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一只股票现在的价格是40元，该股票一个月后价格将是42元或者38元。假如无风险利率是8%，用无风险套利原则说明，执行价格为39元的一个月期欧式看涨期权的价值是多少
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A公司的普通股最近一个月来交易价格变动很小投资者确信三个月后其价格将会有很大变化但是不知道它是上涨还
某公司股票发行价格为25元认股权证的预购股票价格为20元经过一个月后该公司股票市价升至50元如果不考
5
20
25
30
A公司的普通股最近一个月来交易价格变动很小投资者确信三个月后其价格将会有很大变化但是不知道它是上涨还
假设甲公司股票现在的市价为10元有1股以该股票为标的资产的看涨期权执行价格为6元到期时间是9个月9个
假设ABC公司的股票现在的市价为30元有1份以该股票为标的资产的看涨期权执行价格为30．5元到期时间
当前股票价格为40元3个月后股价可能上涨或下跌10%无风险年利率为8%按单利计则期限为3个月执行价格
1.18
1.67
1.81
1.19
某一股票当前的交易价格为10元3个月后股票的价格将是11元或者9元连续计复利的无风险利率是每年3.5
0.35元
0.54元
0.64元
0.82元
一只股票现在的价格是40元该股票一个月后价格将是42元或者38元假如无风险利率是8%1简述风险中性定
假设甲公司股票现在的市价为10元有1股以该股票为标的资产的看涨期权执行价格为6元到期时间是9个月9个
A公司的普通股最近一个月来交易价格变动很小投资者确信三个月后其价格将会有很大变化但是不知道它是上涨还
A公司的普通股最近一个月来交易价格变动很小投资者确信三个月后其价格将会有很大变化但是不知道它是上涨还
假设甲公司股票现在的市价为10元有1股以该股票为标的资产的看涨期权执行价格为6元到期时间是9个月9个
假设甲公司股票现在的市价为10元有1股以该股票为标的资产的看涨期权执行价格为6元到期时间是9个月9个
某股票目前价格为40元假设该股票1个月后的价格要么为42元要么38元连续复利无风险年利率为8%请问1
一只股票现在的价格是40元该股票一个月后价格将是42元或者38元假如无风险利率是8% 1简述风险中
现有甲股票认购期权行权价格为50元到期日为三个月一个月后该期权的标的证券价格有如下三种情况①甲股票价
①=②=③
①>②>③
①<②<③
无法判断
假设甲公司股票现在的市价为10元有1股以该股票为标的资产的看涨期权执行价格为6元到期时间是9个月9个
甲公司目前的股票价格为60元而行权价为60元一个月后到期的甲公司股票认购期权价格为3元该期权的del
2
10
20
无法确定
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StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
TheFederalCommunicationsCommissionisnotaloneinworryingabouttelevisionstationsthataircorporateadvertisementsmasqueradingasnewsstories.InfacttheFCCrequiresthatbroadcaststationsdisclosethecorporatebackersof"videonewsreleases"orfaceamaximumfineof$32500foreachviolation.Enoughviolationsandastationcouldloseitslicense.TheFCCsetsoutaclearpolicy:Alloutsidenewsreportingmustbeidentifieddisclosingthesourceofanyvideonewsreleaseairedonanewsprogram. Thereareoccasionaldeclines.AnonprofitconsumerwatchdoggroupreportedtotheFCCthat77stationsbroadcastvideofeaturesaboutproductsfrom49companieswithoutpointingoutthattheywereproducedbypublicrelationsfirmsrepresentingthesecorporations.Publicrelationsfirmshaveonegoal:tomaketheirvideonewsreleaseslookasiftheyarelegitimatenewsreportsnotpropaganda. HoweverPR-producedvideonewsreleasesmerelyarethetipoftheiceberg.Eversincenewspapersbeganspecial-interestgroupshavetriedtoinfluencethequalityandquantityofthenewsprinted.Ofteninexchangeforadvertisingrevenuenewspaperswouldprintglowingstoriesoftheirsponsorsandsuppressanynewsthatmighthurttheirheavyadvertisers.Thosewithouttheabilitytoinformthepresseitherthroughnewsreleasesorcontactsusuallyareignoredunlesstheycommitacrimeoractinattention-gettingways. Formostofthe20thcenturywomenandpeopleofcolorfounditalmostimpossibletobreakthespecial-interestnewsbarriers.Theirstorieswereignoredunlesstherewasasensationaloruniqueelement.Usuallythoughitemsconcerningtheseminoritiesrequiredanenormouswrongdoingsuchasthemurderofsomeoneinthewhitecommunityorsomeattackonthestatusquothatthreatenedthepeaceandquietaswellastheproductivityofaneighborhood. Therehavebeensplendidexceptionsbutnotmany.OnereasontheHispanicnewsmediahasbeensosuccessfulisthatitcaterstoitsaudienceinthesamemannerallmediadoes.Whileitsbiasmayseemdifferentitactuallyisthesamebiasallmediahas:anoverwhelmingconcerntokeepitssupportershappy.SowhilethehueandcryoverPR-createdvideonewsreleasesarewellandgoodtheyreallydonotattacktheproblemofbiasednewsandappealstoaspecificgroupthatsharesthesameprejudicesandconcernsaboutthepresentandfuture. AllofthisisonekeyreasonAmericanssooftenaresurprisedwhenthenewsoutletsareforcedtoreportstoriesthatdonotpleaseadvertisersorconsumers.Bettertocontinuewhenpossibleasteadysupplyofnewsaboutthelatestcelebritybabyoryetanotherpieceaboutsexoffendersorrestauranthealthviolations AccordingtothetexttheHispanicnewsmediaaresuccessfulbecause
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
