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Text 1 In most people’s mind, growth is associated with prosperity. We judge how well the econo...
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TheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfaceappearstobegrowing.Thephenomenonwhichsomedub"globalbrightening"1scientistswithapuzzle.Ifthe2isrealandglobalhowlongwillitlastandwhataretheconsequencesforclimatechangetheplanet’swatercycleandother3thatdrawenergyfromsunlight4theanswermightseemobvious:Moresunlightreachingthegroundinawarmingworldmeansthattemperatureswillgetwarmer5.Notsofastsomeresearcherssay.Additionalwarmingwouldbecertain6nothingelseintheclimatesystemchanges.Andtheclimatesystemis7static.Somecombinationsofchangescouldreinforcetheheating;otherscould8it.Unravelingtheseinteractionsandforecastingtheircourserequireanaccurateaccountingofthesunlightreachingthesurfaceandthe9thesurfacesendsskyward.Moreoverresearcherssaymeasurementsofthesun’sstrengthatEarth’ssurfacearepotentiallypowerfultoolsfor10humaninfluencesontheclimate. Earth’sradiation"budget"11an"extremelyimportantparameterthatis12known’saysRobertCharlsonanatmosphericscientistattheUniversityofWashingtonatSeattle."Itneedstobe13muchbetterthanitis." 14abouttheamountofsunlightreachingEarth’ssurfacewerefirstraisedin1974.ResearchersfromtheUnitedStatesandIsraelrecordeda12%drop15sunlightover40yearsata16stationinthesouthernSinaiPeninsula.Sincethenothershaveusedavarietyoftechniquestotrytotrack17sunlight.Threeyearsagoforexamplea18ledbyBeateLiepertatColumbiaUniversity’sLamont-DohertyEarthObservatorygathereddatafromground19aroundtheworldandfoundthatsolarradiationreachingthesurfacefell204%from1961to1990. 20
RomeJune13--AlawthatimposesstrictrulesonassistedfertilitywillremainonthebooksafterthefailureonMondayofahard-foughtreferendumthatrubbedintooneofItaly’ssorestspots:therelationshipbetweenchurchandstate. 46ThefightleadinguptotwodaysofvotingonSundayandMondaymobilizedthenation’spoliticalandreligiousestablishmentslikefewothersastheleadershipoftheRomanCatholicChurchincludingthenewpopeBenedictXVI--urgedItalianstoboycottthereferendum. Intheendtheoutcomewasnotevenclose.Only26percentofasmanyas50millioneligibleItaliansvotedmeaningthatthereferendumautomaticallyfailedwiththevotesuncounted:initsattempttorepealfourcrucialsectionsofarestrictivefertilitylawpassedlastyear.Forthereferendumtobevalid50percentofeligiblevotershadtotakepart. 47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.SimilarreferendumsinItalyondivorceandabortioninthe1970’sand80’spassedoverwhelminglydespitechurchoppositionandItaliansnowseemlikelytodebatewhetherapathyorareverseinsecularisminthehomeoftheRomanCatholicChurchdefeatedthisreferendum. "TheresultsoftodaymeanthatItalyismaybemoresimilartoTexasthantoMassachusetts"saidRoccoButtiglioneItaly’scultureministerandafriendofPopeBenedict."Italianswantademocracywithvalues--thatvalueshumanlife--andthatiswhytheyrejectedthisreferendum." Forthechurchtheresultsseemedespeciallyimportantsincethereferendumconcernedissuescentraltochurchteachingsonvalues.48Thefertilitylawpassedhereunderchurchlobbyinglastyeardefineslifeasbeginningatconceptionandbansmostexperimentationonhumanembryos胚胎. "I’mstruckbythematurityoftheItalianpeople"CardinalCamilloRuinipresidentoftheItalianbishops’conferencetoldreportersaccordingtoReuters.CardinalRuiniatopVaticanofficialandcloseaidetoBenedictregularlyurgedItalianstoabstainfromthereferendum. 49Concedingaheavydefeatthepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewailsbetweenchurchandstate.TheywarnedthatthechurchwouldnextsetitssightsonItaly’sabortionlaw. "Thereisaproblemoftheclimateoftheatmosphereinthiscountry"EmmaBoninoaleaderoftheRadicalPartywhospearheadedthefightforlegalizedabortionintheearly1980’stoldreporters."Itisnotsecularandit’sveryworrying." 50ButsomeexpertscautionedagainstreadingtoomuchintotheresultsnotingthatItalyisaparticularnationwherechurchandstateareentwinedlikenowhereelse;thatabattleoverabortionwouldbemuchmoredifficult;thatasimilarfightseemedunlikelytogaingroundelsewhereinEurope. 50
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 20
Itmighttakeonlythetouchofpeachfuzztomakeanautisticchildhowlinpain.TheodourofthefruitcouldbesoOverpoweringthathegags.Forreasonsthatarenotwellunderstoodpeoplewithautismdonotintegratealloftheirsensesinwaysthathelpthemunderstandproperlywhattheyareexperiencing.Bytheageofthreethesignsofautism--infrequenteyecontactover-sensitivityorunder-sensitivitytotheenvironmentdifficultymixingwithothersareinfullforce.Thereisnocure;intensebehaviouraltherapiesserveonlytolessenthesymptoms.Theoriginsofautismareobscure.ButapaperinBrainaspecialistjournalcastssomelight.AteamheadedbyMarcelJustofCarnegieMellonUniversityandNancyMinshewoftheUniversityofPittsburghhasfoundevidenceofhowthebrainsofpeoplewithautismfunctiondifferentlyfromthosewithoutthedisorder.Usingabrain-scanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimagingFMRIDr.JustDr.Minshewandtheirteamcomparedthebrainactivityofyoungadultswhohadhighfunctioningautisminwhichanautist’sIQscoreisnormalwiththatofnon-autisticparticipants.Theexperimentwasdesignedtoexaminetworegionsofthebrainknowntobeassociatedwithlanguage--Broca’sareaandWernicke’sarea--whentheparticipantswerereading.Threedifferencesemerged.FirstWernicke’sareathepartresponsibleforunderstandingindividualwordswasmoreactiveinautiststhannon-autists.SecondBroca’sarea--wherethecomponentsoflanguageareintegratedtoproducemeaning--waslessactive.Thirdtheactivityofthetwoareaswaslesssynchronised.ThisresearchhasledDr.Justtoofferanexplanationforautismliecallsitundereonnectivitytheory.Itdependsonarecentbodyofworkwhichsuggeststhatthebrain’swhitematterthewiringthatconnectsthemainBodiesofthenerveceilsorgreymattertogetherislessdenseandlessabundantinthebrainofanautisticpersonthaninthatofanon-autist.Dr.Justsuggeststhatabnormalwhitemattercausesthegreymattertoadapttotheresultinglackofcommunication.Thishonessomeregionstolevelsofsuperiorabilitywhileothersfallbythewayside.TheteamchosetoexamineBroca’sandWernieke’sareasbecauselanguage-basedexperimentsareeasytoconduct.Butiftheunderconnectivitytheoryappliesto.therestofthebraintooitwouldbelessofamysterywhysomepeoplewithautismarehypersensitivetotheirenvironmentsandothersareabletodocertaintaskssuchasarithmeticsowell.Andifitistruethatunderconnectivityisindeedthemainproblemthentreatmentsmightbedevelopedtostimulatethegrowthofthewhite-matterwiring.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsDr.JustandDr.Minshew’sworkcanbedescribedas______.
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 16
Assumingthatamanagerisgoingtointerviewsomejobapplicantsandoneofhisfriendsgiveshimapieceofadvicethatthefirstimpressionisnotareliablebasisforjudgment.Thismanagerwantstohearmorefromothersanddecidestohaveawallnewspaperputupformoreviewsonthattopic. 1Youaregoingtowriteanarticletoofferyouropinionaboutit. 2Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.
AnyonepayingattentiontothedebateoverSocialSecurityhasheardalitanyofdates.There’s2018whentheprogramisexpectedtostarttakinginlessintaxesthanitpaysoutinbenefits.Andthere’s2042or2052bysomeestimateswhenitstrustfundissupposedtorunoutofmoney. 41___________________ ForyearsthegovernmenthascollectedmoreinSocialSecuritytaxesthanitneededtopaycurrentbenefitsThoseexcesscollectionsarecreditedtotheSocialSecurityTrustFundostensiblytopayfutureretirees.Butthereisnoactualmoneyinthefund.InsteadthegovernmentspendsthemoneyforotherpurposesandissuesthefundIOUs. In2009theshellgamebeginstoend.TheamountbywhichSocialSecuritytaxesexceedbenefitsstartstoshrink.42___________________ Theproblemcouldhavebeenavoidedanditstillcouldbereduced. Iftherestofthebudgetwasingoodshape--andparticularlyifthegovernmentbadstavedonthepathitwasonfiveyearsagoofbuyingdownthenationaldebt--lawmakerscouldsimplyre-borrowthemoneytopaybenefits.Theycouldhavealeisurelydebateoverwhatifanythingelsetodo. 43___________________ Thisraisesaquestion:IfthebiggestimmediateproblemofSocialSecurityisthatitwillsoonmakethedeficitworsewouldn’titbebettertoaddresstheunderlyingdeficitInotherwords--astheBushadministrationembarksona60day60stoptourtopromoteSocialSecurityoverhaul--arewereallydebatingtherightproblem 44___________________ ThemoneythathasbeenborrowedorisprojecedtobeborrowedinFresidentBush’stwotermsalonewouldcomeclosetosolvingSocialSecurity’ssolvencyproblemsforatleastthenext75years.TheOfficeofManagementandBudgetprojectscumulativeborrowingof$2.6trillion.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationestimatesthat$3.7trillionwouldshoreuptheprogramuntilatleast2080. 45___________________.ExplodingMedicareandMedicaidcoststhelossofrevenuebecauseoftherecenttaxcutsandlikelychangesinthealternativeminimumtaxAMTpresentableakoutlookoverthenext10years.MakingtheBushtaxcutspermanentandfixingtheAMTcouldleadtodeficitsofabout$650billionto$750billionbythemiddleofthenextdecade. A.By2018--soonerifprivateaccountsarecreated--theflowreverses.InsteadofspendingasurplusthegovernmentwillneedtobeginpayingoffitsIOUs.Absentlargetaxhikesorspendingcutsalreadyastronomicaldeficitswillskyrocket. B.ThebottomlineisthatWashingtonthroughprofligateborrowingandpoliciesthatlockinredinkforyearstocomeispassingtheburdentofuturegenerations.Andtheproblemisgettingworse. C.Butthemostimportantdatewillarrivesoonerin2009.That’swhenthecostofpayingbenefitstothefirstwaveofretiringbabyboomerswillbeginexposingtheaccountinggimmickrythatisthetruedriveroftheSocialSecurity"crisis."TotheextentacrisisexistsitisnotreallyaboutSocialSecurity.Itisaboutdecadesofirresponsiblebudgetingthatthreatensfutureretirees. D.Asbadasthecurrentrecorddeficitslook$427billionthisyearalonetheylikelywillgetworseinthenextdecadeastheresultoffiscaltimebombshard-wiredintogovernmentspendingandtaxplans. E.LeftuncheckedchronicdeficitswillmorethanoffsetanygoodthatcomesoutofSocialSecurityreform.Deficitsmakethegovernmentmorebeholdentoitscreditorsmanyofthemforeign.Asthenationaldebtsurgessodoestheportionofthebudgetdedicatedtopayinginterestonthatdebt. F.Butthatisnotanoptiongiventhedirebudgetarysituation.SocialSecuritywillsoonbecomeadrainonagovernmentalreadyundertremendousfiscalstress.It’sthedifferencebetweenhavingazerobalanceonyourcreditcardandbeingatyourcreditlimit.Ifyou’remaxedoutyoulosetheflexibilitytotakeonnewdebttodealwithanexpense. G.ThisisnottosaySocialSecurityreform--withorwithouttheprivateaccountsproposedbyBush--isnotworthwhile.Butitisonlyoneofmanynecessarystepstoputthenationonasoundfiscalfootingandensurethatfuturegenerationswillhaveareasonablycomfortableretirement. 42
SaudiArabiatheoilindustry’sswingproducerhasbecomeitsflip-flopper.InFebruaryitpersuadedOPECtocutitstotalproductionquotasbylmbarrelsperdaybpdto23.5masaprecautionagainstanoil-pricecrashthisspring.Thatfearhassincebeenreplacedbyitsopposite.ThepriceofWestTexascrudehit$40lastweekitshighestsincetheeveofthefirstIraqwarpromptingconcernsthathigheroilpricescouldsapthevigourofAmerica’srecoveryandcompoundthefrailtyofEurope’s.OnMondayMay10thAlial-NaimiSaudiArabia’senergyministercalledonOPECtoraisequotasbyatleast1.5mbpdatitsnextmeetingonJune3rd.Thusfarthehighoilpricehasbeenlargelyaconsequenceofgoodthingssuchasastrengtheningworldeconomyratherthanacauseofbadthingssuchasfasterinflationorslowergrowth.China’sburgeoningeconomyguzzledabout6mbpdinthefirstquarterofthisyear15%morethanayearagoaccordingtoGoldmanSachs.DemandwasalsostrongintherestofAsiaexcludingJapangrowingby5.2%to8.1mbpd.AstheyearprogressestheseasonalrhythmsofAmerica’sdriverswilldictatepricesatleastofthelightersweetercrudes.Americanstaketotheroadsenmasseinthesummerandspeculatorsaredrivinguptheoilpricenowinanticipationofpeakdemandinafewmonths’time.UntilrecentlytheriseinthedollarpriceofoilwasoffsetoutsideAmericaandChinabythefallinthedollaritself.Butthecurrencyhasregainedsomegroundinrecentweeksandtheoilpricehascontinuedtorise.Evensotalkofanotheroilpriceshockispremature.ThepriceofoiladjustedforinflationisonlyhalfwhatitwasinDecember1979andtheUnitedStatesnowuseshalfasmuchenergyperdollarofoutputasitdidintheearly1970s.ButifoilcannotshocktheworldeconomyquiteasitusedtoitcanstillgiveitagoodkickwarnsGoldmanSachs.Ifaverageoilpricesfortheyearcomein10%higherthanitforecastitreckonsGDPgrowthintheGroupofSevenG7richnationswillbereducedby0.3%or$70billion.TheAmericansarecertainlytakingtheissueseriously.JohnSnowtheirtreasurysecretarycalledOPEC’sFebruarydecisionregrettableandtheriseinpricessincethennothelpful.Washingtonpayscloseheedtothemanatthepetrolpumpwhohasseentheaveragepriceofagallonofunleadedpetrolriseby39centsinthepastyear.AndtheSaudissomemutterpaycloseheedtoWashington.BesidesthehighoilpricemayhavefilledSaudicoffersbutithasalsoaffrontedSaudipride.Mr.al-Naimithinksthehighpriceisduetofearsthatsupplymightbedisruptedinthefuture.Thesefearshesaysareunwarranted.ButthehulkingmachineryintheArabiandesertthatkeepsoilflowingroundtheworldpresentsaninvitingtargettoterroristsshouldtheytireofbombingembassiesandnightclubs.haMay1stgunmenkilledsixpeopleinaSaudiofficeofABBLummusGlobalanAmericanoilcontractor.SuchincidentsaddtotheriskpremiumfactoredintotheoilpriceapremiumthattheSaudistakeasavoteofnoconfidenceintheirkingdomanditsabilitytoguaranteethesupplyofoilinthefaceofterroristthreats.Whatdoestheauthormeanby...hasbecomeitsflip-flopperPar
