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Text 4 On the morning of April 15,38,500 worshippers from all over the world will descend upon ...
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HereadsEnglishbookseverymorning.用tomorrowmorning改
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HELLO!CHANG!GOOD MORNING!
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HELLO!LI!GOOD MORNING!
HELLO!CHANG!GOOD!MORNING!
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HELLO!CHANG!GOOD MORNING!
HELLO!WANG!G00D MORNING!
HELLO!LI!GOOD MORNING!
HELLO!CHANG!GOOD!MORNING!
早上见到张先生你向他问好应说:！ A.MrZhanggoodmorning B.Goodmorn
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TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 20
Directions: Thechartbelowshowsthechangesofconsumerindexinacertaincountryfrom1930to1980.Studythechartcarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethetrendofconsumptionasrevealedinthechart 2explainthepossiblereasonunderliningthistrendand 3giveyourcomment. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsonAnswerSheetⅡ.
[A]ThestrainofHIVthatwasdiscoveredinSydneyintriguesscientistsbecauseitcontainsstrikingabnormalitiesinagenethatisbelievedtostimulateviralduplication.Infactthevirusismissingsomuchofthisparticulargene-knownasneffornegativefactor--thatitishardtoimaginehowthegenecouldperformanyusefulfunction.AndsureenoughwhiletheSydneyvirusretainstheabilitytoinfectTcells--whitebloodcellsthatarecriticaltotheimmunesystem’sabilitytowardoffinfection--itmakessofewcopiesofitselfthatthemostpowerfulmoleculartoolscanbarelydetectitspresence. [B]Ifthisspeculationprovesrightitwillmarkamilestoneinthebattletocontainthelate-20thcentury’smostterribleepidemic.ForinadditiontoexplainingwhythissmallgroupofpeopleinfectedwithHIVhasnotbecomesickthediscoveryofaviralstrainthatworkslikeavaccinewouldhavefar-reachingimplications."Whattheseresultssuggest"saysDr.BarneyGrahamofTennessee’sVanderbiltUniversity"isthatHIVisvulnerableandthatitispossibletostimulateeffectiveimmunityagainstit." [C]Butassixyearsstretchedto10thento14theanxietyofhealthofficialsgavewaytoastonishment.Althoughtwooftherecipientshavediedfromothercausesnotoneoftheman’scontaminatedbloodhascomedownwithAIDS.Moretellingstillthedonorisalsohealthy.InfacthisimmunesystemremainsasrobustasifhehadnevertangledwithHIVatall.Whatcouldexplainsuchunexpectedgoodfortune [D]Attheveryleastthenefgeneoffersanattractivetargetfordrugdevelopers.IfitsactivitycanbeblockedsuggestsDeaconresearchersmightbeabletobringtheprogressionofdiseaseundercontroleveninpeoplewhohavedevelopedfull-blownAIDS.TheneedforbetterAIDS-fightingdrugswasunderscoredlastweekbytheactionsofaU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationadvisorypanelwhichrecommendedspeedyapprovaloftwonewAIDSdrugs.AlthoughFDAcommissionerDavidKesslerwasquicktopraisethenewdrugsneithermedicationcanpreventorcureAIDSonceithastakenhold.Whatscientistsreallywantisavaccinethatcanpreventinfectionaltogether.Andthat’swhatmakestheSydneyvirussopromising--andsocontroversial. [E]AteamofAustralianscientistshasfinallysolvedthemystery.ThevirusthatthedonorcontractedandthenpassedontheteamreportedlastweekinthejournalSciencecontainsflawsinitsgeneticscriptthatappeartohaverendereditharmless."Notonlyhavetherecipientsandthedonornotprogressedtodiseasefor15years"marvelsmolecularbiologistNicholasDeaconofAustralia’sMacfarlaneBurnetCentreforMedicalResearch"butthepredictionisthattheyneverwill."Deaconspeculatesthatthis"impotent"HIVmayevenbeanaturalinoculantthatprotectsitscarriersagainstmorevirulentstrainsofthevirus. [F]ButfewscientistsareenthusiasticabouttestingthepropositionbyinjectingHIV--howeverweakened--intomillionsofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfected.AfteralltheynoteHIVisaretrovirusaclassofinfectiousagentsknownfortheiralarmingabilitytointegratetheirowngenesintotheDNAofthecellstheyinfect.Thusonceittakeseffectaretrovirusinfectionispermanent. [G]About15yearsagoawell-meaningmandonatedbloodtotheRedCrossinSydneyAustralianotknowinghehasbeenexposedtoHIV-1thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Muchlaterpublichealthofficialslearnedthatsomeofthepeoplewhogottransfusionscontaininghisbloodhadbecomeinfectedwiththesamevirus;presumablytheywerealmostsuretodie. Order: 44
Thelast-minutevictoryoftheTexasLonghornsinthisyear’sRoseBowl--America’scollegefootballchampionship--wasthekindofthingthatstayswithfansforever.Justaswellbecausemanyhadpaidvastsumstoseethegame.RoseBowlticketsofficiallysoldfor＄175each.Ontheinternetresellerswerehawkingthemforasmuchas＄3000apop.Nobodyknowshowtocontrol[this]observedMitchDorgerthetournament’schiefexecutive.Re-sellingticketsforaprofitknownlesspolitelyasscalpinginAmericaortoutinginBritainisbooming.InAmericaalonethesecondarymarketforticketstosought-aftereventsisworthover＄10billionreckonsJeffreyFluhrthebossofStubHubanonlineticketmarket.Scalpingusedtobeaboutburlymenlurkingoutsidestadiumswithfistfulsoftickets.CriesofTicketshereticketsherestillringoutbeforekickoff.Buttheinternethascreatedalargerandmoreefficientmarket.Someinternet-basedticketagenciessuchastickcocomanddynamiteticketzcomactastraditionalscalpersbuyingupticketsandsellingthemonforasubstantialmark-up.ButotherslikeStubHubhaveanewbusinessmode—bringtogetherbuyersandsellersandthentakeacut.ForeachtransactionStubHubtakesajuicy25%.Despiteitssubstantialcommission—farhigherthanthosechargedbyotheronlineintermediariesincludingeBayorCraigslist—StubHubisflourishing.Thefirmwassetupin2000andthisyear’sRoseBowlwasitsbiggesteventever.TheSuperBowlinearlyFebruarywillbringanothernicehaulashaveU2andRollingStonesconcerts.UnlikeeBaywhichisthelargestonlinetraderinticketsStubHubguaranteeseachtransactionsobuyersneednotworryaboutfraud.Thecompany’srevenuesnowaround＄200maretriplingannuallydespiteitsstartinthedotcombust.Andthereisplentymoreroomtogrow.Mr.Fluhrnotesthatthemarketremainshighlyfragmentedwithtinyoperationsstillflourishingandnewspaperclassifiedsnotyetdead.Buttherearerisks.Someeventsareboostingpricestocuttheresalemargins;othersareusingspecialmeasurestocrackdown.ThissummerticketstothesoccerWorldCupinGermanywillincludethenameandpassportnumberoftheoriginalpurchaserandembeddedchipsthatmatchthebuyertothetickets.Thentherearelegalworries.InAmericamorethanadozenstateshaveanti-scalpinglawsofvariouskinds.NewMexicoforbidstheresellingofticketsforcollegegames;Mississippidoessoforalleventsongovernment-ownedproperty.Suchlawsareoftenignoredbutcanstillbite.InMassachusettswhereresellingaticketformorethan＄2abovefacevalueisunlawfulonefanbroughtalawsuitlastautumnagainst16companiesincludingStubHuboverhispriceyRedSoxtickets.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat______.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 4