PresidentBushhasonceagainstartedspeakingoutforcomprehensiveimmigrationreformandadraftplantorallyRepublicansenatorsontheissueiscirculatingjustasCongressionalhearingsontheissueapproach.MembersofCongressrecognizethatvotersarelookingforrealreformthatrestsonresoluteeffectiveenforcementofourimmigrationlaws. Theonlyseriouslegislativeproposalonthetableofferssuchenforcementbecauseitfocusesonmakingemployersaccountablefortheirhiringpractices.Tothatendthebillincorporateslessonslearnedfromthelargestimmigrationenforcementoperationeverundertaken.LastDecemberDepartmentofHomelandSecurityagentsdescendedonmeatprocessingplantsrunbySwirl&Companyinsixstatesarrestingmorethan1200unauthorizedworkers. ThearrestswereastonishingbecauseSwiftparticipatesinBasicPilotavoluntaryDepartmentofHomelandSecurityprogramthatallowsemployerstoelectronicallyverifytheworkeligibilityofnewlyhiredworkersagainstdepartmentandSocialSecuritydatabases.Theprogramisseenastheprecursorforaverificationsystemthatwouldbecomemandatorywithcomprehensiveimmigrationreform.SinceSwirlwasusingthedepartment’ssystemhowdiditendupwithillegalworkers TheBasicPilotprogramhasafatalflawwhichisthatitrequiresonlyelectronicverificationofemploymentqualification.Aneffectiveprogramshouldalsoinsistontamper-proofidentificationdocumentsforjob-seekersincorporatingbiometricslikedigitalphotographsandfingerprintstoproveidentity.Onlythenwoulditbepossibletoestablishnotonlythatjobapplicantsareauthorizedtoworkbutalsothattheyarewhotheysaytheyare.OtherwisevalidSocialSecuritynumberscanbepresentedtoemployersandBasicPilotwillverifythembutthenumbersmaynotbelongtotheworkerswhopresentthem. ToinsistonsecuredocumentswithbiometricidentifiersisnotacallforanationalID.Greencardstemporaryworkpermitsandpassportsaresecureandreliableforhiringpurposes.AddingSocialSecuritycardstothislistestablishingasinglestandardfortheirsecurityfeaturesandreplacingoldcardsoveradesignatedperiodwouldresolvetheproblemonanationalscale. Onlythenwouldemployersbeabletocomplyreliablywithverificationrequirementsasthebasisforsoundenforcementandbyextensionbordercontrol.LegalimmigrantsandAmericancitizenscouldprovetheiridentitiesandqualificationstoworkwithoutfacingdiscriminationbasedonappearanceorlanguage.Scarceenforcementresourcescouldbespentonapprehendingrealcriminalsandaddressingnationalsecuritythreats.Andanewsystemofenforcementwouldatlasthaveachancetowinbackpublicconfidenceinthenation’simmigrationpolicies.Aftermorethan20yearsoffailedeffortsCongressmustnotbakehalfaloaf.SecurebiometricSocialSecuritycardsareanessentialingredientinanycomprehensiveimmigrationreform. ItcanNOTbefoundfromthetextthat
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Eventheirparentsstruggletodrawthetiniesthintofemotionorsocialconnectionfromautistic患孤独症的childrensoimaginewhathappenswhenastrangersitswiththechildforhourstogetthroughthestandardIQtest.For10ofthetest’s12sectionsthechildmustlistenandrespondtospokenquestions.Sinceformanyautisticsitistorturetotrytoengagewithsomeoneevenonthisimpersonallevelit’snowondersomanywindupwithIQscoresjustaboveacarrot’s.Morepreciselyfullythreequartersofautisticsareclassifiedashavingbelow-normalintelligencewithmanydeemedmentallyretarded. ResearchershavetriedadifferentIQtestonethatrequiresnosocialinteraction.AstheyreportinthejournalPsychologicalScienceautisticchildren’sscorescameoutstarklydifferentthanontheoralinteractiveIQtest—suggestingaburningintelligenceinsidethesekidsthateducatorsarefailingtouncover. ForthestudychildrentooktwoIQtests.InthemorewidelyusedWechslertheytriedtoarrangeandcompletepicturesdosimplearithmeticdemonstratevocabularycomprehensionandanswerquestions—almostallinresponsetoastranger’squestions.IntheRaven’sProgressiveMatricestesttheygotbriefinstructionsthenwentoffontheirowntoanalyzethree-by-threearraysofgeometricdesignswithonemissingandchoosethedesignthatbelongedintheemptyplace.Thedisparityinscoreswasstriking.Overalltheautisticsscoredaroundthe30thpercentileontheWechslerwhichcorrespondsto"lowaverage"IQ.Buttheyaveragedinthe56thpercentileontheRaven’s.notasingleautisticchildscoredinthe"highintelligence"rangeontheWechsler;ontheRaven’sonethirddid.Healthychildrenshowednosuchdisparity. Thatpresentsapuzzle.IfmanyautisticsarcmoreintelligentthananIQtestshowswhyhaven’ttheirparentsnoticedPartlybecausemanyparentswelcomealowscorewhichbringstheirchildmorespecialservicesfromschoolsandpublicagencies.Butanotherforceisatwork."Weoftenthinkofintelligenceaswhatyoucanshowsuchasbyspeakingfluently"saysapsychologist."Parentsaswellasprofessionalsmightbebiasedtolookatthat"ratherthandigforthehiddenintellectualspark. Thechallengeistocoaxthatsparkintothekindofintelligencethatmanifestsitselfinpractice.Thatissomethingautismresearchersarefarfromdoing.Manyexpertsdismissautistics’exceptionalreadingartisticorotherabilitiesassideeffectsofabnormalbrainfunction.Theyadviseparentstosteertheirchildawayfromwhatheexcelsatandobsessesoverandtowardwhathestruggleswith.Itmakesyouwonderhowmanyotherchildrenwhoseintellectualpotentialwe’retooblindtoseewe’vealsogivenupon. ThenewtypeofIQtesttakenbyresearchersisonethat
