestheticsurgery"saysMabelBellofounderoftheAssociationfortheFightAgainstAnorexia."Whenyouaxetalkingabouthowpreoccupiedwithbeautyoursocietyisthatisthemosttellingstatistic."Forexpertssuchstatisticsspellfutilityforlegalremedies."Thesetypesoflawsarenotgoingtocauselastingchanges"saysSusanaSaulquinasociologistoffashion."Abetterwaytoaddresstheproblemisthroughpubliceducationthatemphasizesbalancedeatinghabitsoveranunrealisticidealofbeauty."Currentlycompaniestrytopreservebrandimagebycateringtoyoungandextremelythincustomersbutovertimeshebelievesamorebalancedviewofbeautywillemerge.Fortheirpartindustrygroupscondemnthebillasoverreachingstateintervening.Theysaytheirbusinessdecisionsareguidedbyconsumerdemand."Wearenotinfavorofanythingthatregulatesthemarket"saysLauraCoddaarepresentativeofmajorclothingmanufacturers."Everyclothingcompanyhastherighttomakeanythingtheycansell—anycoloranysizes."ShesayshergroupisnotopposedtomeasuresthatwouldstandardizesizingbutshenotesthatmanyifnotmostclothesinArgentinestoresalreadycarrythenumericaldesignationscalledforinthehill.Ifhistoryisaguidethefateoftheproposedlawissomewhatbleak.Howeverin2005theprovincialgovernmentofBuenosAiresmanagedtopassasimilarlaw—althoughthegovernorfailedtosignit. Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text4ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostfight-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecialisationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180’relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainisusuallydominant.Andonaverageleft-handersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshould’putthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFauriethinksheknowstheanswer.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.Dr.Fauriesetouttotestthishypothesis.Fightinginmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDr.Fauriedecidedtoconfinehisinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolenceintraditionalsocieties.BytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeopleDr.Fauriefoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomarnoculture.Themurderrateis415er1000inhabitantsperyear.AndaccordingtoDr.Faurie22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeopleaxemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". Theauthor'sattitudetowardleft-handersis
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallabourarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition. Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies. AlanBlinderaneconomistatPrincetonUniversitybelievesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoringandthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evensothemerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages. MoreoversaysMr.Blindereducationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountantsradiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroadwhereashumbletaxidriversjanitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshasfallenby6%since9000abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages. Inthe1980sandearly1990sthepaygapbetweenlow-paidlow-skilledworkersandhigh-paidhigh-skilledWorkerswidenedsignificantly.ButsincethenaccordingtoastudybyDavidAutorLawrenceKatzandMelissaKearneyinAmericaBritainandGermanyworkersatthebottomaswellasatthetophavedonebetterthanthoseinthemiddle-incomegroup.OfficecleaningcannotbedonebyworkersinIndia.Itistheeasilystandardisedskilledjobsinthemiddlesuchasaccountingthatarenowbeingsqueezedhardest.AstudybyBradfordJensenandLoriKletzerattheInstituteforInternationalEconomicsinWashingtonD.C.confirmsthatworkersintradableservicesthatareexposedtoforeigncompetitiontendtobemoreskilledthanworkersinnon-tradableservicesandtradablemanufacturingindustries. Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthetext
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Theplanet’swildcreaturesfaceanewthreatfromyuppiesemptynesterssingletonsandoneparentfamilies.Biologistsstudyingthepressureontheplanet’sdwindlingbiodiversitytodayreportonanewreasonforalarm.Althoughtherateofgrowthinthehumanpopulationisdecreasingthenumberofindividualhouseholdsisexploding.Evenwherepopulationshaveactuallydwindled—insomeregionsofNewZealandforinstance—thenumberofindividualhouseholdshasincreasedbecauseofdivorcecareerchoicesmallerfamiliesandlongerlifespans.JianguoLiuofMichiganStateUniversityandcolleaguesfromStanfordUniversityinCaliforniareportinNatureinapaperpublishedonlineinadvancethatagreaternumberofindividualhouseholdseachcontainingonaveragefewerpeoplemeantmorepressureonnaturalresources.Townsandcitiesbegantosprawlasnewhomeswerebuilt.Eachhouseholdneededfueltoheatandlightit;eachhouseholdrequireditsownplumbingcookingandrefrigeration."Inlargerhouseholdstheefficiencyofresourceconsumptionwillbealothigherbecausemorepeoplesharethings"Dr.Liusaid.Heandhiscolleagueslookedatthepopulationpatternsoflifein141countriesincluding76"hotspot"regionsunusuallyrichinavarietyofendemicwildlife.ThesehotspotsincludedAustraliaNewZealandtheUSBrazilChinaIndiaKenyaandItaly.Theyfoundthatbetween1985and2000inthe"hotspot"partsoftheglobetheannual3.1%growthrateinthenumberofhouseholdswasfarhigherthanthepopulationgrowthrateof1.8%."Hadtheaveragehouseholdsizeremainedatthe1985level"thescientistsreport"therewouldhavebeen155mfewerhouseholdsinhotspotcountriesin2000.Paradoxicallysmallerhouseholdsdonotmeansmallerhomes.InIndianRivercountyFloridatheaverageareaofaone-storeysinglefamilyhouseincreased33%inthepastthreedecades."Dr.Liu’sworkgrewfromthealarmingdiscoverythatthegiantpandaslivinginChina’sWolongreserveweremoreatrisknowthantheywerewhenthereservewasfirstestablished.Thelocalpopulationhadgrownbutthetotalnumberofhomeshadincreasedmoreswiftlytomakegreaterinroadsintothebambooforests.GretchenDailyofStanfordoneoftheauthorssaid:"Wealldependonopenspaceandwildplacesnotjustforpeaceofmindbutforvitalservicessuchascroppollinationwaterpurificationandclimatestabilization.Thealarmingthingaboutthisstudyisthefindingthatiffamilygroupscontinuetobecomesmallerandsmallerwemightcontinuelosingbiodiversity—evenifwegettheaggregatehumanpopulationsizestabilised." Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthispassage
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Cardiologistshavepioneeredtheworld’sfirstnon-surgicalbypassoperationtoturnaveinintoanarteryusinganewtechniquetodivertbloodflowinamanwithsevereheartdisease.41._______________Althoughmajorheartsurgeryisbecomingcommonplacewithmorethan28000bypassoperationsintheUKannuallyitistraumaticforpatientsandinvolvesalongrecoveryperiod.Thenewtechniquewascarriedoutbyaninternationalteambfdoctorswhoperformedthenon-invasivesurgeryona53-year-oldGermanpatient.42.________________AccordingtoaspecialreportinCirculation:JournaloftheAmericanHeartAssociationcardiologistsdevelopedaspecialcatheter导管whichwasinsertedintooneofhislegarteriesthreadedupthroughtheaorta主动脉tothetopofthediseasedarterywhichwastheonlypartstillopenandreceivingblood.43.______________Athinflexiblewirewasthreadedthroughtheneedleandtheneedleandcatheterwerewithdrawnleavingthewirebehindandasmallangioplasty血管成形术balloonwhichwasusedtowidenthechannel.Finallytheveinwasblockedoffjustabovethenewchannelallowingbloodfromthearterytobere-routeddownthevein.44.______________Dr.StephenOesterlewholedtheteamsaid:"Thismilestonemarksthefirstcoronaryarterybypassperformedwithacatheter.Thetechnologyoffersarealistichopefortrulyminimallyinvasivebypassproceduresinthefuture."Dr.OesterleisdirectorofcardiologyatMassachusettsGeneralHospitalandassociateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBoston.MelanieHaddoncardiacnurseattheBritishHeartFoundationsaiditwaslikelytobemanyyearsbeforetheprocedurewasroutinelyusedinhospitals.“Non-invasivesurgerysuchasthisnewmethodcouldhelpminimizetherisksbringinggreatbenefitstothepatient."Aclot-bustingdrugcombinedwith10-minutespurtsofexercisehasbeenfoundtogrownewbloodvesselsinchildrenwithheartdisease.45._______________X-raysshowedthatoverafivemonthperiodanetworkoftinynewbloodvesselsformedintwoofthepatients.Inallsevenindividualsthetreatmentwasassociatedwithimprovedbloodflowtotheheartmuscleintheareasaroundtheblockage. [A]Ineverycasethetherapyincreasedthesizeoftheblockedarteryallowingmorebloodtopassthrough. [B]Thediabeticpatientwhohasnotbeannamedhadsufferedseverechestpainsbecauseoneofhiscoronaryarterieswasseverelyblockedanddeprivinghisheartmuscleofoxygenbuthewasconsideredbydoctorstobeunsuitablefortraditionalbypasssurgery. [C]Thenguidedbyultra-soundaphysicianpushedaneedlefrominsidethecatheterthroughthearterywallandintotheadjacentvein. [D]Thekeyholeprocedurewhichavoidstheextensiveinvasivesurgeryofaconventionalbypasswillofferhopetotensofthousandsofpeopleatriskfromheartattacks.CoronaryheartdiseasewherethearteriesareprogressivelysiltedupwithfattydepositsisresponsibleinamajorindustrialcountrylikeBritainformorethan160000deathseachyear. [E]Aftertheproceduretheveineffectivelybecameanarterycarryingbloodinthereversedirectionfromthepreviouswayandfeedingthestarvedhearttissuewithoxygen. [F]ResearchersinJapanstudiedsevenchildrenandteenagersaged6to19whohadatotallyblockedarteryandcouldnotbehelpedbysurgery.Theywereaskedtoexerciseonabicyclemachinetwiceadayfor10daysandgiventheanti-clottingdrugbeforeeachsession. [G]Itisveryprematuretosuggestthatthistechniquewillsignificantlyreducetheneedforcoronarybypasssurgeryinthenearfuture.Itwon’tbeasolutionforeveryone.Therealityisthatveinsarenotalwayslocatedthatclosetoanarterysoitwouldn’tworkundercertaincircumstances. 44
