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Text 2 The modern cult of beauty is a success in so far as more women retain their youthful appeara...
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已知的值为
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已知fx=|lgx|则fff2的大小关系为
f(2)>f(
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f(
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f(2)>f(
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)
f(
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的倒数是
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平面导板矫治器的适应症是
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下颌平面角较大的安氏Ⅱ类错
最概然速率的物理意义是
是速率分布中最大速率
是大多数分子的速率
在一定的温度下,速率与
相近的气体分子所占的百分率最大
是所有分子速率的平均值
下列离子方程式中属于水解反应且书写正确的是
Fe
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如图∠1=∠2=∠3则以下结论不正确的是
△DEC∽△ABC
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已知函数则ff﹣2等于
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-2的相反数是
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1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
ThetermSilentGenerationmayhavebeenunflatteringbutitwasnotinaccurate.46Inthe’50sAmericaseemedbothworkableandworkingwhichallowedustheluxuryofgrowingupinpeaceandsecurity:Unlikethosewhoprecededorthosewhofolloweduswewerenotexpectedtofightordieforourcountry.Thegrievancesofpovertyraceandinequalitywerenolessvalidthantheyaretodaybutwewerelargelyunawareofthem.Andsoformostofustheydidnotexist. Wewereincapableofheroworship.Thosewemostadmiredinfactwerenotrealheroesbuttheantiheroesoffictionorfilm.47Foruscoolnesswasall;wepridedourselvesonbeingexcellentcriticsevenofourselvesasifwehadathirdeyelookinginratherthanout.Wedidnotcaresomuchwhatthegoodfightwassolongasitwaswagedwitheffortlessstyleandnonchalance. 48Skepticalvisionisaqualityofthegoodjournalist--andourgenerationhasproducedanextraordinarynumberofgoodjournalistsbutitisusuallyfataltothenovelistorpoetwhomusthaveconvictioninordertocreate.Ouroutstandingartistsofproseandpoetrycanbecountedquiteliterallyonthefingersofonehand.Eventhebestofthemseemuncomfortablewiththemajorthesesoflifeanddeath. 49Mostofusdenyitsincerelynodoubtbutweareenviousoftheyoung;wewereafterallsoclosetohavingthesamefreedomsandsoneartotheirnewworld.Weareenviousofsomethingelse:timeandtimeagainithasbeentheyoungwhohaveledthewayinattackingawarthatmanyofusalsobelieveiswrong.Olderandbetterequippedtoprotestmoreofusshouldhavetakentheinitiative. Buttherevolutionariesamonguspoliticalorculturalareaminority;reformnotrevolutionisouraim.50Asagenerationwearedistinguishedbyourlackofanger:Circledbyfurywearetheunfurious;surround-edbypassionwearethedispassionate.Mostofusbythistimehavemadeacommitmenttothekindofcoun-trywewanttolivein.Stillitisacommitmentbasedonreason;weareappalledallofusbytheautomaticreflexesofthoseyoungerorolderthanweare.Detachedobservedalwaysbythatinvisiblethirdeyewestillfinditimpossibletodeliverourselvescompletelytoslogansandideologies. Inthe’50sAmericaseemedbothworkableandworkingwhichallowedustheluxuryofgrowingupinpeaceandsecurity:Unlikethosewhoprecededorthosewhofolloweduswewerenotexpectedtofightordieforourcountry.
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
DopatentshelporhinderinnovationInstinctivelytheywouldseemablessing.Patentinganideagivesitsinventora20-yearmonopolytoexploitthefruitofhisla-borinthemarketplaceinexchangeforpublishingafullaccountofhowthenewproductprocessormaterialworksforeveryonetosee.Fortheinventorthatmaybeareasonabletrade-off.Forsocietyhoweverthelossofcompetitionthroughthegrantingsolerightstoanindividualororganizationisjustifiedonlyifitstimulatestheeconomyanddeliversgoodsthatchangepeople’slivesforthebetter.Inventionthoughisnotinnovation.Itmaytakeacoupleofenthusiastsworkingeveningsandweekendsforayearortwo--nottomentiontensofthousandsofdollarsoftheirsavings--togetapetideatothepatentingstage.Butthatisjustthebeginning.Innovationsbasedonpatentedinventionsordiscoveriescantaketeamsofresearchersengineersandmarketingexpertsadecadeormoreandtensofmillionsofdollarstotransfertothemarketplace.Andforeverybrightideathatgoesontobecomeacommercialwinnerliterallythousandsfallbythewayside.Mosteconomistswouldarguethatwithoutapatentsystemevenfewerinventionswouldleadtosuccessfulinnovationsandthosethatdidwouldbekeptsecretforfarlongerinordertomaximizereturns.Butwhatifpatentsactuallydiscouragethecombiningandrecombiningofinventionstoyieldnewproductsandprocesses--ashashappenedinbiotechnologygeneticsandotherdisciplinesOrwhataboutthoseridiculousbusiness-processpatentslikeAmazon.com’sone-clickpatentorthenameyour-priceauctionpatentassignedtoPriceline.comInsteadofstimulatinginnovationsuchpatentsseemmoreaboutextractingrentsfrominnocentbystandersgoingabouttheirbusiness.Onethinghasbecomeclearsincebusiness-processpatentstookoffinAmericaduringthe1990s:thequalityofpatentshasdeterioratedmarkedly.Andwithsloppierpatentingstandardslitigationhasincreased.Theresultishighertransactioncostsallround.ItisnotsimplyafailureoftheUnitedStatesPatentandTrademarkOfficeUSPTOtoexamineapplicationsmorerigorously.TheFederalCircuithasbeenresponsibleforanumberofbizarrerulings.BecauseofitsdiverseresponsibilitiestheFederalCircuit--unlikeitscounterpartsinEuropeandJapan--hasneverreallyacquiredadequateexpenseinpatentlaw.Tobeeligibleforapatentaninventionmustnotjustbenovelbutalsousefulandnon-obvious.Anythingthatreliesonnaturalphenomenaabstractideasorthelawsofnaturedoesnotqualify.TheUSPTOhastakentorequiringaworkingprototypeofanythingthatsupposedlybreachesthelawsofphysics.Sonomoreperpetualmotionmachinesplease.Theauthorholdsthatbusiness-processpatents