TheFederalCommunicationsCommissionisnotaloneinworryingabouttelevisionstationsthataircorporateadvertisementsmasqueradingasnewsstories.InfacttheFCCrequiresthatbroadcaststationsdisclosethecorporatebackersof"videonewsreleases"orfaceamaximumfineof$32500foreachviolation.Enoughviolationsandastationcouldloseitslicense.TheFCCsetsoutaclearpolicy:Alloutsidenewsreportingmustbeidentifieddisclosingthesourceofanyvideonewsreleaseairedonanewsprogram. Thereareoccasionaldeclines.AnonprofitconsumerwatchdoggroupreportedtotheFCCthat77stationsbroadcastvideofeaturesaboutproductsfrom49companieswithoutpointingoutthattheywereproducedbypublicrelationsfirmsrepresentingthesecorporations.Publicrelationsfirmshaveonegoal:tomaketheirvideonewsreleaseslookasiftheyarelegitimatenewsreportsnotpropaganda. HoweverPR-producedvideonewsreleasesmerelyarethetipoftheiceberg.Eversincenewspapersbeganspecial-interestgroupshavetriedtoinfluencethequalityandquantityofthenewsprinted.Ofteninexchangeforadvertisingrevenuenewspaperswouldprintglowingstoriesoftheirsponsorsandsuppressanynewsthatmighthurttheirheavyadvertisers.Thosewithouttheabilitytoinformthepresseitherthroughnewsreleasesorcontactsusuallyareignoredunlesstheycommitacrimeoractinattention-gettingways. Formostofthe20thcenturywomenandpeopleofcolorfounditalmostimpossibletobreakthespecial-interestnewsbarriers.Theirstorieswereignoredunlesstherewasasensationaloruniqueelement.Usuallythoughitemsconcerningtheseminoritiesrequiredanenormouswrongdoingsuchasthemurderofsomeoneinthewhitecommunityorsomeattackonthestatusquothatthreatenedthepeaceandquietaswellastheproductivityofaneighborhood. Therehavebeensplendidexceptionsbutnotmany.OnereasontheHispanicnewsmediahasbeensosuccessfulisthatitcaterstoitsaudienceinthesamemannerallmediadoes.Whileitsbiasmayseemdifferentitactuallyisthesamebiasallmediahas:anoverwhelmingconcerntokeepitssupportershappy.SowhilethehueandcryoverPR-createdvideonewsreleasesarewellandgoodtheyreallydonotattacktheproblemofbiasednewsandappealstoaspecificgroupthatsharesthesameprejudicesandconcernsaboutthepresentandfuture. AllofthisisonekeyreasonAmericanssooftenaresurprisedwhenthenewsoutletsareforcedtoreportstoriesthatdonotpleaseadvertisersorconsumers.Bettertocontinuewhenpossibleasteadysupplyofnewsaboutthelatestcelebritybabyoryetanotherpieceaboutsexoffendersorrestauranthealthviolations Bydescribingthepublicrelationscompaniesthatproducenewsvideostheauthorintendsto
PresidentBushhasonceagainstartedspeakingoutforcomprehensiveimmigrationreformandadraftplantorallyRepublicansenatorsontheissueiscirculatingjustasCongressionalhearingsontheissueapproach.MembersofCongressrecognizethatvotersarelookingforrealreformthatrestsonresoluteeffectiveenforcementofourimmigrationlaws. Theonlyseriouslegislativeproposalonthetableofferssuchenforcementbecauseitfocusesonmakingemployersaccountablefortheirhiringpractices.Tothatendthebillincorporateslessonslearnedfromthelargestimmigrationenforcementoperationeverundertaken.LastDecemberDepartmentofHomelandSecurityagentsdescendedonmeatprocessingplantsrunbySwirl&Companyinsixstatesarrestingmorethan1200unauthorizedworkers. ThearrestswereastonishingbecauseSwiftparticipatesinBasicPilotavoluntaryDepartmentofHomelandSecurityprogramthatallowsemployerstoelectronicallyverifytheworkeligibilityofnewlyhiredworkersagainstdepartmentandSocialSecuritydatabases.Theprogramisseenastheprecursorforaverificationsystemthatwouldbecomemandatorywithcomprehensiveimmigrationreform.SinceSwirlwasusingthedepartment’ssystemhowdiditendupwithillegalworkers TheBasicPilotprogramhasafatalflawwhichisthatitrequiresonlyelectronicverificationofemploymentqualification.Aneffectiveprogramshouldalsoinsistontamper-proofidentificationdocumentsforjob-seekersincorporatingbiometricslikedigitalphotographsandfingerprintstoproveidentity.Onlythenwoulditbepossibletoestablishnotonlythatjobapplicantsareauthorizedtoworkbutalsothattheyarewhotheysaytheyare.OtherwisevalidSocialSecuritynumberscanbepresentedtoemployersandBasicPilotwillverifythembutthenumbersmaynotbelongtotheworkerswhopresentthem. ToinsistonsecuredocumentswithbiometricidentifiersisnotacallforanationalID.Greencardstemporaryworkpermitsandpassportsaresecureandreliableforhiringpurposes.AddingSocialSecuritycardstothislistestablishingasinglestandardfortheirsecurityfeaturesandreplacingoldcardsoveradesignatedperiodwouldresolvetheproblemonanationalscale. Onlythenwouldemployersbeabletocomplyreliablywithverificationrequirementsasthebasisforsoundenforcementandbyextensionbordercontrol.LegalimmigrantsandAmericancitizenscouldprovetheiridentitiesandqualificationstoworkwithoutfacingdiscriminationbasedonappearanceorlanguage.Scarceenforcementresourcescouldbespentonapprehendingrealcriminalsandaddressingnationalsecuritythreats.Andanewsystemofenforcementwouldatlasthaveachancetowinbackpublicconfidenceinthenation’simmigrationpolicies.Aftermorethan20yearsoffailedeffortsCongressmustnotbakehalfaloaf.SecurebiometricSocialSecuritycardsareanessentialingredientinanycomprehensiveimmigrationreform. ThecaseofSwirlunauthorizedworkerswascausedpossiblybecause
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Ananalysisofworkplacetrendsshowsthatemployeeperksareliableindicatorofjobmarketstrengtharebeginningtomakeacomeback.WhilenotasExtravagantasthoseofferedinthelate1990scompaniesclearlyareshiftingtheirfocusfromworkforcereductiontoworkforceretention.Firmsrealizethattheyrequireafoundationofexperiencedtrainedandmotivatedworkers.Theseemployersareimprovingand/oraddingperkstopreventanexodusofworkersthatcouldoccurastheeconomycontinuesimproving.Theyalsomaybelookingfurtherdowntheroadwhenseverelaborshortagesareexpectedtoreturn. Ananalysisofperksofferedintoday’sworkplaceshowsthatmanyofthe1990s-stylebenefitssuchasgameroomsandluxurycarleaseshavebeenabandoned.Theperksthatremainpopularwithemployersandemployeesarethosethathelpworkersstayhealthycareerfocusedandfinanciallystable.Perhapsthemostappreciatedarethosethathelpindividualsmaintainwork-lifebalance. Work-lifebalanceisjustonepartofthegrowingconcerncompanieshaveabouttheoverallemotionalandphysicalhealthoftheirworkers.Employeeswhoarestressedoutordepressedbecausetheydonotfeelasiftheyaregivingenoughattentiontothenonworkaspectsoftheirlivesultimatelyareunproductive.Moreandmorecompaniesalsoarelearningthatworkersdesiretheopportunitytogrowprofessionallyintheworkplace.HewlettPackardforinstancehasboosteditsemployeeeducationanddevelopmentbudgetby20%. NationwideInsurancebasedinColumbusOhioestablishedacareer-planningwebsitein2003.Thesiteprovidesinformationoncompanyjobopportunitiescareerdevelopmentandanin-housementoringprogram.Nationwidealsoishelpingtoeducateitsemployeesinfinancialmattersacknowledgingthatworkersdistractedbysuchissuesonthejobarenotgivingtheirfullattentiontothecompany’spriorities.Itisaddingclassesandseminarsonpersonalfinanceissuesand401kinvestments. Sometimesperkssimplyareaboutkeepingemployeemoraleelevated.KnowingthatanimprovingeconomymightpromptvaluedemployeestoseeknewopportunitiestheownerofTicketcity.comhaslavishedhisbestperformerswithticketstotheMastersgolftournament锦标赛accesstocountryclubsandinvitationstoamanagementretreatinSedonaAriz. Moreoverevencompaniesthatcannotaffordtoinstitutecostlyperkscanfindwaystomakesurecurrentemployeesarehappy.DougDormanvicepresidentofhumanresourcesfortheGreenvilleS.C.HospitalSystemexplainsthatthereisadefinitesenseofurgencywhenitcomestoemployeeretentionknowingthatlaborshortagesarereturning.Dormannoteshoweverthattheyhavenotfocusedonperks"butratheroncreatingacultureofrecognitionandappreciation.Employeesstaywhentheyhavegoodtwo-waycommunicationwithmanagementandaretrulyappreciatedandrecognizedfortheircontributions." Whichofthefollowingperksisout-of-datetoday
PresidentBushhasonceagainstartedspeakingoutforcomprehensiveimmigrationreformandadraftplantorallyRepublicansenatorsontheissueiscirculatingjustasCongressionalhearingsontheissueapproach.MembersofCongressrecognizethatvotersarelookingforrealreformthatrestsonresoluteeffectiveenforcementofourimmigrationlaws. Theonlyseriouslegislativeproposalonthetableofferssuchenforcementbecauseitfocusesonmakingemployersaccountablefortheirhiringpractices.Tothatendthebillincorporateslessonslearnedfromthelargestimmigrationenforcementoperationeverundertaken.LastDecemberDepartmentofHomelandSecurityagentsdescendedonmeatprocessingplantsrunbySwirl&Companyinsixstatesarrestingmorethan1200unauthorizedworkers. ThearrestswereastonishingbecauseSwiftparticipatesinBasicPilotavoluntaryDepartmentofHomelandSecurityprogramthatallowsemployerstoelectronicallyverifytheworkeligibilityofnewlyhiredworkersagainstdepartmentandSocialSecuritydatabases.Theprogramisseenastheprecursorforaverificationsystemthatwouldbecomemandatorywithcomprehensiveimmigrationreform.SinceSwirlwasusingthedepartment’ssystemhowdiditendupwithillegalworkers