[A]ThestrainofHIVthatwasdiscoveredinSydneyintriguesscientistsbecauseitcontainsstrikingabnormalitiesinagenethatisbelievedtostimulateviralduplication.Infactthevirusismissingsomuchofthisparticulargene-knownasneffornegativefactor--thatitishardtoimaginehowthegenecouldperformanyusefulfunction.AndsureenoughwhiletheSydneyvirusretainstheabilitytoinfectTcells--whitebloodcellsthatarecriticaltotheimmunesystem’sabilitytowardoffinfection--itmakessofewcopiesofitselfthatthemostpowerfulmoleculartoolscanbarelydetectitspresence. [B]Ifthisspeculationprovesrightitwillmarkamilestoneinthebattletocontainthelate-20thcentury’smostterribleepidemic.ForinadditiontoexplainingwhythissmallgroupofpeopleinfectedwithHIVhasnotbecomesickthediscoveryofaviralstrainthatworkslikeavaccinewouldhavefar-reachingimplications."Whattheseresultssuggest"saysDr.BarneyGrahamofTennessee’sVanderbiltUniversity"isthatHIVisvulnerableandthatitispossibletostimulateeffectiveimmunityagainstit." [C]Butassixyearsstretchedto10thento14theanxietyofhealthofficialsgavewaytoastonishment.Althoughtwooftherecipientshavediedfromothercausesnotoneoftheman’scontaminatedbloodhascomedownwithAIDS.Moretellingstillthedonorisalsohealthy.InfacthisimmunesystemremainsasrobustasifhehadnevertangledwithHIVatall.Whatcouldexplainsuchunexpectedgoodfortune [D]Attheveryleastthenefgeneoffersanattractivetargetfordrugdevelopers.IfitsactivitycanbeblockedsuggestsDeaconresearchersmightbeabletobringtheprogressionofdiseaseundercontroleveninpeoplewhohavedevelopedfull-blownAIDS.TheneedforbetterAIDS-fightingdrugswasunderscoredlastweekbytheactionsofaU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationadvisorypanelwhichrecommendedspeedyapprovaloftwonewAIDSdrugs.AlthoughFDAcommissionerDavidKesslerwasquicktopraisethenewdrugsneithermedicationcanpreventorcureAIDSonceithastakenhold.Whatscientistsreallywantisavaccinethatcanpreventinfectionaltogether.Andthat’swhatmakestheSydneyvirussopromising--andsocontroversial. [E]AteamofAustralianscientistshasfinallysolvedthemystery.ThevirusthatthedonorcontractedandthenpassedontheteamreportedlastweekinthejournalSciencecontainsflawsinitsgeneticscriptthatappeartohaverendereditharmless."Notonlyhavetherecipientsandthedonornotprogressedtodiseasefor15years"marvelsmolecularbiologistNicholasDeaconofAustralia’sMacfarlaneBurnetCentreforMedicalResearch"butthepredictionisthattheyneverwill."Deaconspeculatesthatthis"impotent"HIVmayevenbeanaturalinoculantthatprotectsitscarriersagainstmorevirulentstrainsofthevirus. [F]ButfewscientistsareenthusiasticabouttestingthepropositionbyinjectingHIV--howeverweakened--intomillionsofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfected.AfteralltheynoteHIVisaretrovirusaclassofinfectiousagentsknownfortheiralarmingabilitytointegratetheirowngenesintotheDNAofthecellstheyinfect.Thusonceittakeseffectaretrovirusinfectionispermanent. [G]About15yearsagoawell-meaningmandonatedbloodtotheRedCrossinSydneyAustralianotknowinghehasbeenexposedtoHIV-1thevirusthatcausesAIDS.Muchlaterpublichealthofficialslearnedthatsomeofthepeoplewhogottransfusionscontaininghisbloodhadbecomeinfectedwiththesamevirus;presumablytheywerealmostsuretodie. Order: 42
MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis.TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheinternet.Insteadofbuyingareadymadepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor￡577m＄1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms.Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhighstreettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspretaxprofitriseby16%to￡114m＄196mintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheinternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears.Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay.Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeinternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices:Thisisseenasagrowtharea.ButifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetooTheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisers-Licencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference.Thewordhustleinthetopicsentenceofthefourthparagraphmostprobablydenotes______.