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
LouisArmstrongsangWhenyou’resmilingthewholeworldsmileswithyou.Romanticseverywheremaybesurprisedtolearnthatpsychologicalresearchhasproventhissentimenttobetrue--merelyseeingasmileorafrownforthatmatterwillacti-vatethemusclesinourfacethatmakethatexpressionevenifweareunawareofit.NowaccordingtoanewstudyinPsychologicalSciencesimplyreadingcertainwordsmayalsohavethesameeffect.PsychologistsFrancescoForonifromVUUniversityAmsterdamandGunR.SeminfromtheUniversityofUtrechtconductedtwoexperimentstoseeifemotionlanguagehasaninfluenceonfacialmuscleactivity.Inthefirstexperimentagroupofstudentsreadaseriesofemotionverbse.g.tosmiletocryandadjectivese.g.funnyfrustratingonamonitorwhiletheactivityoftheirzygomaticmajorthemuscleresponsibleforsmilesandcorrugatorsuperciliiwhichcausesfrownsmusclesweremeasured.Theresultsshowedthatreadingactionverbsactivatedthecorrespondingmuscles.Forexampletolaughresultedinactivationofthezygomaticmajormusclebutdidnotcauseanyresponseinthemusclesresponsibleforfrowning.Interestinglywhenpresentedwiththeemotionadjectiveslikefunnyorfrustratingthevolunteersdemonstratedmuchlowermuscleactivationcomparedtotheirreactionstoemotionverbs.Theresearchersnotethatmuscleactivityisinducedinthereaderwhenreadingverbsrepresentingfacialexpressionsofemotion.CanthisnaturalbodilyreactionaffectourjudgmentsInanotherexperimentvolunteerswatchedaseriesofcartoonsandwereunconsciouslyshownemotionverbsandadjectivesaftereachone.Theywerethenaskedtoratehowfunnytheythoughtthecartoonswere.Halfoftheparticipantsheldapenwiththeirlipstopreventthemfromsmilingwhiletheremainingparticipantsdidnothavetheirmusclemovementblocked.Theresultsrevealthatevenwhenemotionverbsarepresentedunconsciouslytheyareabletoinfluencejudgment--volun-teersfoundcartoonstobefunnierwhentheywereprecededbysmilingverbsthaniftheywereprecededbyfrowning-relatedverbs.Howeverthiseffectonlyoccurredinthevolunteerswhowereabletosmile--volunteerswhohadmusclemovementblockeddidnotshowthisrelationshipbetweenemotionverbsandhowfunnytheyjudgedthecartoonsasbeing.Theresultsoftheseexperimentsrevealthatsimplyreadingemotionverbsactivatesspecificfacialmusclesandcaninfluencejudgmentswemake.Theresearchersnotethesefindingssuggestthatlanguageisnotmerelysymbolicbutalsosomaticandtheyconcludethattheseexperimentsprovideanimportantbridgebetweenresearchontheneurobiologicalbasisoflanguageandrelatedbehavioralresearch./FrancescoForoniandGunR.Seminhavefoundintheirsecondexperimentthat
A.Haveenoughinformation B.ListentoyourGremlin C.Testthemagainstyourvalues D.Respectyourdoubts E.Trustyourgut F.Weighupthepro’sandcon’s G.Itjustdoesn’tmatter 5WaystoStopSecondGuessingYourself SomeyearsagoIrememberstandinginmykitchenstaringsilentlyatmyboxesofcerealtryingtodecidewhichtohaveforbreakfast.Istoodtherefor5minutesuntil--utterlyfrustrated--Imarchedoutofthehouseandwentwithout.FortunatelyI’velearnedtomakedecisionsmorequicklyandmoreeasilynowandwhenInoticethatsecond-guessinganddoubtingstartingtokickinIkickitrightback.Sohereare5waystomakeconfidentdecisions. 41______. Somanytimeswehavetomakedecisionswithoutaframeworkandnowaytojudgebetweentwochoices.Whenfacedwithatrickydecisionit’softenagoodideatolineupyourchoicesandask"Whichoneofthesemosthonorsthethingsthatmeanthemosttome"Thedecisionthat’smostinlinewiththethingsthatmeanthemosttoyou--yourcorevalues--willbethebestdecisionforyou.Thatmightnotbethesimplestormostpracticalbutbecauseitfitswithwhoyouareandwhat’smostimportanttoyouitwillalwaysbethebestdecisionforyou. 42______. WhenIwasgrowingupIusedtoloverainySundayafternoonswatchingColumboanAmericancrimefictionTVseries.WhatColumbohadbundlesofwasagreattrustinhisintuition.Ineveryepisodefromtheverymomenthefirstmeetsthebadguyheknows"whodunit"--andhealwaystruststhat.Solookatwhatyourintuitiontellsyouisthe’right’decisionforyou.Forgetaboutallthe"Whatif’s"andthemyriadtinydetails--whatisyourguttellingyouListentoyourintuitionitknowswhatit’stalkingabout. 43______. Mydecisionbetweenbreakfastcerealswasn’tabigdeal.WhicheveroneIchosetherewerenevergoingtobeanyhugeconsequencesandtheripplesfromthatdecisionwouldn’thavebeenfeltmuchfurtherthantheendofmyspoon.Sometimesitjustdoesn’tmatterwhichwayyougo.It’seasytogetwrappedupinsecondguessingyourselfgoingroundincirclesandover-complicatingthingswhen--ifyougetrightdowntoit--itjustdoesn’tmatter.Goingroundincirclesisonlygoingtomakeyoudizzysostopit.Askyourselfthisquestion-ifyourfuturehappinesswasn’tdependentonyourdecisionwhichwaywouldyougo 44______. Goandgetthefactsbeforeyoumakeacomplexdecision.Byallmeansweighupthepro’sandcon’ssothatyoucangetanunderstandingofwhat’sbehindachoice.Butbecareful--there’sahugedifferencebetweenknowingenoughtomakeachoiceandknowingeverythingtomakeachoice.Whenyoufeelyourselfpursuingeveryfactoreverypieceofinformationbeforeyoumakeadecisionstopyourself.Ask"WhatdoIreallyneedtoknowtomakethisdecision"andfocusyoureffortsongettingthebestinformationrelativelyquickly. 45______. Weallnaturallyshyawayfromchangeandwe’vedevelopedawholebunchoftricksthatmakeiteasyforustoavoidmakingdecisionsandstayexactlywhereweare.Thatpartofyouisoftencalledthe"Gremlin"andit’sthepartofyouthatwouldratheravoidmakingdecisionsaltogetherratherthanruntheriskofmakingabadoneorscrewingup.YourGremlinisnotthesamethingashavingdoubtswhicharevalidconcerusaboutapossiblecourseofactionorreasonableconcernsaboutwhatmightbeinstore.Yourdoubtscanhelpyouprepareforchangeandgetreadyforwhatcouldhappen.YourGremlinisadeptatfeedingonyourdoubtsandusingthemtogetyoutostayputsoknowingthedifferencebetweenyourGremlinandyourvaliddoubtshelpsyouclarifywhat’srealandwhat’simaginedwhat’srelevantandwhat’sirrelevant. 42