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Manfirstappearedonearthhalfamillionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadseveralbigadvantagesovertheanimals.Hehadalargebrainhehadanuprightbodyhehadcleverhands;andhehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthesespecialadvantagesthatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.Theycanusetheirintelligenceagainsttheirdifficultiesandmasterthem.Sincethesefar-offtimeswhenhefirstappearedmanhasachievedagreatdeal.Hehasusedanimalssteamelectricityandoiltomovehimselfmoreandmorequicklyfromplacetoplace.Hehasovercomeriversandseaswithraftscanoesboatsandshipsofendlessvariety.47Hemastereddarknessto%firstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarc-lampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyformsofpower—windwatersteamelectricity—untilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpowerwhichtiestogetherthesmallestunitsfromwhichallmatterismade.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.Manhowevercangoalmosteverywhere.Youwillfindhimlivingontheplainsandupinthehills;helivesindampareasandindry;intheforestsofthehotregionsoftheearthandinsnowhutsintheFarNorth. Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyformsofpower—windwatersteamelectricity—untilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpowerwhichtiestogetherthesmallestunitsfromwhichallmatterismade
Text4ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostfight-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecialisationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180’relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainisusuallydominant.Andonaverageleft-handersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshould’putthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFauriethinksheknowstheanswer.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.Dr.Fauriesetouttotestthishypothesis.Fightinginmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDr.Fauriedecidedtoconfinehisinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolenceintraditionalsocieties.BytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeopleDr.Fauriefoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomarnoculture.Themurderrateis415er1000inhabitantsperyear.AndaccordingtoDr.Faurie22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeopleaxemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". Paragraph4isusedinthispassageto
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Cardiologistshavepioneeredtheworld’sfirstnon-surgicalbypassoperationtoturnaveinintoanarteryusinganewtechniquetodivertbloodflowinamanwithsevereheartdisease.41._______________Althoughmajorheartsurgeryisbecomingcommonplacewithmorethan28000bypassoperationsintheUKannuallyitistraumaticforpatientsandinvolvesalongrecoveryperiod.Thenewtechniquewascarriedoutbyaninternationalteambfdoctorswhoperformedthenon-invasivesurgeryona53-year-oldGermanpatient.42.________________AccordingtoaspecialreportinCirculation:JournaloftheAmericanHeartAssociationcardiologistsdevelopedaspecialcatheter导管whichwasinsertedintooneofhislegarteriesthreadedupthroughtheaorta主动脉tothetopofthediseasedarterywhichwastheonlypartstillopenandreceivingblood.43.______________Athinflexiblewirewasthreadedthroughtheneedleandtheneedleandcatheterwerewithdrawnleavingthewirebehindandasmallangioplasty血管成形术balloonwhichwasusedtowidenthechannel.Finallytheveinwasblockedoffjustabovethenewchannelallowingbloodfromthearterytobere-routeddownthevein.44.______________Dr.StephenOesterlewholedtheteamsaid:"Thismilestonemarksthefirstcoronaryarterybypassperformedwithacatheter.Thetechnologyoffersarealistichopefortrulyminimallyinvasivebypassproceduresinthefuture."Dr.OesterleisdirectorofcardiologyatMassachusettsGeneralHospitalandassociateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBoston.MelanieHaddoncardiacnurseattheBritishHeartFoundationsaiditwaslikelytobemanyyearsbeforetheprocedurewasroutinelyusedinhospitals.“Non-invasivesurgerysuchasthisnewmethodcouldhelpminimizetherisksbringinggreatbenefitstothepatient."Aclot-bustingdrugcombinedwith10-minutespurtsofexercisehasbeenfoundtogrownewbloodvesselsinchildrenwithheartdisease.45._______________X-raysshowedthatoverafivemonthperiodanetworkoftinynewbloodvesselsformedintwoofthepatients.Inallsevenindividualsthetreatmentwasassociatedwithimprovedbloodflowtotheheartmuscleintheareasaroundtheblockage. [A]Ineverycasethetherapyincreasedthesizeoftheblockedarteryallowingmorebloodtopassthrough. [B]Thediabeticpatientwhohasnotbeannamedhadsufferedseverechestpainsbecauseoneofhiscoronaryarterieswasseverelyblockedanddeprivinghisheartmuscleofoxygenbuthewasconsideredbydoctorstobeunsuitablefortraditionalbypasssurgery. [C]Thenguidedbyultra-soundaphysicianpushedaneedlefrominsidethecatheterthroughthearterywallandintotheadjacentvein. [D]Thekeyholeprocedurewhichavoidstheextensiveinvasivesurgeryofaconventionalbypasswillofferhopetotensofthousandsofpeopleatriskfromheartattacks.CoronaryheartdiseasewherethearteriesareprogressivelysiltedupwithfattydepositsisresponsibleinamajorindustrialcountrylikeBritainformorethan160000deathseachyear. [E]Aftertheproceduretheveineffectivelybecameanarterycarryingbloodinthereversedirectionfromthepreviouswayandfeedingthestarvedhearttissuewithoxygen. [F]ResearchersinJapanstudiedsevenchildrenandteenagersaged6to19whohadatotallyblockedarteryandcouldnotbehelpedbysurgery.Theywereaskedtoexerciseonabicyclemachinetwiceadayfor10daysandgiventheanti-clottingdrugbeforeeachsession. [G]Itisveryprematuretosuggestthatthistechniquewillsignificantlyreducetheneedforcoronarybypasssurgeryinthenearfuture.Itwon’tbeasolutionforeveryone.Therealityisthatveinsarenotalwayslocatedthatclosetoanarterysoitwouldn’tworkundercertaincircumstances. 42
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Manfirstappearedonearthhalfamillionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadseveralbigadvantagesovertheanimals.Hehadalargebrainhehadanuprightbodyhehadcleverhands;andhehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthesespecialadvantagesthatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.Theycanusetheirintelligenceagainsttheirdifficultiesandmasterthem.Sincethesefar-offtimeswhenhefirstappearedmanhasachievedagreatdeal.Hehasusedanimalssteamelectricityandoiltomovehimselfmoreandmorequicklyfromplacetoplace.Hehasovercomeriversandseaswithraftscanoesboatsandshipsofendlessvariety.47Hemastereddarknessto%firstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarc-lampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyformsofpower—windwatersteamelectricity—untilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpowerwhichtiestogetherthesmallestunitsfromwhichallmatterismade.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.Manhowevercangoalmosteverywhere.Youwillfindhimlivingontheplainsandupinthehills;helivesindampareasandindry;intheforestsofthehotregionsoftheearthandinsnowhutsintheFarNorth. Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.
Text2Browsethroughtheracksofdressesskirtsandtopsinalmostanytrendyclothingstoreinfashion-savvyArgentinaandwhetheryoufindsomethingthatfitsdependsonyoursize.Butshopscarryfew—ifany—optionsforcurvaceouswomen.WhenyougointoastoreandfindanextralargeyouknowthatitisreallytheequivalentofamediumorevenasmallbasedonAmericanstandards.Youfeelfrustratedbemuseyoustarttothinkthateverybodyislikethisandthatyouarebig.Butthat’snottrue.Inthisbeauty-consciousnationwhichhastheworld’ssecond-highestrateofanorexiamanyarepartiallyblarningthecountry’sclothingindustryforofferingonlytinysizesofthelatestfashions.Theresultisadangerousparadoxofgirlsandwomenadaptingtotheclothesratherthanclothesadaptingtothem.TheArgentinelegislatureisconsideringwhethertoforceclothingmanufacturerstocover"alltheanthropometricmeasurementsoftheArgentinewoman"uptoextralargesize.Thebillalsoaddressestherelatedproblemofso-called"tricky"labelinginwhichSMandLdesignationsvarybybrandandaresmallerthaninternationalstandards.Theproposalhasraisedeyebrowsinahistoricallyflirtatioussocietyskepticalofgovernmentandwellknownforitsobsessionwithbeauty."Argentinahastheworld’shighestratesofaestheticsurgery"saysMabelBellofounderoftheAssociationfortheFightAgainstAnorexia."Whenyouaxetalkingabouthowpreoccupiedwithbeautyoursocietyisthatisthemosttellingstatistic."Forexpertssuchstatisticsspellfutilityforlegalremedies."Thesetypesoflawsarenotgoingtocauselastingchanges"saysSusanaSaulquinasociologistoffashion."Abetterwaytoaddresstheproblemisthroughpubliceducationthatemphasizesbalancedeatinghabitsoveranunrealisticidealofbeauty."Currentlycompaniestrytopreservebrandimagebycateringtoyoungandextremelythincustomersbutovertimeshebelievesamorebalancedviewofbeautywillemerge.Fortheirpartindustrygroupscondemnthebillasoverreachingstateintervening.Theysaytheirbusinessdecisionsareguidedbyconsumerdemand."Wearenotinfavorofanythingthatregulatesthemarket"saysLauraCoddaarepresentativeofmajorclothingmanufacturers."Everyclothingcompanyhastherighttomakeanythingtheycansell—anycoloranysizes."ShesayshergroupisnotopposedtomeasuresthatwouldstandardizesizingbutshenotesthatmanyifnotmostclothesinArgentinestoresalreadycarrythenumericaldesignationscalledforinthehill.Ifhistoryisaguidethefateoftheproposedlawissomewhatbleak.Howeverin2005theprovincialgovernmentofBuenosAiresmanagedtopassasimilarlaw—althoughthegovernorfailedtosignit. Aestheticsurgeryismentionedtoshowthat