DiscussionoftheassimilationofPuertoRicans波多黎各人intheUnitedStateshasfocusedontwofactors:socialstandingandthelossofnationalculture.IngeneralexcessivestressisplacedononefactorortheotherdependingonwhetherthecommentatorisNorthAmericanorPuertoRican.ManyNorthAmericansocialscientistssuchasOscarHandlinJosephFitzpatrickandOscarLewisconsiderPuertoRicansasthemostrecentinalonglineofethnicentrantstooccupythelowestrungonthesocialladder.46Sucha"sociodemographic"approachtendstoregardassimilationasabenignprocesstakingforgrantedincreasedeconomicadvantageandinevitableculturalintegrationinasupposedlyegalitariancontext.HoweverthisapproachfailstotakeintoaccountthecolonialnatureofthePuertoRicancasewiththisgroupunliketheirEuropeanpredecessorscomingfromanationpoliticallysubordinatedtotheUnitedStates.47Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority. Incontrastthe"colonialist"approachofislandbasedwriterssuchasEduardoSeda-BonillaManuelMaldonado-DenisandLuisNieves-Falcontendstoviewassimilationastheforcedlossofnationalcultureinanunequalcontestwithimposedforeignvalues.ThereisofcourseastrongtraditionofculturalaccommodationamongotherPuertoRicanthinkers.ThewritingsofEugenioFernandezMendezclearlyexemplifythistraditionandmanysupportersofPuertoRico’scommonwealthstatussharethesameuniversalizingorientation.48ButthePuertoRicanintellectualswhohavewrittenmostabouttheassimilationprocessintheUnitedStatesalladvanceculturalnationalistviewsadvocatingthepreservationofminorityculturaldistinctionsandrejectingwhattheyseeasthesubmissionofcolonialnationalities. ThisculturalandpoliticalemphasisisappropriatebutthecolonialistthinkersmisdirectitoverlookingtheclassrelationsatworkinbothPuertoRicanandNorthAmericanhistory.Theyposetheclashofnationalculturesasanabsolutepolaritywitheachcultureunderstoodasstaticandundifferentiated.49YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmere"assimilation."ConsiderforexampletheindigenousandAfro-CaribbeantraditionsinPuertoRicancultureandhowtheyinfluenceandareinfluencedbyotherCaribbeanculturesandBlackculturesintheUnitedStates.50Theelementsofcompulsionandinequalitysocentraltoculturalcontactaccordingtothecolonialistframeworkplaynoroleinthiskindofconvergenceofraciallyandethnicallydifferentelementsofthesamesocialclass. 48
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity.Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts.TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.TheBasicFourcampaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries.Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.ThenewpyramidcalledMyPyramidabandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation.Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized.Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea.Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 18
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 2
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity.Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts.TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.TheBasicFourcampaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries.Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.ThenewpyramidcalledMyPyramidabandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation.Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized.Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice.TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusinesscanbeeasilyprovedbythefactthat
TheymaynotbetherichestbutAfricansremaintheworld’sstaunchestoptimists.AnannualsurveybyGallupInternationalaresearchoutfitshowsthatwhenaskedwhetherthisyearwillbebetterthanlastAfricaonceagaincomesoutontop.Outof52000peopleinterviewedallovertheworldunderhalfbelievethatthingsarelookingup.ButinAfricatheproportioniscloseto60%almosttwiceasmuchasinEurope.Africanshavesomereasonstobecheerful.Thecontinent’seconomyhasbeendoingfairlywellwithSouthAfricatheeconomicpowerhousegrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyears.SomeofAfrica’slong-runningconflictssuchasthewarbetweenthenorthandsouthinSudanandthecivilwarinCongohaveended.AfricaevenhasitsfirstelectedfemaleheadofstateinLiberia.Yetthereisnoshortageofdownerstoo.MostofAfricaremainsdirtpoor.CrisesinplaceslikeCoted’IvoireSierraLeoneandZimbabwearefarfromsolved.AndthedemocraticcredentialsofEthiopiaandUgandaoncethedarlingsofwesterndonorshavetakenabadknock.AIDSkilledovergmAfricansin2005andwillkillmorethisyear.SoisitalljustacaseofirrationalexuberanceMerilJamesofGalluparguesthatthereisinfactusuallyverylittlerelationbetweenthesurvey’soptimismrankingsandreality.AfricansthisyearledbyNigeriansareconsistentlythemostupbeatwhethertheirlotgetsbetterornot.OntheotherhandGreece--hardlytheworstplaceonearth--topsthegloomanddoomchartfollowedcloselybyPortugalandFrance.MsJamesspeculatesthatreligionmayhavealottodowithit.NineoutoftenAfricansarereligiousthehighestproportionintheworld.ButcynicsarguethatmostAfricansbelievethat2006willbegoldenbecausethingshavebeensobadthatitishardtoimaginehowtheycouldpossiblygetworse.ThismayhelpexplainwhyplacesthathavesufferedrecentmisfortunessuchasKosovoandAfghanistanrankamongthetopfiveoptimists.MoussakaforthoughtforthosedepressedGreeks.TheconclusionmadebyMsJamesaccordingtothetextis______.