TheBasicPilotprogramhasafatalflawwhichisthatitrequiresonlyelectronicverificationofemploymentqualification.Aneffectiveprogramshouldalsoinsistontamper-proofidentificationdocumentsforjob-seekersincorporatingbiometricslikedigitalphotographsandfingerprintstoproveidentity.Onlythenwoulditbepossibletoestablishnotonlythatjobapplicantsareauthorizedtoworkbutalsothattheyarewhotheysaytheyare.OtherwisevalidSocialSecuritynumberscanbepresentedtoemployersandBasicPilotwillverifythembutthenumbersmaynotbelongtotheworkerswhopresentthem. ToinsistonsecuredocumentswithbiometricidentifiersisnotacallforanationalID.Greencardstemporaryworkpermitsandpassportsaresecureandreliableforhiringpurposes.AddingSocialSecuritycardstothislistestablishingasinglestandardfortheirsecurityfeaturesandreplacingoldcardsoveradesignatedperiodwouldresolvetheproblemonanationalscale. Onlythenwouldemployersbeabletocomplyreliablywithverificationrequirementsasthebasisforsoundenforcementandbyextensionbordercontrol.LegalimmigrantsandAmericancitizenscouldprovetheiridentitiesandqualificationstoworkwithoutfacingdiscriminationbasedonappearanceorlanguage.Scarceenforcementresourcescouldbespentonapprehendingrealcriminalsandaddressingnationalsecuritythreats.Andanewsystemofenforcementwouldatlasthaveachancetowinbackpublicconfidenceinthenation’simmigrationpolicies.Aftermorethan20yearsoffailedeffortsCongressmustnotbakehalfaloaf.SecurebiometricSocialSecuritycardsareanessentialingredientinanycomprehensiveimmigrationreform. Whichofthefollowingcannotbeledbyaneffectivecomprehensiveimmigrationreform
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Ananalysisofworkplacetrendsshowsthatemployeeperksareliableindicatorofjobmarketstrengtharebeginningtomakeacomeback.WhilenotasExtravagantasthoseofferedinthelate1990scompaniesclearlyareshiftingtheirfocusfromworkforcereductiontoworkforceretention.Firmsrealizethattheyrequireafoundationofexperiencedtrainedandmotivatedworkers.Theseemployersareimprovingand/oraddingperkstopreventanexodusofworkersthatcouldoccurastheeconomycontinuesimproving.Theyalsomaybelookingfurtherdowntheroadwhenseverelaborshortagesareexpectedtoreturn. Ananalysisofperksofferedintoday’sworkplaceshowsthatmanyofthe1990s-stylebenefitssuchasgameroomsandluxurycarleaseshavebeenabandoned.Theperksthatremainpopularwithemployersandemployeesarethosethathelpworkersstayhealthycareerfocusedandfinanciallystable.Perhapsthemostappreciatedarethosethathelpindividualsmaintainwork-lifebalance. Work-lifebalanceisjustonepartofthegrowingconcerncompanieshaveabouttheoverallemotionalandphysicalhealthoftheirworkers.Employeeswhoarestressedoutordepressedbecausetheydonotfeelasiftheyaregivingenoughattentiontothenonworkaspectsoftheirlivesultimatelyareunproductive.Moreandmorecompaniesalsoarelearningthatworkersdesiretheopportunitytogrowprofessionallyintheworkplace.HewlettPackardforinstancehasboosteditsemployeeeducationanddevelopmentbudgetby20%. NationwideInsurancebasedinColumbusOhioestablishedacareer-planningwebsitein2003.Thesiteprovidesinformationoncompanyjobopportunitiescareerdevelopmentandanin-housementoringprogram.Nationwidealsoishelpingtoeducateitsemployeesinfinancialmattersacknowledgingthatworkersdistractedbysuchissuesonthejobarenotgivingtheirfullattentiontothecompany’spriorities.Itisaddingclassesandseminarsonpersonalfinanceissuesand401kinvestments. Sometimesperkssimplyareaboutkeepingemployeemoraleelevated.KnowingthatanimprovingeconomymightpromptvaluedemployeestoseeknewopportunitiestheownerofTicketcity.comhaslavishedhisbestperformerswithticketstotheMastersgolftournament锦标赛accesstocountryclubsandinvitationstoamanagementretreatinSedonaAriz. Moreoverevencompaniesthatcannotaffordtoinstitutecostlyperkscanfindwaystomakesurecurrentemployeesarehappy.DougDormanvicepresidentofhumanresourcesfortheGreenvilleS.C.HospitalSystemexplainsthatthereisadefinitesenseofurgencywhenitcomestoemployeeretentionknowingthatlaborshortagesarereturning.Dormannoteshoweverthattheyhavenotfocusedonperks"butratheroncreatingacultureofrecognitionandappreciation.Employeesstaywhentheyhavegoodtwo-waycommunicationwithmanagementandaretrulyappreciatedandrecognizedfortheircontributions." Itcanbeinferredthatacompanywhichcannotaffordexpensiveperksshould