Itmighttakeonlythetouchofpeachfuzztomakeanautisticchildhowlinpain.TheodourofthefruitcouldbesoOverpoweringthathegags.Forreasonsthatarenotwellunderstoodpeoplewithautismdonotintegratealloftheirsensesinwaysthathelpthemunderstandproperlywhattheyareexperiencing.Bytheageofthreethesignsofautism--infrequenteyecontactover-sensitivityorunder-sensitivitytotheenvironmentdifficultymixingwithothersareinfullforce.Thereisnocure;intensebehaviouraltherapiesserveonlytolessenthesymptoms.Theoriginsofautismareobscure.ButapaperinBrainaspecialistjournalcastssomelight.AteamheadedbyMarcelJustofCarnegieMellonUniversityandNancyMinshewoftheUniversityofPittsburghhasfoundevidenceofhowthebrainsofpeoplewithautismfunctiondifferentlyfromthosewithoutthedisorder.Usingabrain-scanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimagingFMRIDr.JustDr.Minshewandtheirteamcomparedthebrainactivityofyoungadultswhohadhighfunctioningautisminwhichanautist’sIQscoreisnormalwiththatofnon-autisticparticipants.Theexperimentwasdesignedtoexaminetworegionsofthebrainknowntobeassociatedwithlanguage--Broca’sareaandWernicke’sarea--whentheparticipantswerereading.Threedifferencesemerged.FirstWernicke’sareathepartresponsibleforunderstandingindividualwordswasmoreactiveinautiststhannon-autists.SecondBroca’sarea--wherethecomponentsoflanguageareintegratedtoproducemeaning--waslessactive.Thirdtheactivityofthetwoareaswaslesssynchronised.ThisresearchhasledDr.Justtoofferanexplanationforautismliecallsitundereonnectivitytheory.Itdependsonarecentbodyofworkwhichsuggeststhatthebrain’swhitematterthewiringthatconnectsthemainBodiesofthenerveceilsorgreymattertogetherislessdenseandlessabundantinthebrainofanautisticpersonthaninthatofanon-autist.Dr.Justsuggeststhatabnormalwhitemattercausesthegreymattertoadapttotheresultinglackofcommunication.Thishonessomeregionstolevelsofsuperiorabilitywhileothersfallbythewayside.TheteamchosetoexamineBroca’sandWernieke’sareasbecauselanguage-basedexperimentsareeasytoconduct.Butiftheunderconnectivitytheoryappliesto.therestofthebraintooitwouldbelessofamysterywhysomepeoplewithautismarehypersensitivetotheirenvironmentsandothersareabletodocertaintaskssuchasarithmeticsowell.Andifitistruethatunderconnectivityisindeedthemainproblemthentreatmentsmightbedevelopedtostimulatethegrowthofthewhite-matterwiring.ThepaperbyDr.JustandDr.Minshewismeanttoexamine______.
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 12
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 2
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 14
Text1 Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.Recentlyhow.everbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology. BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon. BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace. Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershave.readthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics. Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycanmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey. ThedifferencebetweenBMW'sandRenault'scampaignisthat
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 10
InapaperjustpublishedinSciencePeterGordonofColumbiaUniversityuseshisstudyofthePirahaandtheircountingsystemtotrytoansweratrickylinguisticquestion.ThePirahaagroupofhunter-gathererswholivealongthebanksoftheMaieiRiverinBraziluseasystemofcountingcalledone-two-many.InthisthewordforonetranslatestoroughlyonesimilartooneortwoinEnglishthewordfortwomeansaslightlylargeramountthanonesimilartoafewinEnglishandthewordformanymeansamuchlargeramount.ThisquestionwasposedbyBenjaminLeeWhorlinthe1930s.WhorlstudiedHopianAmerindianlanguageverydifferentfromtileEurasianlanguagesthathadhithertobeenthesubjectofacademiclinguistics.Hisworkledhimtosuggestthatlanguagenotonlyinfluencesthoughtbutmorestronglythatitdeterminesthought.Whilethereisnodisputethatlanguageinfluenceswhatpeoplethinkaboutevidencesuggestingitdeterminesthoughtisinconclusive.Forexamplein1972EleanorRoschandKarlHeiderinvestigatedthecolour-namingabilitiesoftheDanipeopleofIndonesia.TheDanihavewordsforonlytwocolours.-blackandwhite.ButDr.RoschandDr.HeiderfoundthatevensoDanicoulddistinguishandcomprehendothercolours.ThatdoesnotsupportthedeterministicversionoftheWhorlhypothesis.WhilerecognisingthattherearesuchthingsascoloursforwhichyouhavenonameiscertainlyacognitiveleapitmaynotbeagoodtestofWhorf’sideas.Coloursafterallareoutthereeverywhere.Numbersbycontrastareabstractsomaybeabettertest.Dr.GordonthereforespentamonthwiththePirahaandelicitedthehelpofsevenofthemtoseehowfartheirgraspofnumbersextended.Thetestsbegansimplywitharowofsaysevenevenlyspacedbatteries.Graduallytheygotmorecomplicated.Themorecomplicatedtestsincludedtaskssuchasmatchingnumbersofunevenlyspacedobjectsreplicatingthenumberofobjectsfrommemoryandcopyinganumberofstraightlinesfromadrawing.Intheteststhatinvolvedmatchingthenumberandlayoutofobjectstheycouldseeparticipantswereprettygoodwhenfacedwithtwoorthreeitemsbutfoundithardertocopeasthenumberofitemsrose.Thingswereworsewhentheparticipantshadtorememberthenumberofobjectsinalayoutandreplicateitblindratherthanmatchingalayouttheycouldsee.Inthiscasethesuccessratedroppedtozerowhenthenumberofitemsbecameintermsoftheirlanguagemany.Andlinedrawingproducedtheworstresultsofall--thoughthatcouldhavehadasmuchtodowiththefactthatdrawingisnotpartofPirahacultureasitdidwiththedifficultiesofnumericalabstraction.IndeedDr.Gordondescribedthetaskofreproducingstraightlinesasbeingaccomplishedonlywithheavysighsandgroans.WhichofthefollowingisNottrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs
RomeJune13--AlawthatimposesstrictrulesonassistedfertilitywillremainonthebooksafterthefailureonMondayofahard-foughtreferendumthatrubbedintooneofItaly’ssorestspots:therelationshipbetweenchurchandstate. 46ThefightleadinguptotwodaysofvotingonSundayandMondaymobilizedthenation’spoliticalandreligiousestablishmentslikefewothersastheleadershipoftheRomanCatholicChurchincludingthenewpopeBenedictXVI--urgedItalianstoboycottthereferendum. Intheendtheoutcomewasnotevenclose.Only26percentofasmanyas50millioneligibleItaliansvotedmeaningthatthereferendumautomaticallyfailedwiththevotesuncounted:initsattempttorepealfourcrucialsectionsofarestrictivefertilitylawpassedlastyear.Forthereferendumtobevalid50percentofeligiblevotershadtotakepart. 47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.SimilarreferendumsinItalyondivorceandabortioninthe1970’sand80’spassedoverwhelminglydespitechurchoppositionandItaliansnowseemlikelytodebatewhetherapathyorareverseinsecularisminthehomeoftheRomanCatholicChurchdefeatedthisreferendum. "TheresultsoftodaymeanthatItalyismaybemoresimilartoTexasthantoMassachusetts"saidRoccoButtiglioneItaly’scultureministerandafriendofPopeBenedict."Italianswantademocracywithvalues--thatvalueshumanlife--andthatiswhytheyrejectedthisreferendum." Forthechurchtheresultsseemedespeciallyimportantsincethereferendumconcernedissuescentraltochurchteachingsonvalues.48Thefertilitylawpassedhereunderchurchlobbyinglastyeardefineslifeasbeginningatconceptionandbansmostexperimentationonhumanembryos胚胎. "I’mstruckbythematurityoftheItalianpeople"CardinalCamilloRuinipresidentoftheItalianbishops’conferencetoldreportersaccordingtoReuters.CardinalRuiniatopVaticanofficialandcloseaidetoBenedictregularlyurgedItalianstoabstainfromthereferendum. 49Concedingaheavydefeatthepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewailsbetweenchurchandstate.TheywarnedthatthechurchwouldnextsetitssightsonItaly’sabortionlaw. "Thereisaproblemoftheclimateoftheatmosphereinthiscountry"EmmaBoninoaleaderoftheRadicalPartywhospearheadedthefightforlegalizedabortionintheearly1980’stoldreporters."Itisnotsecularandit’sveryworrying." 50ButsomeexpertscautionedagainstreadingtoomuchintotheresultsnotingthatItalyisaparticularnationwherechurchandstateareentwinedlikenowhereelse;thatabattleoverabortionwouldbemuchmoredifficult;thatasimilarfightseemedunlikelytogaingroundelsewhereinEurope. 46
RomeJune13--AlawthatimposesstrictrulesonassistedfertilitywillremainonthebooksafterthefailureonMondayofahard-foughtreferendumthatrubbedintooneofItaly’ssorestspots:therelationshipbetweenchurchandstate. 46ThefightleadinguptotwodaysofvotingonSundayandMondaymobilizedthenation’spoliticalandreligiousestablishmentslikefewothersastheleadershipoftheRomanCatholicChurchincludingthenewpopeBenedictXVI--urgedItalianstoboycottthereferendum. Intheendtheoutcomewasnotevenclose.Only26percentofasmanyas50millioneligibleItaliansvotedmeaningthatthereferendumautomaticallyfailedwiththevotesuncounted:initsattempttorepealfourcrucialsectionsofarestrictivefertilitylawpassedlastyear.Forthereferendumtobevalid50percentofeligiblevotershadtotakepart. 47Theresultswouldseemanimmediatevictoryforthechurchandfortheyoungpapacy教皇权利ofBenedictinaEuropewherechurchinfluencehasdeclinedsignificantlyinrecentdecades.SimilarreferendumsinItalyondivorceandabortioninthe1970’sand80’spassedoverwhelminglydespitechurchoppositionandItaliansnowseemlikelytodebatewhetherapathyorareverseinsecularisminthehomeoftheRomanCatholicChurchdefeatedthisreferendum. "TheresultsoftodaymeanthatItalyismaybemoresimilartoTexasthantoMassachusetts"saidRoccoButtiglioneItaly’scultureministerandafriendofPopeBenedict."Italianswantademocracywithvalues--thatvalueshumanlife--andthatiswhytheyrejectedthisreferendum." Forthechurchtheresultsseemedespeciallyimportantsincethereferendumconcernedissuescentraltochurchteachingsonvalues.48Thefertilitylawpassedhereunderchurchlobbyinglastyeardefineslifeasbeginningatconceptionandbansmostexperimentationonhumanembryos胚胎. "I’mstruckbythematurityoftheItalianpeople"CardinalCamilloRuinipresidentoftheItalianbishops’conferencetoldreportersaccordingtoReuters.CardinalRuiniatopVaticanofficialandcloseaidetoBenedictregularlyurgedItalianstoabstainfromthereferendum. 49Concedingaheavydefeatthepoliticalforcesthatsupportedthereferendumcharacterizedtheresultsasablowtothewailsbetweenchurchandstate.TheywarnedthatthechurchwouldnextsetitssightsonItaly’sabortionlaw. "Thereisaproblemoftheclimateoftheatmosphereinthiscountry"EmmaBoninoaleaderoftheRadicalPartywhospearheadedthefightforlegalizedabortionintheearly1980’stoldreporters."Itisnotsecularandit’sveryworrying." 50ButsomeexpertscautionedagainstreadingtoomuchintotheresultsnotingthatItalyisaparticularnationwherechurchandstateareentwinedlikenowhereelse;thatabattleoverabortionwouldbemuchmoredifficult;thatasimilarfightseemedunlikelytogaingroundelsewhereinEurope. 48
InapaperjustpublishedinSciencePeterGordonofColumbiaUniversityuseshisstudyofthePirahaandtheircountingsystemtotrytoansweratrickylinguisticquestion.ThePirahaagroupofhunter-gathererswholivealongthebanksoftheMaieiRiverinBraziluseasystemofcountingcalledone-two-many.InthisthewordforonetranslatestoroughlyonesimilartooneortwoinEnglishthewordfortwomeansaslightlylargeramountthanonesimilartoafewinEnglishandthewordformanymeansamuchlargeramount.ThisquestionwasposedbyBenjaminLeeWhorlinthe1930s.WhorlstudiedHopianAmerindianlanguageverydifferentfromtileEurasianlanguagesthathadhithertobeenthesubjectofacademiclinguistics.Hisworkledhimtosuggestthatlanguagenotonlyinfluencesthoughtbutmorestronglythatitdeterminesthought.Whilethereisnodisputethatlanguageinfluenceswhatpeoplethinkaboutevidencesuggestingitdeterminesthoughtisinconclusive.Forexamplein1972EleanorRoschandKarlHeiderinvestigatedthecolour-namingabilitiesoftheDanipeopleofIndonesia.TheDanihavewordsforonlytwocolours.