Thisisareallyexcitingtime-aneweraisstartingsaysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemolthetelevisioncompanybehindBigBrotherandotherpopularshows.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevicemakerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm.Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharestreamedacrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredCanale7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeingtestedinmanyothercountries.MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincludingLostDesperateHousewivesandLaw＆Order.TiVomakerofthepioneeringpersonalvideorecorderPVRsaysitplanstoenablesubscriberstodownloadrecordedshowsontoiPodsandotherportabledevicesforviewingonthemove.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebigtrendsattheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicsShowwhichtookplaceinLasVegasthisweek.DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthecontentitself.Theworddeviceinthefirstsentenceo~thethirdparagraphdenotes______.
TheymaynotbetherichestbutAfricansremaintheworld’sstaunchestoptimists.AnannualsurveybyGallupInternationalaresearchoutfitshowsthatwhenaskedwhetherthisyearwillbebetterthanlastAfricaonceagaincomesoutontop.Outof52000peopleinterviewedallovertheworldunderhalfbelievethatthingsarelookingup.ButinAfricatheproportioniscloseto60%almosttwiceasmuchasinEurope.Africanshavesomereasonstobecheerful.Thecontinent’seconomyhasbeendoingfairlywellwithSouthAfricatheeconomicpowerhousegrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyears.SomeofAfrica’slong-runningconflictssuchasthewarbetweenthenorthandsouthinSudanandthecivilwarinCongohaveended.AfricaevenhasitsfirstelectedfemaleheadofstateinLiberia.Yetthereisnoshortageofdownerstoo.MostofAfricaremainsdirtpoor.CrisesinplaceslikeCoted’IvoireSierraLeoneandZimbabwearefarfromsolved.AndthedemocraticcredentialsofEthiopiaandUgandaoncethedarlingsofwesterndonorshavetakenabadknock.AIDSkilledovergmAfricansin2005andwillkillmorethisyear.SoisitalljustacaseofirrationalexuberanceMerilJamesofGalluparguesthatthereisinfactusuallyverylittlerelationbetweenthesurvey’soptimismrankingsandreality.AfricansthisyearledbyNigeriansareconsistentlythemostupbeatwhethertheirlotgetsbetterornot.OntheotherhandGreece--hardlytheworstplaceonearth--topsthegloomanddoomchartfollowedcloselybyPortugalandFrance.MsJamesspeculatesthatreligionmayhavealottodowithit.NineoutoftenAfricansarereligiousthehighestproportionintheworld.ButcynicsarguethatmostAfricansbelievethat2006willbegoldenbecausethingshavebeensobadthatitishardtoimaginehowtheycouldpossiblygetworse.ThismayhelpexplainwhyplacesthathavesufferedrecentmisfortunessuchasKosovoandAfghanistanrankamongthetopfiveoptimists.MoussakaforthoughtforthosedepressedGreeks.Franceismentionedinthetextwiththeaimto______.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 8
Thelast-minutevictoryoftheTexasLonghornsinthisyear’sRoseBowl--America’scollegefootballchampionship--wasthekindofthingthatstayswithfansforever.Justaswellbecausemanyhadpaidvastsumstoseethegame.RoseBowlticketsofficiallysoldfor＄175each.Ontheinternetresellerswerehawkingthemforasmuchas＄3000apop.Nobodyknowshowtocontrol[this]observedMitchDorgerthetournament’schiefexecutive.Re-sellingticketsforaprofitknownlesspolitelyasscalpinginAmericaortoutinginBritainisbooming.InAmericaalonethesecondarymarketforticketstosought-aftereventsisworthover＄10billionreckonsJeffreyFluhrthebossofStubHubanonlineticketmarket.Scalpingusedtobeaboutburlymenlurkingoutsidestadiumswithfistfulsoftickets.CriesofTicketshereticketsherestillringoutbeforekickoff.Buttheinternethascreatedalargerandmoreefficientmarket.Someinternet-basedticketagenciessuchastickcocomanddynamiteticketzcomactastraditionalscalpersbuyingupticketsandsellingthemonforasubstantialmark-up.ButotherslikeStubHubhaveanewbusinessmode—bringtogetherbuyersandsellersandthentakeacut.ForeachtransactionStubHubtakesajuicy25%.Despiteitssubstantialcommission—farhigherthanthosechargedbyotheronlineintermediariesincludingeBayorCraigslist—StubHubisflourishing.Thefirmwassetupin2000andthisyear’sRoseBowlwasitsbiggesteventever.TheSuperBowlinearlyFebruarywillbringanothernicehaulashaveU2andRollingStonesconcerts.UnlikeeBaywhichisthelargestonlinetraderinticketsStubHubguaranteeseachtransactionsobuyersneednotworryaboutfraud.Thecompany’srevenuesnowaround＄200maretriplingannuallydespiteitsstartinthedotcombust.Andthereisplentymoreroomtogrow.Mr.Fluhrnotesthatthemarketremainshighlyfragmentedwithtinyoperationsstillflourishingandnewspaperclassifiedsnotyetdead.Buttherearerisks.Someeventsareboostingpricestocuttheresalemargins;othersareusingspecialmeasurestocrackdown.ThissummerticketstothesoccerWorldCupinGermanywillincludethenameandpassportnumberoftheoriginalpurchaserandembeddedchipsthatmatchthebuyertothetickets.Thentherearelegalworries.InAmericamorethanadozenstateshaveanti-scalpinglawsofvariouskinds.NewMexicoforbidstheresellingofticketsforcollegegames;Mississippidoessoforalleventsongovernment-ownedproperty.Suchlawsareoftenignoredbutcanstillbite.InMassachusettswhereresellingaticketformorethan＄2abovefacevalueisunlawfulonefanbroughtalawsuitlastautumnagainst16companiesincludingStubHuboverhispriceyRedSoxtickets.Thewordjuicyinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphmostprobablydenotes______.