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestion41—45choosethemostsuitableonethelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Wemightmarvelattheprocessmadeineveryfieldofstudybutthemethodoftestingaperson’sknowledgeandabilityremainasprimitiveasevertheywere.Itreallyisextraordinarythatafteralltheseyearseducationistshavestillfailedtodeviseanythingmoreefficientandreliablethanexaminations. 41.______ Theymaybeagoodmeansoftestingmemoryortheknackofworkingrapidlyunderextremepressurebuttheycantellyounothingaboutaperson’strueabilityandaptitude. 42.______ Yourwholefuturemaybedecidedinonefatefulday.Itdoesn’tmatterthatyouweren’tfeelingverywellorthatyourmotherdied.Littlethingslikethatdon’tcount:theexamgoeson.noonecangiveofhisbestwhenheisinmortalterrororafterasleeplessnightyetthisispreciselywhattheexaminationsystemexpectshimtodo.Themomentachildbeginsschoolheentersaworldofviciouscompetitionwheresuccessandfailureareclearlydefinedandmeasured.Canwewonderattheincreasingnumberof"dropouts":youngpeoplewhoarewrittenoffasutterfailuresbeforetheyhaveevenembarkedonacareerCanwebesurprisedatthesuiciderateamongstudents 43.______ Examinationsdonotmotivateastudenttoreadwidelybuttorestricthisreading;theydonotenablehimtoseekmoreandmoreknowledgebutinducecramming.Theylowerthestandardsofteachingfortheydeprivetheteacherofallfreedom.Teachersthemselvesareoftenjudgedbyexaminationresultsandinsteadofteachingtheirsubjectstheyarereducedtotrainingtheirstudentsinexamtechniqueswhichtheydespise.Themostsuccessfulcandidatesarenotalwaysthebesteducated;theyarebesttrainedinthetechniqueofworkingunderduress. 44.______ Examinersareonlyhuman.Theygettriedandhungry;theymakemistakes.Yettheyhavetomarkstacksofhastilyscrawledscriptsinalimitedamountoftime.Theyworkunderthesamesortofpressureasthecandidates.Andtheirwordcarriesweight.Afterajudge’sdecisionyouhavetherightofappealbutnotafteranexaminer’s. 45.______ IsitcynicaltosuggestthatexaminationsaremerelyaprofitablebusinessfortheinstitutionsthatrunthemThisiswhatitboilsdowntointhelastanalysis.Thebestcommentonthesystemisthisilliteratemessagerecentlyscrawledonawall:"Iwereateenagedrop-outandnowIamateenagemillionaire." [A]Agoodeducationshouldamongotherthingstrainyoutothinkforyourself.Theexaminationsystemdoesanythingbutthat.Whathastobelearntisrigidlylaiddownbyasyllabussothestudentsareencouragedtomemorize. [B]Theresultsonwhichsomuchdependsareoftennothingmorethanasubjectiveassessmentbysomeanonymousexaminer. [C]Examinationscanbetakenasatestofastudent’sknowledgeaboutaparticularsubjectwhichwouldtellthestudentwherehestandsamongothersandhowmuchheknowsandhowmuchheoughttoknow. [D]Asanxiety-makersexaminationsaresecondtonone.Thatisbecausesomuchdependsonthem.Theyarethemarkofsuccessorfailureinoursociety. [E]Thestudentappearingfortheexamtakesitunderextremetensionandpressurebecauseheknowsthathehasonlyonechancetoprovehisworthandifhefailshewillbeleftbehindfortherestofhislife. [F]Forallthepiousclaimthatexaminationstestwhatyouknowitiscommonknowledgethattheymoreoftendotheexactopposite. [G]Theremustsurelybemanysimplerandmoreeffectivewaysofassessingaperson’strueabilities. 42
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestion41—45choosethemostsuitableonethelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereareextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points Wemightmarvelattheprocessmadeineveryfieldofstudybutthemethodoftestingaperson’sknowledgeandabilityremainasprimitiveasevertheywere.Itreallyisextraordinarythatafteralltheseyearseducationistshavestillfailedtodeviseanythingmoreefficientandreliablethanexaminations. 41.______ Theymaybeagoodmeansoftestingmemoryortheknackofworkingrapidlyunderextremepressurebuttheycantellyounothingaboutaperson’strueabilityandaptitude. 42.______ Yourwholefuturemaybedecidedinonefatefulday.Itdoesn’tmatterthatyouweren’tfeelingverywellorthatyourmotherdied.Littlethingslikethatdon’tcount:theexamgoeson.noonecangiveofhisbestwhenheisinmortalterrororafterasleeplessnightyetthisispreciselywhattheexaminationsystemexpectshimtodo.Themomentachildbeginsschoolheentersaworldofviciouscompetitionwheresuccessandfailureareclearlydefinedandmeasured.Canwewonderattheincreasingnumberof"dropouts":youngpeoplewhoarewrittenoffasutterfailuresbeforetheyhaveevenembarkedonacareerCanwebesurprisedatthesuiciderateamongstudents 43.