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Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
AllmenarecreatedequalorsoreckonedThomasJeffersonashedraftedAmerica’sDeclarationofIndependencein1776.SubsequentAmericanshavehadreasontoquestionthefoundingfather.Sotoohavepeopleinthelandfromwhichthenewnationgaineditsfreedom.AmericaandBritainareamongthemostunequalcountriesintherichworldandBritainatanyrateismoreunequalnowthanitwasagenerationago.ThatistheconclusionofastudycommissionedbyHarrietHarmantheequalitiesminister.ClassandmoneyhavealwaysstronglyaffectedhowpeopledoinlifeinBritainwithwell-heeledfamiliesbreedingaffluentchildrenjustastheoffspringofthedesperatelypoortendtoremainpoor.AllthatwassupposedtohaveceasedattheendoftheSecondWorldWarwiththebirthofawelfarestatedesignedtomeetbasicneedsandpromotesocialmobility.Butdespitedevotingmuchthoughtandmoremoneytoimprovingthelotofthepoorgovernmentshavefailedtoboostthoseatthebottomofthepileasmuchasthoseatthetophaveboostedthemselves.ThenewstudyledbyJohnHillsoftheLondonSchoolofEconomicsfoundforexamplethattherichesttenthofhouseholdsreceivedincomemorethanfourtimesthatofthepooresttenth;justagenerationagoitwasthreetimesasmuch.Internationallyonlysixofthe30membersoftheOECDaclubofmainlyrichcountriesshowgreaterinequality.WealthisdistributedfarmoreunequallythanincomewiththerichesttenthinBritainholdingassetsworthalmost100timesthoseofthepoorest.Althoughthestudyfoundthatsomeofthewidestgapsbetweensocialgroupshavediminishedovertimedeep-seateddifferencesbetweenhavesandhave-notspersistminingthelifechancesofthelessfortunate.Politiciansofallstripestalkupequalityofopportunityarguingthatitmakesforafairerandmoremobilesocietyandamoreprosperousone.Thegoalofgreaterequalityofoutcomesalsohasitsboosters.InTheSpiritLevelepidemicdiseaseexpertsKatePickettandRichardWilkinsonclaimthatmoreequalsocietiesarehealthierthanunequalonesaswellashappier.NotallagreebutinacountrywheretheNationalHealthServiceaccountsforalmostafifthofpublicspendingitisworthconsidering.Thedifficultyarisesinputtingthesenotionsintopracticethroughseveretaxincreasesforthemiddleclassandwealthyorexpandinggovernmentintervention.Thesehavenotrecentlybeenvote-winningpropositionsbuttherecessionthatBritainisnowlimpingawayfrommayhavechangedthings.ItisindicatedinParagraph4thatBritishpoliticians
Musicisamystery.Itisuniquetothehumanrace:nootherspeciesproducese-laboratesoundfornoparticularreason.IthasbeenandremainspartofeveryknowncivilizationonEarth.Lengthsofbonefashionedintofluteswereinuse40000yearsago.Anditengagespeople’sattentionmorecomprehensivelythanalmostanythingelse:scansshowthatwhenpeoplefistentomusicvirtuallyeveryareaoftheirbrainbe-comesmoreactive.Yetitservesnoobviousadaptivepurpose.CharlesDarwininTheDescentofMannotedthatneithertheenjoymentnorthecapacityofproducingmusicalnotesarefacultiesoftheleastdirectusetomaninreferencetohisordinaryhabitsoflife.Thenwhatisthepointofmusic.StevenPinkeracognitivepsychologisthascalledmusicauditorycheesecakeanexquisiteconfectioncraftedtoticklethesensitivespotsofatleastsixofourmentalfaculties.Ifitvanishedfromourspecieshesaidtherestofourlifestylewouldbevirtuallyunchanged.Othershavearguedthatonthecontrarymusicalongwithartandliteratureispartofwhatmakespeoplehuman;itsabsencewouldhaveabrutalisingeffect.PhilipBallaBritishsciencewriterandanavidmusicenthusiastcomesdownsomewhereinthemiddle.Hesaysthatmusicisingrainedinourauditorycognitiveandmotorfunctions.Wehaveamusicinstinctasmuchasalanguageinstinctandcouldnotridourselvesofit.HegoesthrougheachcomponentofmusictoexplainhowandwhyitworksusingplentifulexamplesdrawnfromarefreshinglywiderangeofdifferentkindsofmusicfromBachtotheBeatlesandfromnurseryrhymestojazz.Hisbasicmessageisencouraginganduplifting:peopleknowmuchmoreaboutmusicthantheythink.Theystartpickinguptherulesfromthedaytheyarebornperhapsevenbeforebyheatingitallaroundthem.Veryyoungchildrencantellifatuneorharmonyisnotquiterightandmostadultscandifferentiatebetweenkindsofmusiceveniftheyhavehadnotraining.Musiciscompletelysuigeneris.Itshouldnottellanon-musicalstory;thelistenerwilldecodeitforhimself.Manyperhapsmostpeoplehaveexperiencedasuddenrushofemotiononheatingaparticularpieceofmusic;athrillorchillasenseofexcitementorexhilarationafeelingofbeingsweptawaybyit.Theymayevenbemovedtotearswithoutbeingabletotellwhy.Musicalanalystshavetriedhardtofindouthowthishappensbutwithlittlesuccess.Perhapssomemysteriesarebestpreserved.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat
AllmenarecreatedequalorsoreckonedThomasJeffersonashedraftedAmerica’sDeclarationofIndependencein1776.SubsequentAmericanshavehadreasontoquestionthefoundingfather.Sotoohavepeopleinthelandfromwhichthenewnationgaineditsfreedom.AmericaandBritainareamongthemostunequalcountriesintherichworldandBritainatanyrateismoreunequalnowthanitwasagenerationago.ThatistheconclusionofastudycommissionedbyHarrietHarmantheequalitiesminister.ClassandmoneyhavealwaysstronglyaffectedhowpeopledoinlifeinBritainwithwell-heeledfamiliesbreedingaffluentchildrenjustastheoffspringofthedesperatelypoortendtoremainpoor.AllthatwassupposedtohaveceasedattheendoftheSecondWorldWarwiththebirthofawelfarestatedesignedtomeetbasicneedsandpromotesocialmobility.Butdespitedevotingmuchthoughtandmoremoneytoimprovingthelotofthepoorgovernmentshavefailedtoboostthoseatthebottomofthepileasmuchasthoseatthetophaveboostedthemselves.ThenewstudyledbyJohnHillsoftheLondonSchoolofEconomicsfoundforexamplethattherichesttenthofhouseholdsreceivedincomemorethanfourtimesthatofthepooresttenth;justagenerationagoitwasthreetimesasmuch.Internationallyonlysixofthe30membersoftheOECDaclubofmainlyrichcountriesshowgreaterinequality.WealthisdistributedfarmoreunequallythanincomewiththerichesttenthinBritainholdingassetsworthalmost100timesthoseofthepoorest.Althoughthestudyfoundthatsomeofthewidestgapsbetweensocialgroupshavediminishedovertimedeep-seateddifferencesbetweenhavesandhave-notspersistminingthelifechancesofthelessfortunate.Politiciansofallstripestalkupequalityofopportunityarguingthatitmakesforafairerandmoremobilesocietyandamoreprosperousone.Thegoalofgreaterequalityofoutcomesalsohasitsboosters.InTheSpiritLevelepidemicdiseaseexpertsKatePickettandRichardWilkinsonclaimthatmoreequalsocietiesarehealthierthanunequalonesaswellashappier.NotallagreebutinacountrywheretheNationalHealthServiceaccountsforalmostafifthofpublicspendingitisworthconsidering.Thedifficultyarisesinputtingthesenotionsintopracticethroughseveretaxincreasesforthemiddleclassandwealthyorexpandinggovernmentintervention.Thesehavenotrecentlybeenvote-winningpropositionsbuttherecessionthatBritainisnowlimpingawayfrommayhavechangedthings.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph2
Aspeopleinrichcountriesknowverywelleatingtoomuchfoodandburningtoofewcaloriesiswhyasubstantialnumberofusareoverweightorobese.Nowhoweveraremarkablechangeinperspectivehascomefromthediscoverythatobesityactuallyprovidespeoplewithtemporaryprotectionfromtheharmfuleffectsoffat.Theinsighthascomefromre-examiningthecommonassumptionthatfatnessitselfdrivesthedevelopmentofmetabolicsyndromewhichiswhatcausessomuchoftheactualdamage.Thesyndromecomeswithamixtureoflife-threateningeffectswithcardiovasculardiseasediseasesrelatingtotheheartandbloodvesselsandtype2diabetesbeingamongthemostserious.InfactitnowseemsthatbodyfatmaybeabarrierthatstopsmillionsofAmericansandfattycitizenselsewherefromgoingontodevelopthesyndrome.Andtherealdamageiscausedbytheinflammatoryeffectofhighlevelsoffatinthebloodstream.Andironicallyit’sfatcellsthatprotectusfromthisbyservingastoxicdumpslockingawaytherealvillainsofthemoderndiet.Theproblemisthatthisprotectiononlylastssolonguntilthereissimplynomoreroominsidethefatcells.That’swhentheystarttobreakdownleadingtoatoxicspillintothebloodstream.Thissetsoffaninflammatoryresponsethatcausesvariouskindsofdamagetobodytissues.Inthiswayeveryexcesscalorietakespeopleclosertometabolicsyndrome.SowhatcanwedotostopasuperabundanceoffattriggeringthesyndromeOfcoursethere’snosubstituteforahealthydietandexercisebutincitationtothiseffectseemtobeoflimiteduse.Aswithcigarettesandalcoholataxoncalories--pricingfoodsbytheirenergycontent--isincreasinglyseenasanotherlevertochangebehaviourbymakingobesitytoocostly.Thenewresearchmayevensuggesttreatmentstocombatmetabolicsyndromesuchasanti-inflammatorydrugs.OnepromisingcandidateissalsalateanarthritisdrugrelatedtoaspirinandtheJoslinDiabetesCenterinBostonisnowconsideringlarge-scaletrials.Whatmightbemorehelpfulthoughissimplyawiderrecognitionthatfattyandsugaryfoodsaremoredirectlytoxicthanwehadassumed.Ideallypeopleshouldbeaswellinformedabouttheharmfuleffectsofwhattheyeatasforexamplepregnantwomenareaboutdrinkingandsmoking.Thereisaconsolation--youhaveyourfattissuetoprotectyouwhenyouconsumethatextraburgerorsweetenedsoda.Butnowyouknowtheperilsofpushingyourfriendlyfatcellsbeyondtheirnaturallimits.Theauthorindicatesinthetextthatobesitycanberestrictedby
A.Haveenoughinformation B.ListentoyourGremlin C.Testthemagainstyourvalues D.Respectyourdoubts E.Trustyourgut F.Weighupthepro’sandcon’s G.Itjustdoesn’tmatter 5WaystoStopSecondGuessingYourself SomeyearsagoIrememberstandinginmykitchenstaringsilentlyatmyboxesofcerealtryingtodecidewhichtohaveforbreakfast.Istoodtherefor5minutesuntil--utterlyfrustrated--Imarchedoutofthehouseandwentwithout.FortunatelyI’velearnedtomakedecisionsmorequicklyandmoreeasilynowandwhenInoticethatsecond-guessinganddoubtingstartingtokickinIkickitrightback.Sohereare5waystomakeconfidentdecisions. 41______. Somanytimeswehavetomakedecisionswithoutaframeworkandnowaytojudgebetweentwochoices.Whenfacedwithatrickydecisionit’softenagoodideatolineupyourchoicesandask"Whichoneofthesemosthonorsthethingsthatmeanthemosttome"Thedecisionthat’smostinlinewiththethingsthatmeanthemosttoyou--yourcorevalues--willbethebestdecisionforyou.Thatmightnotbethesimplestormostpracticalbutbecauseitfitswithwhoyouareandwhat’smostimportanttoyouitwillalwaysbethebestdecisionforyou. 42______. WhenIwasgrowingupIusedtoloverainySundayafternoonswatchingColumboanAmericancrimefictionTVseries.WhatColumbohadbundlesofwasagreattrustinhisintuition.Ineveryepisodefromtheverymomenthefirstmeetsthebadguyheknows"whodunit"--andhealwaystruststhat.Solookatwhatyourintuitiontellsyouisthe’right’decisionforyou.Forgetaboutallthe"Whatif’s"andthemyriadtinydetails--whatisyourguttellingyouListentoyourintuitionitknowswhatit’stalkingabout. 43______. Mydecisionbetweenbreakfastcerealswasn’tabigdeal.WhicheveroneIchosetherewerenevergoingtobeanyhugeconsequencesandtheripplesfromthatdecisionwouldn’thavebeenfeltmuchfurtherthantheendofmyspoon.Sometimesitjustdoesn’tmatterwhichwayyougo.It’seasytogetwrappedupinsecondguessingyourselfgoingroundincirclesandover-complicatingthingswhen--ifyougetrightdowntoit--itjustdoesn’tmatter.Goingroundincirclesisonlygoingtomakeyoudizzysostopit.Askyourselfthisquestion-ifyourfuturehappinesswasn’tdependentonyourdecisionwhichwaywouldyougo 44______. Goandgetthefactsbeforeyoumakeacomplexdecision.Byallmeansweighupthepro’sandcon’ssothatyoucangetanunderstandingofwhat’sbehindachoice.Butbecareful--there’sahugedifferencebetweenknowingenoughtomakeachoiceandknowingeverythingtomakeachoice.Whenyoufeelyourselfpursuingeveryfactoreverypieceofinformationbeforeyoumakeadecisionstopyourself.Ask"WhatdoIreallyneedtoknowtomakethisdecision"andfocusyoureffortsongettingthebestinformationrelativelyquickly. 