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Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:Won’’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce There’’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentinaforinstanceafterthereformsoftheearly1990smultinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirmsofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy. IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcostslowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers’’demands.Allthesearebeneficialnotdetrimentaltoconsumers.Asproductivitygrowstheworld’’swealthincreases. Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.ThemergersoftelecomcompaniessuchasWorldComhardlyseembringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrarythepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incarstooconcentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChryslerRemaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt. Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.AfewweeksagoAlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosuperviseregulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated.’’Won’’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition.’’AndshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleofdefendingcompetitiononissuesthataffectmanyothernationsasintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase7 Towardthenewbusinesswavethewriter’’sattitudecanbesaidtobe______.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.
Directions: Studythefollowingchartscarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1describethephenomenon; 2analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction. Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
. Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1analyzethechart 2interpretitsmeaningand 3suggestpossiblemeasurestotake. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat____________.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggerthanthecornfield!41______PeoplecalledthevolcanotheLittleMonsterbecauseitgrewsofast.Scientistscamefromallovertheworldtostudyitandwatchitgrow.Itisnotoftenthatpeoplegetachancetowatchavolcanofromtheverybeginning. Mostofthevolcanoeshavebeenhereforaverylongtime.Somehavebeenheresolongthatnowtheyarecold.Theyarecalleddeadvolcanoes.Theyhavestoppedthrowingoutfireandmeltedrockandsmoke.Itissafetowalkonthem.Farmsareplowedonthequietslopesandpeoplehavebuilthousesthere. Somevolcanoeshavestoppedthrowingouthotrockbuttheystillsmokealittlenowandthen.Theyare"sleeping"volcanoes.Sometimetheymay"wakeup". 42______. Todayvolcanoesarenotsodangerousforpeopleastheywerealongtimeago.Nowweknowmoreaboutwhyvolcanoesdowhattheydoandwecanusuallytellwhentheyaregoingtodoit.43______. Peopleusedtothinkdragonsundertheearthcausedvolcanoes.Theysaidthesmokethatpuffedabovethegroundwasthedragon’sbreath.Theysaidtheearthquakeswerecausedbythedragon’smovingarounddownintheearth.Nowweknowthatthisisnottrue. Anotherthingweknowaboutvolcanoesisthattheydon’thappenjustanywhere.44______.Scientistsknowwheretheseplacesareandmapshavebeenmadetoleteverybodyknow. Therearedifferentkindsofvolcanoes.Someexplodesoviolentlythattherockgoeshighintotheairandfallsmilesaway.Avolcanomayshootoutashessohighthattheyfloatallthewayaroundtheworld.Theyhavemadethesunsetsgreenandthesnowpurple. 45______. Oneverytallvolcanostaysfieryredatthetopallthetime.Itisluckythatthevolcanoisneartheocean.Sailorscanuseitforalighthouse. [A]Othervolcanoesaremoregentle.Thehotlavarisesintheirconesandoverflowsrollingslowlydownthemountainsidewhereitbecomescoolandhard. [B]Blacksmokepuffedout.Hotashesfelllikeblacksnowflakes.Hotrockandfireandlavashotout. [C]Smokepuffedupandrockstartedpoppingupoutofacrackthatopenedintheground. [D]AvolcanonamedVesuviussleptforathousandyears.Butitwokeupandthrewoutsomuchhotmeltedrockthatitburiedthebuildingsoftwocities. [E]Beforeasleepingvolcanowakesupitusuallymakesanoiselikefarawaythunderandthegroundshakesinsmallearthquakes.Peoplearewarnedandhavetimetogetawaysafely. [F]Avolcanostartsfromaholeinthegroundfromwhichhotrockandsmokeandsteamcomeout.Farfarunderthegrounditissohotthatrockmelts.Thishotmeltedrockorlavaissome-timespushedoutoftheearththroughaholeoracrackintheground.Thesteaminsidetheearthpushestherockout. [G]Therearecertainplacesundertheearthwheretherockisbrokeninawaythatletsthesteamandhotrockescapetotheoutsidemoreeasily. 44
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggerthanthecornfield!41______PeoplecalledthevolcanotheLittleMonsterbecauseitgrewsofast.Scientistscamefromallovertheworldtostudyitandwatchitgrow.Itisnotoftenthatpeoplegetachancetowatchavolcanofromtheverybeginning. Mostofthevolcanoeshavebeenhereforaverylongtime.Somehavebeenheresolongthatnowtheyarecold.Theyarecalleddeadvolcanoes.Theyhavestoppedthrowingoutfireandmeltedrockandsmoke.Itissafetowalkonthem.Farmsareplowedonthequietslopesandpeoplehavebuilthousesthere. Somevolcanoeshavestoppedthrowingouthotrockbuttheystillsmokealittlenowandthen.Theyare"sleeping"volcanoes.Sometimetheymay"wakeup". 42______. Todayvolcanoesarenotsodangerousforpeopleastheywerealongtimeago.Nowweknowmoreaboutwhyvolcanoesdowhattheydoandwecanusuallytellwhentheyaregoingtodoit.43______. Peopleusedtothinkdragonsundertheearthcausedvolcanoes.Theysaidthesmokethatpuffedabovethegroundwasthedragon’sbreath.Theysaidtheearthquakeswerecausedbythedragon’smovingarounddownintheearth.Nowweknowthatthisisnottrue. Anotherthingweknowaboutvolcanoesisthattheydon’thappenjustanywhere.44______.Scientistsknowwheretheseplacesareandmapshavebeenmadetoleteverybodyknow. Therearedifferentkindsofvolcanoes.Someexplodesoviolentlythattherockgoeshighintotheairandfallsmilesaway.Avolcanomayshootoutashessohighthattheyfloatallthewayaroundtheworld.Theyhavemadethesunsetsgreenandthesnowpurple. 45______. Oneverytallvolcanostaysfieryredatthetopallthetime.Itisluckythatthevolcanoisneartheocean.Sailorscanuseitforalighthouse. [A]Othervolcanoesaremoregentle.Thehotlavarisesintheirconesandoverflowsrollingslowlydownthemountainsidewhereitbecomescoolandhard. [B]Blacksmokepuffedout.Hotashesfelllikeblacksnowflakes.Hotrockandfireandlavashotout. [C]Smokepuffedupandrockstartedpoppingupoutofacrackthatopenedintheground. [D]AvolcanonamedVesuviussleptforathousandyears.Butitwokeupandthrewoutsomuchhotmeltedrockthatitburiedthebuildingsoftwocities. [E]Beforeasleepingvolcanowakesupitusuallymakesanoiselikefarawaythunderandthegroundshakesinsmallearthquakes.Peoplearewarnedandhavetimetogetawaysafely. [F]Avolcanostartsfromaholeinthegroundfromwhichhotrockandsmokeandsteamcomeout.Farfarunderthegrounditissohotthatrockmelts.Thishotmeltedrockorlavaissome-timespushedoutoftheearththroughaholeoracrackintheground.Thesteaminsidetheearthpushestherockout. [G]Therearecertainplacesundertheearthwheretherockisbrokeninawaythatletsthesteamandhotrockescapetotheoutsidemoreeasily. 42
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketingtheauthorimpliesthat____________.
Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:Won’’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce There’’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentinaforinstanceafterthereformsoftheearly1990smultinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirmsofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy. IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcostslowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers’’demands.Allthesearebeneficialnotdetrimentaltoconsumers.Asproductivitygrowstheworld’’swealthincreases. Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.ThemergersoftelecomcompaniessuchasWorldComhardlyseembringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrarythepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incarstooconcentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChryslerRemaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt. Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.AfewweeksagoAlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosuperviseregulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated.’’Won’’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition.’’AndshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleofdefendingcompetitiononissuesthataffectmanyothernationsasintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase7 AccordingtotheauthoroneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis______.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Internetisavastnetworkofcomputersthatconnectsmanyoftheworld’sbusinessesinstitutionsandindividuals.46TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds. TheInternethasinformationoneverytopic.47Networkuserscansearchthroughsourcesrangingfromvastdatabasestosmallelectronic"bulletinboards"whereusersformdiscussiongroupsaroundcommoninterests.MuchoftheInternet’strafficconsistsofmessagessentfromonecomputerusertoanother.Thesemessagesarecalledelectronicmailore-mail.Internetusershaveelectronicaddressesthatallowthemtosendandreceivee-mail.Otherusesofthenetworkincludeobtainingnewsjoiningelectronicdebatesandplayingelectronicgames.48OnefeatureoftheInternetknownastheWorldWideWebprovidesgraphicsaudioandvideotoenhancetheinformationinitsdocuments.Thesedocumentscoveravastnumberoftopics. PeopleusuallyaccesstheInternetwithadevicecalledamodem.Modemsconnectcomputerstothenetworkthroughtelephonelines.MuchoftheInternetoperatesthroughworldwidetelephonenetworksoffiber-opticcables49Thesecablescontainhair-thinstrandsofglassthatcarrydataaspulsesoflight.Theycantransmitthousandsoftimesmoredatathanlocalphonelinesmostofwhichconsistofcopperwires. Inthefuturetheinternetwillprobablygrowmoresophisticatedascomputertechnologybecomesmorepowerful.50ManyexpertsbelievetheInternetmaybecomepartofalargernetworkcalledtheinformationsuperhighway.Thisnetworkstillunderdevelopmentwouldlinkcomputerswithtelephonecompaniescabletelevisionstationsandothercommunicationsystems.PeoplecouldbankshopwatchTVandperformmanyotheractivitiesthroughthenetwork. TheInternetwhichmeansinterconnectednetworkofnetworkslinkstensofthousandsofsmallercomputernetworks.Thesenetworkstransmithugeamountsofinformationintheformofwordsimagesandsounds.
Technicallyanysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrasesubstanceabuseisoftenusedinsteadofdrugabusetomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine. Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstancesdrugsispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadachesomewinetobesociablecoffeetogetgoinginthemorningacigaretteforthenerves.WhendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisusesFirstofallmostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerancewithmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffectandthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued. Drugssubstancesthataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperceptionmoodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulantsdepressantsorhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystemwhereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperceptiondistortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.ThesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelicfromtheGreekwordmeaningmind-manifestingbecausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’’sstateofconsciousness. Thewordpervasive’’Line1Paragraph2mightmean___________.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Ateverystageofdevelopmentclothescanhelpestablishaperson’’sidentityforhimselfandforthosewithwhomheinteracts.Thechildhoodgameofdressingupinparents’’1providestheopportunityforthechildto2theroleshewillbe3toplayinadultlife. Thedegree4whichapersonchoosesclothesthat5theroleswillaffecthisperformanceinthoseroles.Clothesareanimportantfactorindeveloping6ofself-confidenceandself-respect7whenyoulookgoodyoufeelgood.Formostpeopleclothesareoftenasourceof8reactionfromotherssinceinourculturewearemore9tocomplimentapersononhis10thanonother11oftheself MostAmericansalso12thataproperappearanceandproperdressarethekeys13associationwiththerightcrowdwhich14opensthedoorstojobadvancementincreasedincomeandgreaterprestige. Ourclothingneedsare15byamultitudeofcircumstancesbecausebuyingmotivesare16simple.Thefirststepinthedecision-makingprocessistomakea17orderingofthethingsthatareimportanttous.Ifapersonrecognizesand18theprioritiesofhisvalues―e.g.thathisstatusandprestigemaybemoreimportantthanhisphysicalcomfort―his19ofclothingisnotonlysimplifiedbutmorelikelyto20himgreatersatisfaction.
Sportpsychologyresearchhasdocumentedtheimportantroteofsignificantadultssuchasparentsandcoachesinyouthparticipants’psychosocialdevelopmentandachievementmotivation.Howeverthesituationconcerningparentsandcoachesinyouthsportissomewhatofaconundrum—therolesofcoachandparentareoftensynonymoussuggestingnotsimplyanindependentrelationshipwiththechildparticipant. Inrecentyearsagrowingbodyofliteraturehasemergedonparentinfluenceinyouthsportbasedontheseandothertheories.Firstresearchshowsthatparentswhoaremoresupportiveandlesspressuringoftheirchildrenareassociatedwithyouthparticipantswhoreporthigherperceivedcompetenceenjoymentandintrinsicmotivationtowardsport.Secondparentswhoencouragetheirchild’sparticipationandexhibitenjoymentofphysicalactivityarerelatedtochildrenwhoreporthigherperceivedcompetenceandattractiontowardphysicalactivity.Finallyparentswhoholdstrongerpositivebeliefsabouttheirchild’sphysicalcompetenceareassociatedwithchildrenwhoreporthigherself-perceptionsvaluetowardsportandphysicalactivitylevels. AprevalentphenomenonofNorthAmericancultureistheparent-coachdualrole.Mostcoachesincompetitiveyouthsportareparentsofoneormoreoftheirplayers.Brownestimatedthatabout90%ofthevolunteercoachesinagivencommunityareaparentofoneormoreteammembers.Althoughonecanforwardseveralpositiveaspectsoftheparent-coachphenomenonthereisalsothepotentialforyouthtoperceivestressfromthisparent-childrelationship.Severalresearchersreportedthatadolescentathletesfeltpressurefromtheircoachesandparentstoperformwellanddesiredthatparentsbesourcesofsocialsupportandleaveskillandstrategyinstructiontothecoach’sdomain.Collectivelyanecdotalaccountsandempiricaldatasuggestthatexploringthebenefitsandcostsofparentscoachingtheirchildrenisaworthytopicfromboththeoreticalandappliedperspectives. Thereforebasedonpreviousresearchontheroleofparentsandcoachesinyouthdevelopmentthepurposeofthepresentstudywastogainknowledgeabouttheparent-coachphenomenonincompetitiveyouthsport.Weaccomplishedthispurposebyinterviewingyouthsoccerplayerswhowerecoachedbytheirparentthechild’steammatesandtheparent-coach.Weexpectthatchildparticipantswouldidentifybothpositiveandnegativeaspectsofhavingaparentastheircoachinlinewithpreviousresearchbutweweremostcurioustoknowifdifferentissueswouldberaisedabouttheuniqueparent-coach/child-athleterelationship. Whichoneofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage
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