______ Examinationsdonotmotivateastudenttoreadwidelybuttorestricthisreading;theydonotenablehimtoseekmoreandmoreknowledgebutinducecramming.Theylowerthestandardsofteachingfortheydeprivetheteacherofallfreedom.Teachersthemselvesareoftenjudgedbyexaminationresultsandinsteadofteachingtheirsubjectstheyarereducedtotrainingtheirstudentsinexamtechniqueswhichtheydespise.Themostsuccessfulcandidatesarenotalwaysthebesteducated;theyarebesttrainedinthetechniqueofworkingunderduress. 44.______ Examinersareonlyhuman.Theygettriedandhungry;theymakemistakes.Yettheyhavetomarkstacksofhastilyscrawledscriptsinalimitedamountoftime.Theyworkunderthesamesortofpressureasthecandidates.Andtheirwordcarriesweight.Afterajudge’sdecisionyouhavetherightofappealbutnotafteranexaminer’s. 45.______ IsitcynicaltosuggestthatexaminationsaremerelyaprofitablebusinessfortheinstitutionsthatrunthemThisiswhatitboilsdowntointhelastanalysis.Thebestcommentonthesystemisthisilliteratemessagerecentlyscrawledonawall:"Iwereateenagedrop-outandnowIamateenagemillionaire." [A]Agoodeducationshouldamongotherthingstrainyoutothinkforyourself.Theexaminationsystemdoesanythingbutthat.Whathastobelearntisrigidlylaiddownbyasyllabussothestudentsareencouragedtomemorize. [B]Theresultsonwhichsomuchdependsareoftennothingmorethanasubjectiveassessmentbysomeanonymousexaminer. [C]Examinationscanbetakenasatestofastudent’sknowledgeaboutaparticularsubjectwhichwouldtellthestudentwherehestandsamongothersandhowmuchheknowsandhowmuchheoughttoknow. [D]Asanxiety-makersexaminationsaresecondtonone.Thatisbecausesomuchdependsonthem.Theyarethemarkofsuccessorfailureinoursociety. [E]Thestudentappearingfortheexamtakesitunderextremetensionandpressurebecauseheknowsthathehasonlyonechancetoprovehisworthandifhefailshewillbeleftbehindfortherestofhislife. [F]Forallthepiousclaimthatexaminationstestwhatyouknowitiscommonknowledgethattheymoreoftendotheexactopposite. [G]Theremustsurelybemanysimplerandmoreeffectivewaysofassessingaperson’strueabilities. 44
Eventheirparentsstruggletodrawthetiniesthintofemotionorsocialconnectionfromautistic患孤独症的childrensoimaginewhathappenswhenastrangersitswiththechildforhourstogetthroughthestandardIQtest.For10ofthetest’s12sectionsthechildmustlistenandrespondtospokenquestions.Sinceformanyautisticsitistorturetotrytoengagewithsomeoneevenonthisimpersonallevelit’snowondersomanywindupwithIQscoresjustaboveacarrot’s.Morepreciselyfullythreequartersofautisticsareclassifiedashavingbelow-normalintelligencewithmanydeemedmentallyretarded. ResearchershavetriedadifferentIQtestonethatrequiresnosocialinteraction.AstheyreportinthejournalPsychologicalScienceautisticchildren’sscorescameoutstarklydifferentthanontheoralinteractiveIQtest—suggestingaburningintelligenceinsidethesekidsthateducatorsarefailingtouncover. ForthestudychildrentooktwoIQtests.InthemorewidelyusedWechslertheytriedtoarrangeandcompletepicturesdosimplearithmeticdemonstratevocabularycomprehensionandanswerquestions—almostallinresponsetoastranger’squestions.IntheRaven’sProgressiveMatricestesttheygotbriefinstructionsthenwentoffontheirowntoanalyzethree-by-threearraysofgeometricdesignswithonemissingandchoosethedesignthatbelongedintheemptyplace.Thedisparityinscoreswasstriking.Overalltheautisticsscoredaroundthe30thpercentileontheWechslerwhichcorrespondsto"lowaverage"IQ.Buttheyaveragedinthe56thpercentileontheRaven’s.notasingleautisticchildscoredinthe"highintelligence"rangeontheWechsler;ontheRaven’sonethirddid.Healthychildrenshowednosuchdisparity. Thatpresentsapuzzle.IfmanyautisticsarcmoreintelligentthananIQtestshowswhyhaven’ttheirparentsnoticedPartlybecausemanyparentswelcomealowscorewhichbringstheirchildmorespecialservicesfromschoolsandpublicagencies.Butanotherforceisatwork."Weoftenthinkofintelligenceaswhatyoucanshowsuchasbyspeakingfluently"saysapsychologist."Parentsaswellasprofessionalsmightbebiasedtolookatthat"ratherthandigforthehiddenintellectualspark. Thechallengeistocoaxthatsparkintothekindofintelligencethatmanifestsitselfinpractice.Thatissomethingautismresearchersarefarfromdoing.Manyexpertsdismissautistics’exceptionalreadingartisticorotherabilitiesassideeffectsofabnormalbrainfunction.Theyadviseparentstosteertheirchildawayfromwhatheexcelsatandobsessesoverandtowardwhathestruggleswith.Itmakesyouwonderhowmanyotherchildrenwhoseintellectualpotentialwe’retooblindtoseewe’vealsogivenupon. Theauthorindicatesthatautismresearchersshouldnotfocuson