45______. Weallnaturallyshyawayfromchangeandwe’vedevelopedawholebunchoftricksthatmakeiteasyforustoavoidmakingdecisionsandstayexactlywhereweare.Thatpartofyouisoftencalledthe"Gremlin"andit’sthepartofyouthatwouldratheravoidmakingdecisionsaltogetherratherthanruntheriskofmakingabadoneorscrewingup.YourGremlinisnotthesamethingashavingdoubtswhicharevalidconcerusaboutapossiblecourseofactionorreasonableconcernsaboutwhatmightbeinstore.Yourdoubtscanhelpyouprepareforchangeandgetreadyforwhatcouldhappen.YourGremlinisadeptatfeedingonyourdoubtsandusingthemtogetyoutostayputsoknowingthedifferencebetweenyourGremlinandyourvaliddoubtshelpsyouclarifywhat’srealandwhat’simaginedwhat’srelevantandwhat’sirrelevant. 44
LouisArmstrongsangWhenyou’resmilingthewholeworldsmileswithyou.Romanticseverywheremaybesurprisedtolearnthatpsychologicalresearchhasproventhissentimenttobetrue--merelyseeingasmileorafrownforthatmatterwillacti-vatethemusclesinourfacethatmakethatexpressionevenifweareunawareofit.NowaccordingtoanewstudyinPsychologicalSciencesimplyreadingcertainwordsmayalsohavethesameeffect.PsychologistsFrancescoForonifromVUUniversityAmsterdamandGunR.SeminfromtheUniversityofUtrechtconductedtwoexperimentstoseeifemotionlanguagehasaninfluenceonfacialmuscleactivity.Inthefirstexperimentagroupofstudentsreadaseriesofemotionverbse.g.tosmiletocryandadjectivese.g.funnyfrustratingonamonitorwhiletheactivityoftheirzygomaticmajorthemuscleresponsibleforsmilesandcorrugatorsuperciliiwhichcausesfrownsmusclesweremeasured.Theresultsshowedthatreadingactionverbsactivatedthecorrespondingmuscles.Forexampletolaughresultedinactivationofthezygomaticmajormusclebutdidnotcauseanyresponseinthemusclesresponsibleforfrowning.Interestinglywhenpresentedwiththeemotionadjectiveslikefunnyorfrustratingthevolunteersdemonstratedmuchlowermuscleactivationcomparedtotheirreactionstoemotionverbs.Theresearchersnotethatmuscleactivityisinducedinthereaderwhenreadingverbsrepresentingfacialexpressionsofemotion.CanthisnaturalbodilyreactionaffectourjudgmentsInanotherexperimentvolunteerswatchedaseriesofcartoonsandwereunconsciouslyshownemotionverbsandadjectivesaftereachone.Theywerethenaskedtoratehowfunnytheythoughtthecartoonswere.Halfoftheparticipantsheldapenwiththeirlipstopreventthemfromsmilingwhiletheremainingparticipantsdidnothavetheirmusclemovementblocked.Theresultsrevealthatevenwhenemotionverbsarepresentedunconsciouslytheyareabletoinfluencejudgment--volun-teersfoundcartoonstobefunnierwhentheywereprecededbysmilingverbsthaniftheywereprecededbyfrowning-relatedverbs.Howeverthiseffectonlyoccurredinthevolunteerswhowereabletosmile--volunteerswhohadmusclemovementblockeddidnotshowthisrelationshipbetweenemotionverbsandhowfunnytheyjudgedthecartoonsasbeing.Theresultsoftheseexperimentsrevealthatsimplyreadingemotionverbsactivatesspecificfacialmusclesandcaninfluencejudgmentswemake.Theresearchersnotethesefindingssuggestthatlanguageisnotmerelysymbolicbutalsosomaticandtheyconcludethattheseexperimentsprovideanimportantbridgebetweenresearchontheneurobiologicalbasisoflanguageandrelatedbehavioralresearch./LouisArmstrongiscitedinfirstparagraphto
Theloveaffairwithbusinessstartedinthe1980sandhasgrownintoamightypassionbackednotjustbymoneybutbyglamourandclass.In2009themoneyranoutbutthemoodwasoneofsuchchaosandconfusionthatitwashardtotellwhatwasgoingonunderneath.In2010itwillbecomeclearthattheclassandglamouraredrainingawayfrombusinesstoo.Itwillbetheendoftheaffair:businesswillbecoolnolonger.Throughoutthisaffairthebusinessschoolsplayedtheroleofcupid.Firsttheymadethestudyofbusinessintoanalmostrespectableacademicdiscipline.Moreimportantlytheymadeitsociallyacceptablesomethingeventheclassiestpersoncouldaspireto.Butin2010forthesecondyearrunningtensofthousandsofoverqualifiedMBAswillemergewithnowhereexcitingtogo.Averyfewwilllandjobsininvestmentbankingbutthosewhowantgrandjobsinbigcompaniesorconsultancieswillbedisappointed.Increasinglytheywillgocrawlingbacktotheiroldemployerstodoprettymuchwhatevertheyweredoingbeforeforprettymuchthesamemoneythusmakingthemquestionwhetheritisreallyworththe$160000thatatopMBAcosts.Thisisnotgoingtobealittlerecessionarydip.Itwillbeamorefundamentalreappraisal.ThemagicalmythoftheMBAhasforsometimeleftthefactsbehind.Infurorethosewhostumpupwilldosobecausetheywanttolearntheskillsnotbecausetheythinktheyarebuyingentryintoacoolandexclusiveclub.Somegoodthingswillfollowfromthis.TherewillbefewersmartAlecswhothinktheyknowitallpouringintocompanies.Therehasbeenabearmarketinmanagementbullshitsincethecreditcrunchbegan.In2010thedeclineoftheMBAwillcutoffthesupplyofbullshitatsource.Pretentiousideasaboutbusinesswillbeinretreat.Buttherewillbebadthingstoo:iffewerbrightambitiouspeoplegointobusinesseconomiesmaysuffer.Insteadthetalentwillgoincreasinglyintothepublicsectorthelawmedicine--whicharealreadyburstingwithbrightpeopleasitis.WhilethedeclineoftheB-schoolswillweakentheglamourofbusinessingeneralthegovernmentwilldoitsbittoowithincreasingregulation.In2010beingaboarddirectorofalistedcompanywillneverhavebeenlessfun:notonlywilltheproceduralsidebemoredemandingtherewillbeevengreaterpublichysteriaoverwhatdirectorsarepaid.Andwiththoseatthetophavingsuchagrimtimeitisunrealistictoexpectanyexcitementatthebottom.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthedeclineofMBAisoneof
Theloveaffairwithbusinessstartedinthe1980sandhasgrownintoamightypassionbackednotjustbymoneybutbyglamourandclass.In2009themoneyranoutbutthemoodwasoneofsuchchaosandconfusionthatitwashardtotellwhatwasgoingonunderneath.In2010itwillbecomeclearthattheclassandglamouraredrainingawayfrombusinesstoo.Itwillbetheendoftheaffair:businesswillbecoolnolonger.Throughoutthisaffairthebusinessschoolsplayedtheroleofcupid.Firsttheymadethestudyofbusinessintoanalmostrespectableacademicdiscipline.Moreimportantlytheymadeitsociallyacceptablesomethingeventheclassiestpersoncouldaspireto.Butin2010forthesecondyearrunningtensofthousandsofoverqualifiedMBAswillemergewithnowhereexcitingtogo.Averyfewwilllandjobsininvestmentbankingbutthosewhowantgrandjobsinbigcompaniesorconsultancieswillbedisappointed.Increasinglytheywillgocrawlingbacktotheiroldemployerstodoprettymuchwhatevertheyweredoingbeforeforprettymuchthesamemoneythusmakingthemquestionwhetheritisreallyworththe$160000thatatopMBAcosts.Thisisnotgoingtobealittlerecessionarydip.Itwillbeamorefundamentalreappraisal.ThemagicalmythoftheMBAhasforsometimeleftthefactsbehind.Infurorethosewhostumpupwilldosobecausetheywanttolearntheskillsnotbecausetheythinktheyarebuyingentryintoacoolandexclusiveclub.Somegoodthingswillfollowfromthis.TherewillbefewersmartAlecswhothinktheyknowitallpouringintocompanies.Therehasbeenabearmarketinmanagementbullshitsincethecreditcrunchbegan.In2010thedeclineoftheMBAwillcutoffthesupplyofbullshitatsource.Pretentiousideasaboutbusinesswillbeinretreat.Buttherewillbebadthingstoo:iffewerbrightambitiouspeoplegointobusinesseconomiesmaysuffer.Insteadthetalentwillgoincreasinglyintothepublicsectorthelawmedicine--whicharealreadyburstingwithbrightpeopleasitis.WhilethedeclineoftheB-schoolswillweakentheglamourofbusinessingeneralthegovernmentwilldoitsbittoowithincreasingregulation.In2010beingaboarddirectorofalistedcompanywillneverhavebeenlessfun:notonlywilltheproceduralsidebemoredemandingtherewillbeevengreaterpublichysteriaoverwhatdirectorsarepaid.Andwiththoseatthetophavingsuchagrimtimeitisunrealistictoexpectanyexcitementatthebottom.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
ThetermSilentGenerationmayhavebeenunflatteringbutitwasnotinaccurate.46Inthe’50sAmericaseemedbothworkableandworkingwhichallowedustheluxuryofgrowingupinpeaceandsecurity:Unlikethosewhoprecededorthosewhofolloweduswewerenotexpectedtofightordieforourcountry.Thegrievancesofpovertyraceandinequalitywerenolessvalidthantheyaretodaybutwewerelargelyunawareofthem.Andsoformostofustheydidnotexist. Wewereincapableofheroworship.Thosewemostadmiredinfactwerenotrealheroesbuttheantiheroesoffictionorfilm.47Foruscoolnesswasall;wepridedourselvesonbeingexcellentcriticsevenofourselvesasifwehadathirdeyelookinginratherthanout.Wedidnotcaresomuchwhatthegoodfightwassolongasitwaswagedwitheffortlessstyleandnonchalance. 48Skepticalvisionisaqualityofthegoodjournalist--andourgenerationhasproducedanextraordinarynumberofgoodjournalistsbutitisusuallyfataltothenovelistorpoetwhomusthaveconvictioninordertocreate.Ouroutstandingartistsofproseandpoetrycanbecountedquiteliterallyonthefingersofonehand.Eventhebestofthemseemuncomfortablewiththemajorthesesoflifeanddeath. 49Mostofusdenyitsincerelynodoubtbutweareenviousoftheyoung;wewereafterallsoclosetohavingthesamefreedomsandsoneartotheirnewworld.Weareenviousofsomethingelse:timeandtimeagainithasbeentheyoungwhohaveledthewayinattackingawarthatmanyofusalsobelieveiswrong.Olderandbetterequippedtoprotestmoreofusshouldhavetakentheinitiative. Buttherevolutionariesamonguspoliticalorculturalareaminority;reformnotrevolutionisouraim.50Asagenerationwearedistinguishedbyourlackofanger:Circledbyfurywearetheunfurious;surround-edbypassionwearethedispassionate.Mostofusbythistimehavemadeacommitmenttothekindofcoun-trywewanttolivein.Stillitisacommitmentbasedonreason;weareappalledallofusbytheautomaticreflexesofthoseyoungerorolderthanweare.Detachedobservedalwaysbythatinvisiblethirdeyewestillfinditimpossibletodeliverourselvescompletelytoslogansandideologies. Asagenerationwearedistinguishedbyourlackofanger:Circledbyfurywearetheunfurious;surround-edbypassionwearethedispassionate
Musicisamystery.Itisuniquetothehumanrace:nootherspeciesproducese-laboratesoundfornoparticularreason.IthasbeenandremainspartofeveryknowncivilizationonEarth.Lengthsofbonefashionedintofluteswereinuse40000yearsago.Anditengagespeople’sattentionmorecomprehensivelythanalmostanythingelse:scansshowthatwhenpeoplefistentomusicvirtuallyeveryareaoftheirbrainbe-comesmoreactive.Yetitservesnoobviousadaptivepurpose.CharlesDarwininTheDescentofMannotedthatneithertheenjoymentnorthecapacityofproducingmusicalnotesarefacultiesoftheleastdirectusetomaninreferencetohisordinaryhabitsoflife.Thenwhatisthepointofmusic.StevenPinkeracognitivepsychologisthascalledmusicauditorycheesecakeanexquisiteconfectioncraftedtoticklethesensitivespotsofatleastsixofourmentalfaculties.Ifitvanishedfromourspecieshesaidtherestofourlifestylewouldbevirtuallyunchanged.Othershavearguedthatonthecontrarymusicalongwithartandliteratureispartofwhatmakespeoplehuman;itsabsencewouldhaveabrutalisingeffect.PhilipBallaBritishsciencewriterandanavidmusicenthusiastcomesdownsomewhereinthemiddle.Hesaysthatmusicisingrainedinourauditorycognitiveandmotorfunctions.Wehaveamusicinstinctasmuchasalanguageinstinctandcouldnotridourselvesofit.HegoesthrougheachcomponentofmusictoexplainhowandwhyitworksusingplentifulexamplesdrawnfromarefreshinglywiderangeofdifferentkindsofmusicfromBachtotheBeatlesandfromnurseryrhymestojazz.Hisbasicmessageisencouraginganduplifting:peopleknowmuchmoreaboutmusicthantheythink.Theystartpickinguptherulesfromthedaytheyarebornperhapsevenbeforebyheatingitallaroundthem.Veryyoungchildrencantellifatuneorharmonyisnotquiterightandmostadultscandifferentiatebetweenkindsofmusiceveniftheyhavehadnotraining.Musiciscompletelysuigeneris.Itshouldnottellanon-musicalstory;thelistenerwilldecodeitforhimself.Manyperhapsmostpeoplehaveexperiencedasuddenrushofemotiononheatingaparticularpieceofmusic;athrillorchillasenseofexcitementorexhilarationafeelingofbeingsweptawaybyit.Theymayevenbemovedtotearswithoutbeingabletotellwhy.Musicalanalystshavetriedhardtofindouthowthishappensbutwithlittlesuccess.Perhapssomemysteriesarebestpreserved.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext
LouisArmstrongsangWhenyou’resmilingthewholeworldsmileswithyou.Romanticseverywheremaybesurprisedtolearnthatpsychologicalresearchhasproventhissentimenttobetrue--merelyseeingasmileorafrownforthatmatterwillacti-vatethemusclesinourfacethatmakethatexpressionevenifweareunawareofit.NowaccordingtoanewstudyinPsychologicalSciencesimplyreadingcertainwordsmayalsohavethesameeffect.PsychologistsFrancescoForonifromVUUniversityAmsterdamandGunR.SeminfromtheUniversityofUtrechtconductedtwoexperimentstoseeifemotionlanguagehasaninfluenceonfacialmuscleactivity.Inthefirstexperimentagroupofstudentsreadaseriesofemotionverbse.g.tosmiletocryandadjectivese.g.funnyfrustratingonamonitorwhiletheactivityoftheirzygomaticmajorthemuscleresponsibleforsmilesandcorrugatorsuperciliiwhichcausesfrownsmusclesweremeasured.Theresultsshowedthatreadingactionverbsactivatedthecorrespondingmuscles.Forexampletolaughresultedinactivationofthezygomaticmajormusclebutdidnotcauseanyresponseinthemusclesresponsibleforfrowning.Interestinglywhenpresentedwiththeemotionadjectiveslikefunnyorfrustratingthevolunteersdemonstratedmuchlowermuscleactivationcomparedtotheirreactionstoemotionverbs.Theresearchersnotethatmuscleactivityisinducedinthereaderwhenreadingverbsrepresentingfacialexpressionsofemotion.CanthisnaturalbodilyreactionaffectourjudgmentsInanotherexperimentvolunteerswatchedaseriesofcartoonsandwereunconsciouslyshownemotionverbsandadjectivesaftereachone.Theywerethenaskedtoratehowfunnytheythoughtthecartoonswere.Halfoftheparticipantsheldapenwiththeirlipstopreventthemfromsmilingwhiletheremainingparticipantsdidnothavetheirmusclemovementblocked.Theresultsrevealthatevenwhenemotionverbsarepresentedunconsciouslytheyareabletoinfluencejudgment--volun-teersfoundcartoonstobefunnierwhentheywereprecededbysmilingverbsthaniftheywereprecededbyfrowning-relatedverbs.Howeverthiseffectonlyoccurredinthevolunteerswhowereabletosmile--volunteerswhohadmusclemovementblockeddidnotshowthisrelationshipbetweenemotionverbsandhowfunnytheyjudgedthecartoonsasbeing.Theresultsoftheseexperimentsrevealthatsimplyreadingemotionverbsactivatesspecificfacialmusclesandcaninfluencejudgmentswemake.Theresearchersnotethesefindingssuggestthatlanguageisnotmerelysymbolicbutalsosomaticandtheyconcludethattheseexperimentsprovideanimportantbridgebetweenresearchontheneurobiologicalbasisoflanguageandrelatedbehavioralresearch./Whatcanweinferfromthetext
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Musicisamystery.Itisuniquetothehumanrace:nootherspeciesproducese-laboratesoundfornoparticularreason.IthasbeenandremainspartofeveryknowncivilizationonEarth.Lengthsofbonefashionedintofluteswereinuse40000yearsago.Anditengagespeople’sattentionmorecomprehensivelythanalmostanythingelse:scansshowthatwhenpeoplefistentomusicvirtuallyeveryareaoftheirbrainbe-comesmoreactive.Yetitservesnoobviousadaptivepurpose.CharlesDarwininTheDescentofMannotedthatneithertheenjoymentnorthecapacityofproducingmusicalnotesarefacultiesoftheleastdirectusetomaninreferencetohisordinaryhabitsoflife.Thenwhatisthepointofmusic.StevenPinkeracognitivepsychologisthascalledmusicauditorycheesecakeanexquisiteconfectioncraftedtoticklethesensitivespotsofatleastsixofourmentalfaculties.Ifitvanishedfromourspecieshesaidtherestofourlifestylewouldbevirtuallyunchanged.Othershavearguedthatonthecontrarymusicalongwithartandliteratureispartofwhatmakespeoplehuman;itsabsencewouldhaveabrutalisingeffect.PhilipBallaBritishsciencewriterandanavidmusicenthusiastcomesdownsomewhereinthemiddle.Hesaysthatmusicisingrainedinourauditorycognitiveandmotorfunctions.Wehaveamusicinstinctasmuchasalanguageinstinctandcouldnotridourselvesofit.HegoesthrougheachcomponentofmusictoexplainhowandwhyitworksusingplentifulexamplesdrawnfromarefreshinglywiderangeofdifferentkindsofmusicfromBachtotheBeatlesandfromnurseryrhymestojazz.Hisbasicmessageisencouraginganduplifting:peopleknowmuchmoreaboutmusicthantheythink.Theystartpickinguptherulesfromthedaytheyarebornperhapsevenbeforebyheatingitallaroundthem.Veryyoungchildrencantellifatuneorharmonyisnotquiterightandmostadultscandifferentiatebetweenkindsofmusiceveniftheyhavehadnotraining.Musiciscompletelysuigeneris.Itshouldnottellanon-musicalstory;thelistenerwilldecodeitforhimself.Manyperhapsmostpeoplehaveexperiencedasuddenrushofemotiononheatingaparticularpieceofmusic;athrillorchillasenseofexcitementorexhilarationafeelingofbeingsweptawaybyit.Theymayevenbemovedtotearswithoutbeingabletotellwhy.Musicalanalystshavetriedhardtofindouthowthishappensbutwithlittlesuccess.Perhapssomemysteriesarebestpreserved.AccordingtoPhilipBall’sresearchwhichofthefollowingistrue