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallabourarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition. Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies. AlanBlinderaneconomistatPrincetonUniversitybelievesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoringandthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evensothemerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages. MoreoversaysMr.Blindereducationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountantsradiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroadwhereashumbletaxidriversjanitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshasfallenby6%since9000abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages. Inthe1980sandearly1990sthepaygapbetweenlow-paidlow-skilledworkersandhigh-paidhigh-skilledWorkerswidenedsignificantly.ButsincethenaccordingtoastudybyDavidAutorLawrenceKatzandMelissaKearneyinAmericaBritainandGermanyworkersatthebottomaswellasatthetophavedonebetterthanthoseinthemiddle-incomegroup.OfficecleaningcannotbedonebyworkersinIndia.Itistheeasilystandardisedskilledjobsinthemiddlesuchasaccountingthatarenowbeingsqueezedhardest.AstudybyBradfordJensenandLoriKletzerattheInstituteforInternationalEconomicsinWashingtonD.C.confirmsthatworkersintradableservicesthatareexposedtoforeigncompetitiontendtobemoreskilledthanworkersinnon-tradableservicesandtradablemanufacturingindustries. Tooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradableresultsfrom
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Itisnolongerjustdirtyblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingthatarebeingsuckedoffshorebutalsowhite-collarservicejobswhichusedtobeconsideredsafefromforeigncompetition.Telecomschargeshavetumbledallowingworkersinfar-flunglocationstobeconnectedcheaplytocustomersinthedevelopedworld.Thishasmadeitpossibletooffshoreservicesthatwereoncenon-tradable.MorganStanley’sMr.Roachhasbeendrawingattentiontothefactthatthe"globallabourarbitrage"ismovingrapidlytothebetterkindsofjobs.Itisnolongerjustbasicdataprocessingandcallcentresthatarebeingoutsourcedtolow-wagecountriesbutalsosoftwareprogrammingmedicaldiagnosticsengineeringdesignlawaccountingfinanceandbusinessconsulting.Thesecannowbedeliveredelectronicallyfromanywhereintheworldexposingskilledwhite-collarworkerstogreatercompetition. Thestandardretorttosuchargumentsisthatoutsourcingabroadistoosmalltomattermuch.SofarfewerthanlmAmericanservice-sectorjobshavebeenlosttooff-shoring.ForresterResearchforecaststhatby2015atotalof3.4mjobsinserviceswillhavemovedabroadbutthatistinycomparedwiththe30mjobsdestroyedandcreatedinAmericaeveryyear.Thetroubleisthatsuchstudiesallowonlyforthesortsofjobsthatarealreadybeingoff-shoredwheninrealitytheproportionofjobsthatcanbemovedwillriseasITadvancesandeducationimprovesinemergingeconomies. AlanBlinderaneconomistatPrincetonUniversitybelievesthatmosteconomistsareunderestimatingthedisruptiveeffectsofoff-shoringandthatinfuturetwotothreetimesasmanyservicejobswillbesusceptibletooff-shoringasinmanufacturing.Thiswouldimplythatatleast30%ofalljobsmightbeatrisk.Inpracticethenumberofjobsoff-shoredtoChinaorIndiaislikelytoremainfairlymodest.Evensothemerethreatthattheycouldbeshiftedwilldepresswages. MoreoversaysMr.Blindereducationoffersnoprotection.Highlyskilledaccountantsradiologistsorcomputerprogrammersnowhavetocompetewithelectronicallydeliveredcompetitionfromabroadwhereashumbletaxidriversjanitorsandcraneoperatorsremainsafefromoff-shoring.ThismayhelptoexplainwhytherealmedianwageofAmericangraduateshasfallenby6%since9000abiggerdeclinethaninaveragewages. Inthe1980sandearly1990sthepaygapbetweenlow-paidlow-skilledworkersandhigh-paidhigh-skilledWorkerswidenedsignificantly.ButsincethenaccordingtoastudybyDavidAutorLawrenceKatzandMelissaKearneyinAmericaBritainandGermanyworkersatthebottomaswellasatthetophavedonebetterthanthoseinthemiddle-incomegroup.OfficecleaningcannotbedonebyworkersinIndia.Itistheeasilystandardisedskilledjobsinthemiddlesuchasaccountingthatarenowbeingsqueezedhardest.AstudybyBradfordJensenandLoriKletzerattheInstituteforInternationalEconomicsinWashingtonD.C.confirmsthatworkersintradableservicesthatareexposedtoforeigncompetitiontendtobemoreskilledthanworkersinnon-tradableservicesandtradablemanufacturingindustries. AccordingtothetextForresterResearchPredictionmightbedifferentif
Text4ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostfight-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa.Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecialisationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180’relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainisusuallydominant.Andonaverageleft-handersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshould’putthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFauriethinksheknowstheanswer.Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.Dr.Fauriesetouttotestthishypothesis.Fightinginmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDr.Fauriedecidedtoconfinehisinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolenceintraditionalsocieties.BytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeopleDr.Fauriefoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomarnoculture.Themurderrateis415er1000inhabitantsperyear.AndaccordingtoDr.Faurie22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed.Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeopleaxemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". Thedoublemeaningofthewordsinisterrefersto