-blackandwhite.ButDr.RoschandDr.HeiderfoundthatevensoDanicoulddistinguishandcomprehendothercolours.ThatdoesnotsupportthedeterministicversionoftheWhorlhypothesis.WhilerecognisingthattherearesuchthingsascoloursforwhichyouhavenonameiscertainlyacognitiveleapitmaynotbeagoodtestofWhorf’sideas.Coloursafterallareoutthereeverywhere.Numbersbycontrastareabstractsomaybeabettertest.Dr.GordonthereforespentamonthwiththePirahaandelicitedthehelpofsevenofthemtoseehowfartheirgraspofnumbersextended.Thetestsbegansimplywitharowofsaysevenevenlyspacedbatteries.Graduallytheygotmorecomplicated.Themorecomplicatedtestsincludedtaskssuchasmatchingnumbersofunevenlyspacedobjectsreplicatingthenumberofobjectsfrommemoryandcopyinganumberofstraightlinesfromadrawing.Intheteststhatinvolvedmatchingthenumberandlayoutofobjectstheycouldseeparticipantswereprettygoodwhenfacedwithtwoorthreeitemsbutfoundithardertocopeasthenumberofitemsrose.Thingswereworsewhentheparticipantshadtorememberthenumberofobjectsinalayoutandreplicateitblindratherthanmatchingalayouttheycouldsee.Inthiscasethesuccessratedroppedtozerowhenthenumberofitemsbecameintermsoftheirlanguagemany.Andlinedrawingproducedtheworstresultsofall--thoughthatcouldhavehadasmuchtodowiththefactthatdrawingisnotpartofPirahacultureasitdidwiththedifficultiesofnumericalabstraction.IndeedDr.Gordondescribedthetaskofreproducingstraightlinesasbeingaccomplishedonlywithheavysighsandgroans.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer
Text2 Weknowtodaythatthetraditionsoftribalartaremorecomplexandless"primitive"thanitsdiscoverersbelieved;wehaveevenseenthattheimitationofnatureisbynomeansexcludedfromitsaims.Butthestyleoftheseritualisticobjectscouldstillserveasacommonfocusforthatsearchforexpressivenessstructureandsimplicitythatthenewmovementshadinheritedfromtheexperimentsofthethreelonelyrebels:VanGoghCezanneandGauguin. TheexperimentsofExpressionismareperhapstheeasiesttoexplaininwords.ThetermitselfmaynotbehappilychosenforweknowthatweareallexpressingourselvesineverythingwedoorleaveundonebutthewordbecameaconvenientlabelbecauseofitseasilyrememberedcontrasttoImpressionismandasalabelitisquiteuseful.InoneofhislettersVanGoghhadexplainedhowhesetaboutpaintingtheportraitofafriendwhowasverydeartohim.Theconventionallikenesswasonlythefirststage.Havingpainteda"correct"portraitheproceededtochangethecolorsandthesetting. VanGoghwasrightinsayingthatthemethodhehadchosencouldbecomparedtothatofthecartoonist.Cartoonhadalwaysbeen"expressionist"forthecartoonistplayswiththelikenessofhisvictimanddistortsittoexpressjustwhathefeelsabouthisfellowman.Aslongasthesedistortionsofnaturesailedundertheflagofhumornobodyseemedtofindthemdifficulttounderstand.Humorousartwasafieldinwhicheverythingwaspermittedbecausepeopledidnotapproachitwithprejudices.Yetthereisnothinginconsistentaboutit.Itistruethatourfeelingsaboutthingsdocolorthewayinwhichweseethemandevenmoretheformswhichweremember.Everyonemusthaveexperiencedhowdifferentthesameplacemaylookwhenwearehappyandwhenwearesad. WhatupsetthepublicabouttheExpressionistartwasperhapsnotsomuchthefactthatnaturehadbeendistortedasthattheresultledawayfrombeauty.FortheExpressionistsfeltsostronglyabouthumansufferingpovertyviolenceandpassionthattheywereinclinedtothinkthattheinsistenceonharmonyandbeautywereonlybornoutofarefusaltobehonest.TheartoftheclassicalmastersofaRaphaelorCorreggioseemedtotheminsincereandhypocritical.Theywantedtofacethebarefactsofourexistenceandtoexpresstheircompassionforthedisinheritedandtheugly. Intheauthor'sopiniontheartofRaphaelandCorreggio
SaudiArabiatheoilindustry’sswingproducerhasbecomeitsflip-flopper.InFebruaryitpersuadedOPECtocutitstotalproductionquotasbylmbarrelsperdaybpdto23.5masaprecautionagainstanoil-pricecrashthisspring.Thatfearhassincebeenreplacedbyitsopposite.ThepriceofWestTexascrudehit$40lastweekitshighestsincetheeveofthefirstIraqwarpromptingconcernsthathigheroilpricescouldsapthevigourofAmerica’srecoveryandcompoundthefrailtyofEurope’s.OnMondayMay10thAlial-NaimiSaudiArabia’senergyministercalledonOPECtoraisequotasbyatleast1.5mbpdatitsnextmeetingonJune3rd.Thusfarthehighoilpricehasbeenlargelyaconsequenceofgoodthingssuchasastrengtheningworldeconomyratherthanacauseofbadthingssuchasfasterinflationorslowergrowth.China’sburgeoningeconomyguzzledabout6mbpdinthefirstquarterofthisyear15%morethanayearagoaccordingtoGoldmanSachs.DemandwasalsostrongintherestofAsiaexcludingJapangrowingby5.2%to8.1mbpd.AstheyearprogressestheseasonalrhythmsofAmerica’sdriverswilldictatepricesatleastofthelightersweetercrudes.Americanstaketotheroadsenmasseinthesummerandspeculatorsaredrivinguptheoilpricenowinanticipationofpeakdemandinafewmonths’time.UntilrecentlytheriseinthedollarpriceofoilwasoffsetoutsideAmericaandChinabythefallinthedollaritself.Butthecurrencyhasregainedsomegroundinrecentweeksandtheoilpricehascontinuedtorise.Evensotalkofanotheroilpriceshockispremature.ThepriceofoiladjustedforinflationisonlyhalfwhatitwasinDecember1979andtheUnitedStatesnowuseshalfasmuchenergyperdollarofoutputasitdidintheearly1970s.ButifoilcannotshocktheworldeconomyquiteasitusedtoitcanstillgiveitagoodkickwarnsGoldmanSachs.Ifaverageoilpricesfortheyearcomein10%higherthanitforecastitreckonsGDPgrowthintheGroupofSevenG7richnationswillbereducedby0.3%or$70billion.TheAmericansarecertainlytakingtheissueseriously.JohnSnowtheirtreasurysecretarycalledOPEC’sFebruarydecisionregrettableandtheriseinpricessincethennothelpful.Washingtonpayscloseheedtothemanatthepetrolpumpwhohasseentheaveragepriceofagallonofunleadedpetrolriseby39centsinthepastyear.AndtheSaudissomemutterpaycloseheedtoWashington.BesidesthehighoilpricemayhavefilledSaudicoffersbutithasalsoaffrontedSaudipride.Mr.al-Naimithinksthehighpriceisduetofearsthatsupplymightbedisruptedinthefuture.Thesefearshesaysareunwarranted.ButthehulkingmachineryintheArabiandesertthatkeepsoilflowingroundtheworldpresentsaninvitingtargettoterroristsshouldtheytireofbombingembassiesandnightclubs.haMay1stgunmenkilledsixpeopleinaSaudiofficeofABBLummusGlobalanAmericanoilcontractor.SuchincidentsaddtotheriskpremiumfactoredintotheoilpriceapremiumthattheSaudistakeasavoteofnoconfidenceintheirkingdomanditsabilitytoguaranteethesupplyofoilinthefaceofterroristthreats.Themainconcernofthelastparagraphis______.