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity.Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts.TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.TheBasicFourcampaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries.Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.ThenewpyramidcalledMyPyramidabandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation.Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized.Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEabouttheFoodGuidePyramidin1992
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 6
TheymaynotbetherichestbutAfricansremaintheworld’sstaunchestoptimists.AnannualsurveybyGallupInternationalaresearchoutfitshowsthatwhenaskedwhetherthisyearwillbebetterthanlastAfricaonceagaincomesoutontop.Outof52000peopleinterviewedallovertheworldunderhalfbelievethatthingsarelookingup.ButinAfricatheproportioniscloseto60%almosttwiceasmuchasinEurope.Africanshavesomereasonstobecheerful.Thecontinent’seconomyhasbeendoingfairlywellwithSouthAfricatheeconomicpowerhousegrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyears.SomeofAfrica’slong-runningconflictssuchasthewarbetweenthenorthandsouthinSudanandthecivilwarinCongohaveended.AfricaevenhasitsfirstelectedfemaleheadofstateinLiberia.Yetthereisnoshortageofdownerstoo.MostofAfricaremainsdirtpoor.CrisesinplaceslikeCoted’IvoireSierraLeoneandZimbabwearefarfromsolved.AndthedemocraticcredentialsofEthiopiaandUgandaoncethedarlingsofwesterndonorshavetakenabadknock.AIDSkilledovergmAfricansin2005andwillkillmorethisyear.SoisitalljustacaseofirrationalexuberanceMerilJamesofGalluparguesthatthereisinfactusuallyverylittlerelationbetweenthesurvey’soptimismrankingsandreality.AfricansthisyearledbyNigeriansareconsistentlythemostupbeatwhethertheirlotgetsbetterornot.OntheotherhandGreece--hardlytheworstplaceonearth--topsthegloomanddoomchartfollowedcloselybyPortugalandFrance.MsJamesspeculatesthatreligionmayhavealottodowithit.NineoutoftenAfricansarereligiousthehighestproportionintheworld.ButcynicsarguethatmostAfricansbelievethat2006willbegoldenbecausethingshavebeensobadthatitishardtoimaginehowtheycouldpossiblygetworse.ThismayhelpexplainwhyplacesthathavesufferedrecentmisfortunessuchasKosovoandAfghanistanrankamongthetopfiveoptimists.MoussakaforthoughtforthosedepressedGreeks.Thestatisticsareemployedinthefirstparagraphsoastoindicatesortof______.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 14
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 10
Thisisareallyexcitingtime-aneweraisstartingsaysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemolthetelevisioncompanybehindBigBrotherandotherpopularshows.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevicemakerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm.Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhicharestreamedacrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks;similarbroadcastswillbegininJapaninApril.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredCanale7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006.Similarmobile-TVnetworkswillalsobebuiltinFinlandandAmericaandarebeingtestedinmanyothercountries.MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincludingLostDesperateHousewivesandLaw＆Order.TiVomakerofthepioneeringpersonalvideorecorderPVRsaysitplanstoenablesubscriberstodownloadrecordedshowsontoiPodsandotherportabledevicesforviewingonthemove.AndmobileTVwasoneofthebigtrendsattheworld’slargesttechnologyfairtheConsumerElectronicsShowwhichtookplaceinLasVegasthisweek.DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyinthreeareas:technologybusinessmodelsandthecontentitself.Paragraph2iswrittento______.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 16
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 12
MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis.TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheinternet.Insteadofbuyingareadymadepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor￡577m＄1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms.Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhighstreettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspretaxprofitriseby16%to￡114m＄196mintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheinternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears.Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay.Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeinternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices:Thisisseenasagrowtharea.ButifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetooTheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisers-Licencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference.AccordingtothetexttheshiftinthemethodofholidaybookinginUKisassociatedwith______.