Text2Browsethroughtheracksofdressesskirtsandtopsinalmostanytrendyclothingstoreinfashion-savvyArgentinaandwhetheryoufindsomethingthatfitsdependsonyoursize.Butshopscarryfew—ifany—optionsforcurvaceouswomen.WhenyougointoastoreandfindanextralargeyouknowthatitisreallytheequivalentofamediumorevenasmallbasedonAmericanstandards.Youfeelfrustratedbemuseyoustarttothinkthateverybodyislikethisandthatyouarebig.Butthat’snottrue.Inthisbeauty-consciousnationwhichhastheworld’ssecond-highestrateofanorexiamanyarepartiallyblarningthecountry’sclothingindustryforofferingonlytinysizesofthelatestfashions.Theresultisadangerousparadoxofgirlsandwomenadaptingtotheclothesratherthanclothesadaptingtothem.TheArgentinelegislatureisconsideringwhethertoforceclothingmanufacturerstocover"alltheanthropometricmeasurementsoftheArgentinewoman"uptoextralargesize.Thebillalsoaddressestherelatedproblemofso-called"tricky"labelinginwhichSMandLdesignationsvarybybrandandaresmallerthaninternationalstandards.Theproposalhasraisedeyebrowsinahistoricallyflirtatioussocietyskepticalofgovernmentandwellknownforitsobsessionwithbeauty."Argentinahastheworld’shighestratesofaestheticsurgery"saysMabelBellofounderoftheAssociationfortheFightAgainstAnorexia."Whenyouaxetalkingabouthowpreoccupiedwithbeautyoursocietyisthatisthemosttellingstatistic."Forexpertssuchstatisticsspellfutilityforlegalremedies."Thesetypesoflawsarenotgoingtocauselastingchanges"saysSusanaSaulquinasociologistoffashion."Abetterwaytoaddresstheproblemisthroughpubliceducationthatemphasizesbalancedeatinghabitsoveranunrealisticidealofbeauty."Currentlycompaniestrytopreservebrandimagebycateringtoyoungandextremelythincustomersbutovertimeshebelievesamorebalancedviewofbeautywillemerge.Fortheirpartindustrygroupscondemnthebillasoverreachingstateintervening.Theysaytheirbusinessdecisionsareguidedbyconsumerdemand."Wearenotinfavorofanythingthatregulatesthemarket"saysLauraCoddaarepresentativeofmajorclothingmanufacturers."Everyclothingcompanyhastherighttomakeanythingtheycansell—anycoloranysizes."ShesayshergroupisnotopposedtomeasuresthatwouldstandardizesizingbutshenotesthatmanyifnotmostclothesinArgentinestoresalreadycarrythenumericaldesignationscalledforinthehill.Ifhistoryisaguidethefateoftheproposedlawissomewhatbleak.Howeverin2005theprovincialgovernmentofBuenosAiresmanagedtopassasimilarlaw—althoughthegovernorfailedtosignit. AccordingtothepassageSusanaSaulquin
Text3TheglobalreputationofJapan’sanimationindustry—ananimatedcartoonindustry—hasneverbeenhigherandatfirstglanceitwouldappeartobeinrudehealth.IntheopeningweekendofMiyazaki’snewfilmHowl’sMovingCastlearecord1.1millionJapanesecrammedintocinemasnationwide.Ithassincebeenseenathomebynearly10millionpeopleandhasmadeJapantheonlycountryinwhichTheIncredibleshasbeenkeptoutofthetopslot.YetJapan’sanimatorsarefullofgloom.TheyfearthatthefutureisbleakandthatthesuccessenjoyedbyMiyazakiandStudioGhibliwhichmakeshisfilmsisactuallymaskingasaddecline.IndustryexpertssaythatnotonlyistherealackofcreativetalentonaparwithMiyazakibuttheoverallstandardofanimatorshasfallenoverthepastdecadeaslowpayandpoorworkingconditionsforcemanytoquit."Miyazakican’tbereplacedhe’saone-off"saysJonathanClementsaBritishanimationexpert"Miyazakiisn’t100percentofGhiblibutwhenhegoesthepartyisover."ThecreativeandcommercialsuccessenjoyedbyGhiblihasaffordeditauniquebreathingspace.Forotherstudioshowevercommercialpressuresforceworktobedoneatbreakneckspeedandonshoestringbudgets.Veteransoftheindustrysayqualityhasbeensacrificedastelevisioncartoonepisodesaremadeforaslittleas￡10000.ManyyounganimatorsrelyonparentalsupporttoputthemthroughanimationschoolsandcontinuetoneedfinancialhelpjusttoaffordtoworkinTokyotheworld’smostexpensivecity.Yetremarkablyanimationhaslittleproblemattractingrecruits.Dozensofstudentsporeoverdeskspainstakinglyproducingpageafterpageofdrawings.MostsaytheyareawarethatpayislowbutdesperatelywanttoworkintheindustrytheyfellinlovewithaschildrenthroughcartoonssuchasDoraemonthebluetalkingcatandBattleofthePlanets.’ButrealityoftenbitesasanimatorsreachtheirthirtiesbywhichtimetheytypicallyearnaroundathirdoftheaveragepayforJapanesetheirageandatlowerhourlyratesthansupermarketclerks.Clementsbelievesthatthesoulofanimationisatstake."AnimationisbydefinitionfromJapanbutit’sonlyamatteroftimebeforethenumberofforeigncontributorstipsthebalanceandwhatusedtobeanimationbecomesplainoldcartoons"hesays."Itmayultimatelyremovemuchofwhatmakesanimationappealtoitscurrentforeignaudiencebase:itsexoticism." Manyyounganimatorspursuethecareerbecausetheywantto