Text1 Carmakershavelongusedsextoselltheirproducts.Recentlyhow.everbothBMWandRenaulthavebasedtheirlatestEuropeanmarketingcampaignsaroundtheiconofmodernbiology. BMW’scampaignwhichlaunchesitsnew3-seriessportssalooninBritainandIrelandshowsthenewcreationandfourofitsearlierversionszigzaggingaroundalandscapemadeupofgiantDNAsequenceswithabriefexplanationthatDNAisthemoleculeresponsiblefortheinheritanceofsuchfeaturesasstrengthpowerandintelligence.TheRenaultofferingwhichpromotesitsexistingLagunamodelemploysevolutionarytheoryevenmoreexplicitly.Thecompany’stelevisioncommercialsintersperseclipsofthecarwithscenesfromalecturebySteveJonesaprofessorofgeneticsatUniversityofLondon. BMW’scampaignisintendedtoconveytheideaofdevelopmentalliedtoheritage.Thelatestproductinotherwordsshouldbeviewedasthenewandimprovedscionofalonglineofgoodcars.Renault’smessageismoresubtle.ItisthatevolutionworksbygradualimprovementsratherthansuddenleapsinthisRenaultisaligningitselfwithbiologicalorthodoxy.Soalthoughthenewcarintheadvertisementmaylookliketheoldonetheexternalformconcealsanumberofsignificantchangestotheengine.WhilethesealterationsarealmostinvisibletotheaveragedriverRenaulthopestheywillimprovethecar’sperformanceandultimatelyitssurvivalinthemarketplace. Whethertheyactuallydosowilldependinpartonwhethermarketershave.readthepublicmoodcorrectly.Forevenifgeneticsreallydoesofferausefulmetaphorforautomobilesemployingitinadvertisingisnotwithoutitsdangers.ThatisbecauseDNA’spublicimageisambiguous.Inonecontextpeoplemayseeitasthecornerstoneofmodernmedicalprogress.Inanotheritwillbringtomindsuchcontroversialissuesasabortiongeneticallymodifiedfoodstuffsandthesinistersubjectofeugenics. Carmakersareprobablystandingonsafergroundthanbiologists.Buteventheycanmakemistakes.ThoughitwouldnotbeobvioustothecasualobserversomeoftheDNAwhichfeaturesinBMW’sadsforitsnicenewcaroncebelongedtoawoollymammoth—abeastthathasbeenextinctfor10000years.Notpresumablyquitethemessagethatthemarketingdepartmentwastryingtoconvey. Itcanbeinferredthatbiologicalorthodoxyfavors
AnyonepayingattentiontothedebateoverSocialSecurityhasheardalitanyofdates.There’s2018whentheprogramisexpectedtostarttakinginlessintaxesthanitpaysoutinbenefits.Andthere’s2042or2052bysomeestimateswhenitstrustfundissupposedtorunoutofmoney. 41___________________ ForyearsthegovernmenthascollectedmoreinSocialSecuritytaxesthanitneededtopaycurrentbenefitsThoseexcesscollectionsarecreditedtotheSocialSecurityTrustFundostensiblytopayfutureretirees.Butthereisnoactualmoneyinthefund.InsteadthegovernmentspendsthemoneyforotherpurposesandissuesthefundIOUs. In2009theshellgamebeginstoend.TheamountbywhichSocialSecuritytaxesexceedbenefitsstartstoshrink.42___________________ Theproblemcouldhavebeenavoidedanditstillcouldbereduced. Iftherestofthebudgetwasingoodshape--andparticularlyifthegovernmentbadstavedonthepathitwasonfiveyearsagoofbuyingdownthenationaldebt--lawmakerscouldsimplyre-borrowthemoneytopaybenefits.Theycouldhavealeisurelydebateoverwhatifanythingelsetodo. 43___________________ Thisraisesaquestion:IfthebiggestimmediateproblemofSocialSecurityisthatitwillsoonmakethedeficitworsewouldn’titbebettertoaddresstheunderlyingdeficitInotherwords--astheBushadministrationembarksona60day60stoptourtopromoteSocialSecurityoverhaul--arewereallydebatingtherightproblem 44___________________ ThemoneythathasbeenborrowedorisprojecedtobeborrowedinFresidentBush’stwotermsalonewouldcomeclosetosolvingSocialSecurity’ssolvencyproblemsforatleastthenext75years.TheOfficeofManagementandBudgetprojectscumulativeborrowingof$2.6trillion.TheSocialSecurityAdministrationestimatesthat$3.7trillionwouldshoreuptheprogramuntilatleast2080. 45___________________.ExplodingMedicareandMedicaidcoststhelossofrevenuebecauseoftherecenttaxcutsandlikelychangesinthealternativeminimumtaxAMTpresentableakoutlookoverthenext10years.MakingtheBushtaxcutspermanentandfixingtheAMTcouldleadtodeficitsofabout$650billionto$750billionbythemiddleofthenextdecade. A.By2018--soonerifprivateaccountsarecreated--theflowreverses.InsteadofspendingasurplusthegovernmentwillneedtobeginpayingoffitsIOUs.Absentlargetaxhikesorspendingcutsalreadyastronomicaldeficitswillskyrocket. B.ThebottomlineisthatWashingtonthroughprofligateborrowingandpoliciesthatlockinredinkforyearstocomeispassingtheburdentofuturegenerations.Andtheproblemisgettingworse. C.Butthemostimportantdatewillarrivesoonerin2009.That’swhenthecostofpayingbenefitstothefirstwaveofretiringbabyboomerswillbeginexposingtheaccountinggimmickrythatisthetruedriveroftheSocialSecurity"crisis."TotheextentacrisisexistsitisnotreallyaboutSocialSecurity.Itisaboutdecadesofirresponsiblebudgetingthatthreatensfutureretirees. D.Asbadasthecurrentrecorddeficitslook$427billionthisyearalonetheylikelywillgetworseinthenextdecadeastheresultoffiscaltimebombshard-wiredintogovernmentspendingandtaxplans. E.LeftuncheckedchronicdeficitswillmorethanoffsetanygoodthatcomesoutofSocialSecurityreform.Deficitsmakethegovernmentmorebeholdentoitscreditorsmanyofthemforeign.Asthenationaldebtsurgessodoestheportionofthebudgetdedicatedtopayinginterestonthatdebt. F.Butthatisnotanoptiongiventhedirebudgetarysituation.SocialSecuritywillsoonbecomeadrainonagovernmentalreadyundertremendousfiscalstress.It’sthedifferencebetweenhavingazerobalanceonyourcreditcardandbeingatyourcreditlimit.Ifyou’remaxedoutyoulosetheflexibilitytotakeonnewdebttodealwithanexpense. G.ThisisnottosaySocialSecurityreform--withorwithouttheprivateaccountsproposedbyBush--isnotworthwhile.Butitisonlyoneofmanynecessarystepstoputthenationonasoundfiscalfootingandensurethatfuturegenerationswillhaveareasonablycomfortableretirement. 44