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Aspeopleinrichcountriesknowverywelleatingtoomuchfoodandburningtoofewcaloriesiswhyasubstantialnumberofusareoverweightorobese.Nowhoweveraremarkablechangeinperspectivehascomefromthediscoverythatobesityactuallyprovidespeoplewithtemporaryprotectionfromtheharmfuleffectsoffat.Theinsighthascomefromre-examiningthecommonassumptionthatfatnessitselfdrivesthedevelopmentofmetabolicsyndromewhichiswhatcausessomuchoftheactualdamage.Thesyndromecomeswithamixtureoflife-threateningeffectswithcardiovasculardiseasediseasesrelatingtotheheartandbloodvesselsandtype2diabetesbeingamongthemostserious.InfactitnowseemsthatbodyfatmaybeabarrierthatstopsmillionsofAmericansandfattycitizenselsewherefromgoingontodevelopthesyndrome.Andtherealdamageiscausedbytheinflammatoryeffectofhighlevelsoffatinthebloodstream.Andironicallyit’sfatcellsthatprotectusfromthisbyservingastoxicdumpslockingawaytherealvillainsofthemoderndiet.Theproblemisthatthisprotectiononlylastssolonguntilthereissimplynomoreroominsidethefatcells.That’swhentheystarttobreakdownleadingtoatoxicspillintothebloodstream.Thissetsoffaninflammatoryresponsethatcausesvariouskindsofdamagetobodytissues.Inthiswayeveryexcesscalorietakespeopleclosertometabolicsyndrome.SowhatcanwedotostopasuperabundanceoffattriggeringthesyndromeOfcoursethere’snosubstituteforahealthydietandexercisebutincitationtothiseffectseemtobeoflimiteduse.Aswithcigarettesandalcoholataxoncalories--pricingfoodsbytheirenergycontent--isincreasinglyseenasanotherlevertochangebehaviourbymakingobesitytoocostly.Thenewresearchmayevensuggesttreatmentstocombatmetabolicsyndromesuchasanti-inflammatorydrugs.OnepromisingcandidateissalsalateanarthritisdrugrelatedtoaspirinandtheJoslinDiabetesCenterinBostonisnowconsideringlarge-scaletrials.Whatmightbemorehelpfulthoughissimplyawiderrecognitionthatfattyandsugaryfoodsaremoredirectlytoxicthanwehadassumed.Ideallypeopleshouldbeaswellinformedabouttheharmfuleffectsofwhattheyeatasforexamplepregnantwomenareaboutdrinkingandsmoking.Thereisaconsolation--youhaveyourfattissuetoprotectyouwhenyouconsumethatextraburgerorsweetenedsoda.Butnowyouknowtheperilsofpushingyourfriendlyfatcellsbeyondtheirnaturallimits.FromParagraph2weknowthattherealvillainofactualdamagesis
ThetermSilentGenerationmayhavebeenunflatteringbutitwasnotinaccurate.46Inthe’50sAmericaseemedbothworkableandworkingwhichallowedustheluxuryofgrowingupinpeaceandsecurity:Unlikethosewhoprecededorthosewhofolloweduswewerenotexpectedtofightordieforourcountry.Thegrievancesofpovertyraceandinequalitywerenolessvalidthantheyaretodaybutwewerelargelyunawareofthem.Andsoformostofustheydidnotexist. Wewereincapableofheroworship.Thosewemostadmiredinfactwerenotrealheroesbuttheantiheroesoffictionorfilm.47Foruscoolnesswasall;wepridedourselvesonbeingexcellentcriticsevenofourselvesasifwehadathirdeyelookinginratherthanout.Wedidnotcaresomuchwhatthegoodfightwassolongasitwaswagedwitheffortlessstyleandnonchalance. 48Skepticalvisionisaqualityofthegoodjournalist--andourgenerationhasproducedanextraordinarynumberofgoodjournalistsbutitisusuallyfataltothenovelistorpoetwhomusthaveconvictioninordertocreate.Ouroutstandingartistsofproseandpoetrycanbecountedquiteliterallyonthefingersofonehand.Eventhebestofthemseemuncomfortablewiththemajorthesesoflifeanddeath. 49Mostofusdenyitsincerelynodoubtbutweareenviousoftheyoung;wewereafterallsoclosetohavingthesamefreedomsandsoneartotheirnewworld.Weareenviousofsomethingelse:timeandtimeagainithasbeentheyoungwhohaveledthewayinattackingawarthatmanyofusalsobelieveiswrong.Olderandbetterequippedtoprotestmoreofusshouldhavetakentheinitiative. Buttherevolutionariesamonguspoliticalorculturalareaminority;reformnotrevolutionisouraim.50Asagenerationwearedistinguishedbyourlackofanger:Circledbyfurywearetheunfurious;surround-edbypassionwearethedispassionate.Mostofusbythistimehavemadeacommitmenttothekindofcoun-trywewanttolivein.Stillitisacommitmentbasedonreason;weareappalledallofusbytheautomaticreflexesofthoseyoungerorolderthanweare.Detachedobservedalwaysbythatinvisiblethirdeyewestillfinditimpossibletodeliverourselvescompletelytoslogansandideologies. Skepticalvisionisaqualityofthegoodjournalist--andourgenerationhasproducedanextraordinarynumberofgoodjournalistsbutitisusuallyfataltothenovelistorpoetwhomusthaveconvictioninordertocreate.
Eveninaneraofglobalnetworksandcheaptravelinternationalcommunicationstillfacesonegreatbarrier:wedon’tallspeakthesamelanguage.Butthatgapis1asonlinetranslationservicesadvance. Recently2websiteMeedantranslatesArabic-languagenewsstoriesintoEnglishandviceversaanddisplaysthetwoversions3eachother.Commentsineitherlanguageare4translated.AnewsiteforbloggerscalledMojofitiautomaticallymakesposts5toreadersin27languages.AndGooglenowhasatoolthatwill6allowanyonewithacamera-phonetophotographsayaGermanrestaurantmenusendthe7asamultimediamessagetoGoogle’sserversandgetanEnglishtranslationsentbacktothem. Alltheseservicesultimately8atechniquecalledstatisticalmachinetranslationinwhichsoftwarelearnstotranslatebyusingmathematicsto9largecollectionsofpreviouslytranslateddocuments.Itthenusesthe10ithaslearnedthiswayto11themostlikelytranslationinfuture.12translationprocedureshaveimprovedsomehuman13isstillneededtoprovideatranslationthatreadswell.Meedan’snewsarticles14aremachinetranslatedandthentidiedupbyeditors.Google’sToolkitforprofessionaltranslatorsproducesamachinetranslationforthemtotidyupintheprocessproviding15tothesoftwaretoimproveitstranslation16 Withthefighthelpevenamonoglotusersomeonethatspeaksonlyasinglelanguagecouldproduceresuitsasgoodasthoseofa17saysPhilipKoehnoftheUniversityofEdinburghUK.HisserviceCaitra18severalpossiblephrasesifitisuncertainwhichoneiscorrect.Thisletsamonoglotuserfixconfusingphrasesthatwould19beimpossiblewithoutreadingthe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
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