Text3TheglobalreputationofJapan’sanimationindustry—ananimatedcartoonindustry—hasneverbeenhigherandatfirstglanceitwouldappeartobeinrudehealth.IntheopeningweekendofMiyazaki’snewfilmHowl’sMovingCastlearecord1.1millionJapanesecrammedintocinemasnationwide.Ithassincebeenseenathomebynearly10millionpeopleandhasmadeJapantheonlycountryinwhichTheIncredibleshasbeenkeptoutofthetopslot.YetJapan’sanimatorsarefullofgloom.TheyfearthatthefutureisbleakandthatthesuccessenjoyedbyMiyazakiandStudioGhibliwhichmakeshisfilmsisactuallymaskingasaddecline.IndustryexpertssaythatnotonlyistherealackofcreativetalentonaparwithMiyazakibuttheoverallstandardofanimatorshasfallenoverthepastdecadeaslowpayandpoorworkingconditionsforcemanytoquit."Miyazakican’tbereplacedhe’saone-off"saysJonathanClementsaBritishanimationexpert"Miyazakiisn’t100percentofGhiblibutwhenhegoesthepartyisover."ThecreativeandcommercialsuccessenjoyedbyGhiblihasaffordeditauniquebreathingspace.Forotherstudioshowevercommercialpressuresforceworktobedoneatbreakneckspeedandonshoestringbudgets.Veteransoftheindustrysayqualityhasbeensacrificedastelevisioncartoonepisodesaremadeforaslittleas￡10000.ManyyounganimatorsrelyonparentalsupporttoputthemthroughanimationschoolsandcontinuetoneedfinancialhelpjusttoaffordtoworkinTokyotheworld’smostexpensivecity.Yetremarkablyanimationhaslittleproblemattractingrecruits.Dozensofstudentsporeoverdeskspainstakinglyproducingpageafterpageofdrawings.MostsaytheyareawarethatpayislowbutdesperatelywanttoworkintheindustrytheyfellinlovewithaschildrenthroughcartoonssuchasDoraemonthebluetalkingcatandBattleofthePlanets.’ButrealityoftenbitesasanimatorsreachtheirthirtiesbywhichtimetheytypicallyearnaroundathirdoftheaveragepayforJapanesetheirageandatlowerhourlyratesthansupermarketclerks.Clementsbelievesthatthesoulofanimationisatstake."AnimationisbydefinitionfromJapanbutit’sonlyamatteroftimebeforethenumberofforeigncontributorstipsthebalanceandwhatusedtobeanimationbecomesplainoldcartoons"hesays."Itmayultimatelyremovemuchofwhatmakesanimationappealtoitscurrentforeignaudiencebase:itsexoticism." ForthetimebeingJapan'sanimationindustryis
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1Oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Manfirstappearedonearthhalfamillionyearsago.Thenhewaslittlemorethanananimal;butearlymanhadseveralbigadvantagesovertheanimals.Hehadalargebrainhehadanuprightbodyhehadcleverhands;andhehadinhisbrainspecialgroupsofnervecellsnotpresentinanimalsthatenabledhimtoinventalanguageanduseittocommunicatewithhisfellowmen.46Thisabilitytospeakwasofgreatvaluebecauseitallowedmentoshareideasandtoplantogethersothattasksimpossibleforasinglepersoncouldbesuccessfullyundertakenbyintelligentteam-work.Speechalsoenabledideastobepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationsothatthestockofhumanknowledgeslowlyincreased.Itwasthesespecialadvantagesthatputmenfaraheadofotherlivingcreaturesinthestruggleforexistence.Theycanusetheirintelligenceagainsttheirdifficultiesandmasterthem.Sincethesefar-offtimeswhenhefirstappearedmanhasachievedagreatdeal.Hehasusedanimalssteamelectricityandoiltomovehimselfmoreandmorequicklyfromplacetoplace.Hehasovercomeriversandseaswithraftscanoesboatsandshipsofendlessvariety.47Hemastereddarknessto%firstwithdimlightsandlaterwithbrighterandbrighterlampsuntilhecannowmakeforhimselfsodazzlingalightwithanarc-lampthatlikethesunitistoostrongforhisnakedeyes.48Manfoundthathisownmusclesweretooweakfortheworkwhichhewantedtodo;heexploredmanyformsofpower—windwatersteamelectricity—untilnowhehashishandsontheultimatesourceofphysicalenergythenuclearpowerwhichtiestogetherthesmallestunitsfromwhichallmatterismade.Fromman’searliestdaystheflightofbirdshasraisedhiswonderanddesire.WhyshouldhenotflyastheydidThenhebegantoexperiment.Atlasthelearnthowtomaketherightmachinestocarryhimthroughtheair.Nowhecanflyfasterthansound.Alreadyhehasplansforconqueringspaceandaseriesofexperimentshasbeencompleted.49Itwillnotbelongnowbeforemantakesagiantstepawayfromhisplanetandvisitsthemoonlearningwhatitisliketohavenoweighttohisbodynoupwarddirectionandnodownward.Manalwaysawandererhastoovercomethedifficultyofadaptinghimselftodifferentclimates50Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.Manhowevercangoalmosteverywhere.Youwillfindhimlivingontheplainsandupinthehills;helivesindampareasandindry;intheforestsofthehotregionsoftheearthandinsnowhutsintheFarNorth. Fortunatelyinspiteofhavingnothickskinorwarmfurtoprotecthimheispeculiarlystrongcomparedwithotherlivingcreaturesmostofwhomareunabletolivefaroutsidetheregionthatsuitsthembest.