InapaperjustpublishedinSciencePeterGordonofColumbiaUniversityuseshisstudyofthePirahaandtheircountingsystemtotrytoansweratrickylinguisticquestion.ThePirahaagroupofhunter-gathererswholivealongthebanksoftheMaieiRiverinBraziluseasystemofcountingcalledone-two-many.InthisthewordforonetranslatestoroughlyonesimilartooneortwoinEnglishthewordfortwomeansaslightlylargeramountthanonesimilartoafewinEnglishandthewordformanymeansamuchlargeramount.ThisquestionwasposedbyBenjaminLeeWhorlinthe1930s.WhorlstudiedHopianAmerindianlanguageverydifferentfromtileEurasianlanguagesthathadhithertobeenthesubjectofacademiclinguistics.Hisworkledhimtosuggestthatlanguagenotonlyinfluencesthoughtbutmorestronglythatitdeterminesthought.Whilethereisnodisputethatlanguageinfluenceswhatpeoplethinkaboutevidencesuggestingitdeterminesthoughtisinconclusive.Forexamplein1972EleanorRoschandKarlHeiderinvestigatedthecolour-namingabilitiesoftheDanipeopleofIndonesia.TheDanihavewordsforonlytwocolours.-blackandwhite.ButDr.RoschandDr.HeiderfoundthatevensoDanicoulddistinguishandcomprehendothercolours.ThatdoesnotsupportthedeterministicversionoftheWhorlhypothesis.WhilerecognisingthattherearesuchthingsascoloursforwhichyouhavenonameiscertainlyacognitiveleapitmaynotbeagoodtestofWhorf’sideas.Coloursafterallareoutthereeverywhere.Numbersbycontrastareabstractsomaybeabettertest.Dr.GordonthereforespentamonthwiththePirahaandelicitedthehelpofsevenofthemtoseehowfartheirgraspofnumbersextended.Thetestsbegansimplywitharowofsaysevenevenlyspacedbatteries.Graduallytheygotmorecomplicated.Themorecomplicatedtestsincludedtaskssuchasmatchingnumbersofunevenlyspacedobjectsreplicatingthenumberofobjectsfrommemoryandcopyinganumberofstraightlinesfromadrawing.Intheteststhatinvolvedmatchingthenumberandlayoutofobjectstheycouldseeparticipantswereprettygoodwhenfacedwithtwoorthreeitemsbutfoundithardertocopeasthenumberofitemsrose.Thingswereworsewhentheparticipantshadtorememberthenumberofobjectsinalayoutandreplicateitblindratherthanmatchingalayouttheycouldsee.Inthiscasethesuccessratedroppedtozerowhenthenumberofitemsbecameintermsoftheirlanguagemany.Andlinedrawingproducedtheworstresultsofall--thoughthatcouldhavehadasmuchtodowiththefactthatdrawingisnotpartofPirahacultureasitdidwiththedifficultiesofnumericalabstraction.IndeedDr.Gordondescribedthetaskofreproducingstraightlinesasbeingaccomplishedonlywithheavysighsandgroans.Dr.GordonfocusedhisattentiononthePiraha’scountingabilitybecause
SaudiArabiatheoilindustry’sswingproducerhasbecomeitsflip-flopper.InFebruaryitpersuadedOPECtocutitstotalproductionquotasbylmbarrelsperdaybpdto23.5masaprecautionagainstanoil-pricecrashthisspring.Thatfearhassincebeenreplacedbyitsopposite.ThepriceofWestTexascrudehit$40lastweekitshighestsincetheeveofthefirstIraqwarpromptingconcernsthathigheroilpricescouldsapthevigourofAmerica’srecoveryandcompoundthefrailtyofEurope’s.OnMondayMay10thAlial-NaimiSaudiArabia’senergyministercalledonOPECtoraisequotasbyatleast1.5mbpdatitsnextmeetingonJune3rd.Thusfarthehighoilpricehasbeenlargelyaconsequenceofgoodthingssuchasastrengtheningworldeconomyratherthanacauseofbadthingssuchasfasterinflationorslowergrowth.China’sburgeoningeconomyguzzledabout6mbpdinthefirstquarterofthisyear15%morethanayearagoaccordingtoGoldmanSachs.DemandwasalsostrongintherestofAsiaexcludingJapangrowingby5.2%to8.1mbpd.AstheyearprogressestheseasonalrhythmsofAmerica’sdriverswilldictatepricesatleastofthelightersweetercrudes.Americanstaketotheroadsenmasseinthesummerandspeculatorsaredrivinguptheoilpricenowinanticipationofpeakdemandinafewmonths’time.UntilrecentlytheriseinthedollarpriceofoilwasoffsetoutsideAmericaandChinabythefallinthedollaritself.Butthecurrencyhasregainedsomegroundinrecentweeksandtheoilpricehascontinuedtorise.Evensotalkofanotheroilpriceshockispremature.ThepriceofoiladjustedforinflationisonlyhalfwhatitwasinDecember1979andtheUnitedStatesnowuseshalfasmuchenergyperdollarofoutputasitdidintheearly1970s.ButifoilcannotshocktheworldeconomyquiteasitusedtoitcanstillgiveitagoodkickwarnsGoldmanSachs.Ifaverageoilpricesfortheyearcomein10%higherthanitforecastitreckonsGDPgrowthintheGroupofSevenG7richnationswillbereducedby0.3%or$70billion.TheAmericansarecertainlytakingtheissueseriously.JohnSnowtheirtreasurysecretarycalledOPEC’sFebruarydecisionregrettableandtheriseinpricessincethennothelpful.Washingtonpayscloseheedtothemanatthepetrolpumpwhohasseentheaveragepriceofagallonofunleadedpetrolriseby39centsinthepastyear.AndtheSaudissomemutterpaycloseheedtoWashington.BesidesthehighoilpricemayhavefilledSaudicoffersbutithasalsoaffrontedSaudipride.Mr.al-Naimithinksthehighpriceisduetofearsthatsupplymightbedisruptedinthefuture.Thesefearshesaysareunwarranted.ButthehulkingmachineryintheArabiandesertthatkeepsoilflowingroundtheworldpresentsaninvitingtargettoterroristsshouldtheytireofbombingembassiesandnightclubs.haMay1stgunmenkilledsixpeopleinaSaudiofficeofABBLummusGlobalanAmericanoilcontractor.SuchincidentsaddtotheriskpremiumfactoredintotheoilpriceapremiumthattheSaudistakeasavoteofnoconfidenceintheirkingdomanditsabilitytoguaranteethesupplyofoilinthefaceofterroristthreats.ByagoodkickGoldmanSachssuggeststhat______.