DiscussionoftheassimilationofPuertoRicans波多黎各人intheUnitedStateshasfocusedontwofactors:socialstandingandthelossofnationalculture.IngeneralexcessivestressisplacedononefactorortheotherdependingonwhetherthecommentatorisNorthAmericanorPuertoRican.ManyNorthAmericansocialscientistssuchasOscarHandlinJosephFitzpatrickandOscarLewisconsiderPuertoRicansasthemostrecentinalonglineofethnicentrantstooccupythelowestrungonthesocialladder.46Sucha"sociodemographic"approachtendstoregardassimilationasabenignprocesstakingforgrantedincreasedeconomicadvantageandinevitableculturalintegrationinasupposedlyegalitariancontext.HoweverthisapproachfailstotakeintoaccountthecolonialnatureofthePuertoRicancasewiththisgroupunliketheirEuropeanpredecessorscomingfromanationpoliticallysubordinatedtotheUnitedStates.47Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority. Incontrastthe"colonialist"approachofislandbasedwriterssuchasEduardoSeda-BonillaManuelMaldonado-DenisandLuisNieves-Falcontendstoviewassimilationastheforcedlossofnationalcultureinanunequalcontestwithimposedforeignvalues.ThereisofcourseastrongtraditionofculturalaccommodationamongotherPuertoRicanthinkers.ThewritingsofEugenioFernandezMendezclearlyexemplifythistraditionandmanysupportersofPuertoRico’scommonwealthstatussharethesameuniversalizingorientation.48ButthePuertoRicanintellectualswhohavewrittenmostabouttheassimilationprocessintheUnitedStatesalladvanceculturalnationalistviewsadvocatingthepreservationofminorityculturaldistinctionsandrejectingwhattheyseeasthesubmissionofcolonialnationalities. ThisculturalandpoliticalemphasisisappropriatebutthecolonialistthinkersmisdirectitoverlookingtheclassrelationsatworkinbothPuertoRicanandNorthAmericanhistory.Theyposetheclashofnationalculturesasanabsolutepolaritywitheachcultureunderstoodasstaticandundifferentiated.49YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmere"assimilation."ConsiderforexampletheindigenousandAfro-CaribbeantraditionsinPuertoRicancultureandhowtheyinfluenceandareinfluencedbyotherCaribbeanculturesandBlackculturesintheUnitedStates.50Theelementsofcompulsionandinequalitysocentraltoculturalcontactaccordingtothecolonialistframeworkplaynoroleinthiskindofconvergenceofraciallyandethnicallydifferentelementsofthesamesocialclass. 46
DiscussionoftheassimilationofPuertoRicans波多黎各人intheUnitedStateshasfocusedontwofactors:socialstandingandthelossofnationalculture.IngeneralexcessivestressisplacedononefactorortheotherdependingonwhetherthecommentatorisNorthAmericanorPuertoRican.ManyNorthAmericansocialscientistssuchasOscarHandlinJosephFitzpatrickandOscarLewisconsiderPuertoRicansasthemostrecentinalonglineofethnicentrantstooccupythelowestrungonthesocialladder.46Sucha"sociodemographic"approachtendstoregardassimilationasabenignprocesstakingforgrantedincreasedeconomicadvantageandinevitableculturalintegrationinasupposedlyegalitariancontext.HoweverthisapproachfailstotakeintoaccountthecolonialnatureofthePuertoRicancasewiththisgroupunliketheirEuropeanpredecessorscomingfromanationpoliticallysubordinatedtotheUnitedStates.47Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority. Incontrastthe"colonialist"approachofislandbasedwriterssuchasEduardoSeda-BonillaManuelMaldonado-DenisandLuisNieves-Falcontendstoviewassimilationastheforcedlossofnationalcultureinanunequalcontestwithimposedforeignvalues.ThereisofcourseastrongtraditionofculturalaccommodationamongotherPuertoRicanthinkers.ThewritingsofEugenioFernandezMendezclearlyexemplifythistraditionandmanysupportersofPuertoRico’scommonwealthstatussharethesameuniversalizingorientation.48ButthePuertoRicanintellectualswhohavewrittenmostabouttheassimilationprocessintheUnitedStatesalladvanceculturalnationalistviewsadvocatingthepreservationofminorityculturaldistinctionsandrejectingwhattheyseeasthesubmissionofcolonialnationalities. ThisculturalandpoliticalemphasisisappropriatebutthecolonialistthinkersmisdirectitoverlookingtheclassrelationsatworkinbothPuertoRicanandNorthAmericanhistory.Theyposetheclashofnationalculturesasanabsolutepolaritywitheachcultureunderstoodasstaticandundifferentiated.49YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmere"assimilation."ConsiderforexampletheindigenousandAfro-CaribbeantraditionsinPuertoRicancultureandhowtheyinfluenceandareinfluencedbyotherCaribbeanculturesandBlackculturesintheUnitedStates.50Theelementsofcompulsionandinequalitysocentraltoculturalcontactaccordingtothecolonialistframeworkplaynoroleinthiskindofconvergenceofraciallyandethnicallydifferentelementsofthesamesocialclass. 50
Thelast-minutevictoryoftheTexasLonghornsinthisyear’sRoseBowl--America’scollegefootballchampionship--wasthekindofthingthatstayswithfansforever.Justaswellbecausemanyhadpaidvastsumstoseethegame.RoseBowlticketsofficiallysoldfor＄175each.Ontheinternetresellerswerehawkingthemforasmuchas＄3000apop.Nobodyknowshowtocontrol[this]observedMitchDorgerthetournament’schiefexecutive.Re-sellingticketsforaprofitknownlesspolitelyasscalpinginAmericaortoutinginBritainisbooming.InAmericaalonethesecondarymarketforticketstosought-aftereventsisworthover＄10billionreckonsJeffreyFluhrthebossofStubHubanonlineticketmarket.Scalpingusedtobeaboutburlymenlurkingoutsidestadiumswithfistfulsoftickets.CriesofTicketshereticketsherestillringoutbeforekickoff.Buttheinternethascreatedalargerandmoreefficientmarket.Someinternet-basedticketagenciessuchastickcocomanddynamiteticketzcomactastraditionalscalpersbuyingupticketsandsellingthemonforasubstantialmark-up.ButotherslikeStubHubhaveanewbusinessmode—bringtogetherbuyersandsellersandthentakeacut.ForeachtransactionStubHubtakesajuicy25%.Despiteitssubstantialcommission—farhigherthanthosechargedbyotheronlineintermediariesincludingeBayorCraigslist—StubHubisflourishing.Thefirmwassetupin2000andthisyear’sRoseBowlwasitsbiggesteventever.TheSuperBowlinearlyFebruarywillbringanothernicehaulashaveU2andRollingStonesconcerts.UnlikeeBaywhichisthelargestonlinetraderinticketsStubHubguaranteeseachtransactionsobuyersneednotworryaboutfraud.Thecompany’srevenuesnowaround＄200maretriplingannuallydespiteitsstartinthedotcombust.Andthereisplentymoreroomtogrow.Mr.Fluhrnotesthatthemarketremainshighlyfragmentedwithtinyoperationsstillflourishingandnewspaperclassifiedsnotyetdead.Buttherearerisks.Someeventsareboostingpricestocuttheresalemargins;othersareusingspecialmeasurestocrackdown.ThissummerticketstothesoccerWorldCupinGermanywillincludethenameandpassportnumberoftheoriginalpurchaserandembeddedchipsthatmatchthebuyertothetickets.Thentherearelegalworries.InAmericamorethanadozenstateshaveanti-scalpinglawsofvariouskinds.NewMexicoforbidstheresellingofticketsforcollegegames;Mississippidoessoforalleventsongovernment-ownedproperty.Suchlawsareoftenignoredbutcanstillbite.InMassachusettswhereresellingaticketformorethan＄2abovefacevalueisunlawfulonefanbroughtalawsuitlastautumnagainst16companiesincludingStubHuboverhispriceyRedSoxtickets.UKismentionedinthetextwiththeintentionto______.
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