September11th2001drewthetransatlanticalliancetogether;butthemooddidnotlastandoverthefiveyearssinceithaspulledeverfurtherapart.ArecentpollfortheGermanMarshallFundshowsthat57%ofEuropeansregardAmericanleadershipinworldaffairsas"undesirable".TheIraqwarismainlytoblame.Butthereisanotherandmore.intractablereasonforthegrowingdivision:God. EuropeansworrythatAmericanforeignpolicyunderGeorgeBushistooinfluencedbyreligion.The"holywarriors"whohijackedtheplanesonSeptember11threintroducedGodintointernationalaffairsinthemostdramaticofways.ItseemsthatGeorgeBushisreplyinginkindencouragingaclashofreligionsthatcouldspellglobalcatastrophe. DominiqueMoisiaspecialadviserattheFrenchInstituteforInternationalRelationsarguesthat"thecombinationofreligionandnationalisminAmericaisfrightening.WefeelbetrayedbyGodandbynationalismwhichiswhywearebuildingtheEuropeanUnionasabarriertoreligiouswarfare."JosefBramloftheGermanInstituteforInternationalandSecurityAffairscomplainsthatinAmerica"religiousattitudeshavemoreofaninfluenceonpoliticalchoicesthaninanyotherwesterndemocracy." ThenotionthatAmericaistooinfluencedbyreligionisnotconfinedtotheelites.ThreeinfiveFrenchpeopleandnearlyasmanyDutchthinkthatAmericansaretooreligious-andthatreligionskewswhatshouldbeseculardecisions.EuropeanswhothinkthatAmericais"tooreligious"aremoreinclinedtoanti-Americanismthantheirfellowcountrymen.38%ofBritonshaveanunfavourableviewofAmericabutthatnumberrisesto50%amongpeoplewhoarewaryofAmericanreligiosity. IsAmericaengagedinafaith-basedforeignpolicyReligioncertainlyexertsagrowinginfluenceonitsactionsintheworldbutinwaysmoresubtleandcomplicatedthanEuropeansimagine.ItistruethatAmericaisundergoingareligiousrevival."Hot"religionssuchasevangelicalProtestantismandhardlineCatholicismaregrowingrapidlywhile"cool"mainlineversionsofChristianityaredeclining.ItisalsotruethattheRepublicanPartyisbeingreshapedbythisrevival.Self-identifiedevangelicalsprovidedalmost40%ofMr.Bushesvotein2004;ifyouaddinothertheologicalconservativessuchasMormonsandtraditionalCatholicsthatnumberrisescloserto60%.AllsixtopRepublicanleadersintheSenatehaveearned100KratingsfromtheChristianCoalition. ItisalsotruethatMr.Bushfrequentlyusesreligiousrhetoricwhentalkingofforeignaffairs.OnSeptember12thhewasatitagaintellingagroupofconservativejournaliststhatheseesthewaronterroras"aconfrontationbetweengoodandevil"andremarking"Itseemstomethatthere’saThirdAwakening"inotherwordsanoutbreakofChristianevangelicalfervourofthesortthathassweptacrossAmericaatleasttwicebefore.AndChristianAmericaoverallistakingabiggerinterestinforeignpolicy.NewvoicesarebeingheardsuchasSamBrownbackaconservativesenatorfromKansaswhohasledthefightagainstgenocideinDarfurandRickWarrentheauthorofabestsellercalled"ThePurpose-DrivenLife"whoissending2000missionariestoRwanda. Finallyitistruethatreligiousfigureshavedonesomeprettyoutrageousthings.PatRobertsoncalledfortheassassinationofHugoChvezthepresidentofVenezuela.Lieutenant-GeneralWilliam"Jerry"Boykindeputyunder-secretaryofdefenceforintelligencetouredthecountrytellingChristiangroupsthatradicalMuslimshateAmerica"becausewe’reaChristiannationandtheenemyisaguynamedSatan".Heoftenworeuniform. Thephraseinkindinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablydenotes
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