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Ananalysisofworkplacetrendsshowsthatemployeeperksareliableindicatorofjobmarketstrengtharebeginningtomakeacomeback.WhilenotasExtravagantasthoseofferedinthelate1990scompaniesclearlyareshiftingtheirfocusfromworkforcereductiontoworkforceretention.Firmsrealizethattheyrequireafoundationofexperiencedtrainedandmotivatedworkers.Theseemployersareimprovingand/oraddingperkstopreventanexodusofworkersthatcouldoccurastheeconomycontinuesimproving.Theyalsomaybelookingfurtherdowntheroadwhenseverelaborshortagesareexpectedtoreturn. Ananalysisofperksofferedintoday’sworkplaceshowsthatmanyofthe1990s-stylebenefitssuchasgameroomsandluxurycarleaseshavebeenabandoned.Theperksthatremainpopularwithemployersandemployeesarethosethathelpworkersstayhealthycareerfocusedandfinanciallystable.Perhapsthemostappreciatedarethosethathelpindividualsmaintainwork-lifebalance. Work-lifebalanceisjustonepartofthegrowingconcerncompanieshaveabouttheoverallemotionalandphysicalhealthoftheirworkers.Employeeswhoarestressedoutordepressedbecausetheydonotfeelasiftheyaregivingenoughattentiontothenonworkaspectsoftheirlivesultimatelyareunproductive.Moreandmorecompaniesalsoarelearningthatworkersdesiretheopportunitytogrowprofessionallyintheworkplace.HewlettPackardforinstancehasboosteditsemployeeeducationanddevelopmentbudgetby20%. NationwideInsurancebasedinColumbusOhioestablishedacareer-planningwebsitein2003.Thesiteprovidesinformationoncompanyjobopportunitiescareerdevelopmentandanin-housementoringprogram.Nationwidealsoishelpingtoeducateitsemployeesinfinancialmattersacknowledgingthatworkersdistractedbysuchissuesonthejobarenotgivingtheirfullattentiontothecompany’spriorities.Itisaddingclassesandseminarsonpersonalfinanceissuesand401kinvestments. Sometimesperkssimplyareaboutkeepingemployeemoraleelevated.KnowingthatanimprovingeconomymightpromptvaluedemployeestoseeknewopportunitiestheownerofTicketcity.comhaslavishedhisbestperformerswithticketstotheMastersgolftournament锦标赛accesstocountryclubsandinvitationstoamanagementretreatinSedonaAriz. Moreoverevencompaniesthatcannotaffordtoinstitutecostlyperkscanfindwaystomakesurecurrentemployeesarehappy.DougDormanvicepresidentofhumanresourcesfortheGreenvilleS.C.HospitalSystemexplainsthatthereisadefinitesenseofurgencywhenitcomestoemployeeretentionknowingthatlaborshortagesarereturning.Dormannoteshoweverthattheyhavenotfocusedonperks"butratheroncreatingacultureofrecognitionandappreciation.Employeesstaywhentheyhavegoodtwo-waycommunicationwithmanagementandaretrulyappreciatedandrecognizedfortheircontributions." TheunderlinedwordperksLine1Paragraph1mostprobablymeans
StartingwithhisreviewofSkinner’sVerbalBehaviorNoamChomskyhadledthepsycholinguistswhoarguethatmanhasdevelopedaninnate天生的capacityfordealingwiththelinguisticuniversalscommontoalllanguages.Experienceandlearningthenprovideonlyinformationaboutthe1instancesofthoseuniversalaspectsoflanguagewhichareneededtocommunicatewithotherpeoplewithinaparticularlanguage2. Thislinguisticapproach3theviewthatlanguageisbuiltuponlearnedassociationsbetweenwords.Whatislearnedisnotstringsofwordsperse本身but4rulesthatenableaspeakerto5aninfinitevarietyofnovelsentences.6singlewordsarelearnedasconcepts:theydonotstandinaone-to-one7withtheparticularthingsignifiedbut8allmembersofageneralclass. Thisviewoftheinnateaspectoflanguagelearningisatfirstnotreadily9intoexistingpsychologicalframeworksand10achallengethathasstimulatedmuchthoughtandnewresearchdirections.Chomskyarguesthatapreconditionforlanguagedevelopmentistheexistenceofcertainprinciples"intrinsic原有的tothemind"thatprovideinvariantstructures11perceivinglearningandthinking.Language12alloftheseprocesses;thusitsstudy13ourtheoriesofknowledgeingeneral. Basictothismodeloflanguageisthenotionthatachild’slearningoflanguageisakindoftheory14.It’sthoughttobeaccomplished15explicitinstruction16ofintelligencelevelatanearlyagewhenheisnotcapableofothercomplex17ormotorachievementsandwithrelativelylittlereliabledatatogoon.18thechildconstructsatheoryofanideallanguagewhichhasbroad19power.Chomskyarguesthatallchildrencouldnotdevelopthesamebasictheory20itnotfortheinnateexistenceofpropertiesofmentalorganizationwhichlimitthepossiblepropertiesoflanguages. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
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