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 4
TheMyDoomviruscouldpresageagenerationofcomputerattacksbyorganisedgangsaimingtoextractransomsfromonlinebusinessesexpertssaidyesterday.ThewarningcameasthewebsiterunbySCOacompanythatsellsUnixcomputersoftwareineffectdisappearedfromthewebunderablizzardofautomatedattacksfromPCsinfectedbytheviruswhichfirstappearedaweekago.TheMyDoom-AversionofthevirusisreckonedtobetheworsttohavehittheinternetintermsofthespeedofitsspreadwithmillionsofPCsworldwidebelievedtobeinfected.Suchzombiemachinesbegintosendouthundredsofcopiesoftheviruseveryhourtoalmostanye-mailaddressintheirfiles.OnSundaytheybegansendingautomatedqueriestoSCO’swebsiteanattackthatwillcontinueuntil12February.Theattackisthewebequivalentofringingthecompany’sdoorbellandrunningawayamilliontimesasecondleavingitscomputersunabletodealwithstandardrequeststoviewitspages.YouhavetowonderaboutthetimelimitsaidGrahamCluleyseniortechnologyconsultantattheantiviruscompanySophos.SomeonecouldgotoSCOafterthe12thandsay’Ifyoudon’twantthistohappenagainhereareourdemands’.RaimundGenesEuropeanpresidentofthesecuritysoftwarefirmTrendMicrosaid:Suchaprogrammecouldtakeoutanymajorwebsiteontheinternet.It’snotterrorismbutitissomebodywhoisobviouslyupsetwithSCOSCOhasearnedtheenmityofcomputerusersthroughalawsuitithasfiledagainstIBM.SCOclaimsownershipofcomputercodeitsaysIBMputintothefreeoperatingsystemLinuxandisdemandinglicencefeesanddamagesof$1bn.Mr.Cluleysaid:ItmightbethatwhoeverisbehindthiswillsaytoSCO’ifyoudon’twantthenextonetotargetyoudropthelawsuit’.SCOhasoffered$250000￡140000forinformationleadingtothearrestofthepersonorpeoplewhowroteanddistributedMyDoom.NellBarrettofthesecuritycompanyInformationRiskManagementsaidIwouldgivealotofcredencetotheideaofgangsusingvirusestoextortmoney.It’shardforlawenforcementtotrackthemdownbecausethey’reusingmachinesownedbyinnocentpeople.AsecondvariantofMyDoomwillstartattackingpartofMicrosoft’swebsitelatertoday.TheantiviruscompanyMessageLabssaidithadblockedmorethan16millioncopiesofthevirusintransitoverthenetsofar.Butmillionsmorewillhavereachedtheirtargets.NeilBarrett’sremarksarequotedtoshow______.
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 8
TheMyDoomviruscouldpresageagenerationofcomputerattacksbyorganisedgangsaimingtoextractransomsfromonlinebusinessesexpertssaidyesterday.ThewarningcameasthewebsiterunbySCOacompanythatsellsUnixcomputersoftwareineffectdisappearedfromthewebunderablizzardofautomatedattacksfromPCsinfectedbytheviruswhichfirstappearedaweekago.TheMyDoom-AversionofthevirusisreckonedtobetheworsttohavehittheinternetintermsofthespeedofitsspreadwithmillionsofPCsworldwidebelievedtobeinfected.Suchzombiemachinesbegintosendouthundredsofcopiesoftheviruseveryhourtoalmostanye-mailaddressintheirfiles.OnSundaytheybegansendingautomatedqueriestoSCO’swebsiteanattackthatwillcontinueuntil12February.Theattackisthewebequivalentofringingthecompany’sdoorbellandrunningawayamilliontimesasecondleavingitscomputersunabletodealwithstandardrequeststoviewitspages.YouhavetowonderaboutthetimelimitsaidGrahamCluleyseniortechnologyconsultantattheantiviruscompanySophos.SomeonecouldgotoSCOafterthe12thandsay’Ifyoudon’twantthistohappenagainhereareourdemands’.RaimundGenesEuropeanpresidentofthesecuritysoftwarefirmTrendMicrosaid:Suchaprogrammecouldtakeoutanymajorwebsiteontheinternet.It’snotterrorismbutitissomebodywhoisobviouslyupsetwithSCOSCOhasearnedtheenmityofcomputerusersthroughalawsuitithasfiledagainstIBM.SCOclaimsownershipofcomputercodeitsaysIBMputintothefreeoperatingsystemLinuxandisdemandinglicencefeesanddamagesof$1bn.Mr.Cluleysaid:ItmightbethatwhoeverisbehindthiswillsaytoSCO’ifyoudon’twantthenextonetotargetyoudropthelawsuit’.SCOhasoffered$250000￡140000forinformationleadingtothearrestofthepersonorpeoplewhowroteanddistributedMyDoom.NellBarrettofthesecuritycompanyInformationRiskManagementsaidIwouldgivealotofcredencetotheideaofgangsusingvirusestoextortmoney.It’shardforlawenforcementtotrackthemdownbecausethey’reusingmachinesownedbyinnocentpeople.AsecondvariantofMyDoomwillstartattackingpartofMicrosoft’swebsitelatertoday.TheantiviruscompanyMessageLabssaidithadblockedmorethan16millioncopiesofthevirusintransitoverthenetsofar.Butmillionsmorewillhavereachedtheirtargets.WhatdoesthewordtheyPar
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 6
Whenlabratssleeptheirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringthedayaccordingtoanewstudy1yesterdayofferingsomeofthestrongestevidence2thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals’brainsfireinadistinctivepattern3thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare4andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze. Basedontheresultstheresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze5reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo6thememories. Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo7thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledoincludingrapid-eye-movementREMsleepwhichiswhenpeopledream.But8theoccasionaltwitchinggrowlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas9inhisorhersleepingpetthere’sbeen10directevidencethatanimals11.Ifanimalsdreamitsuggeststheymighthavemore12mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen13. "Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis14ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas15human"Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents16suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe17aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered." Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor18humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis19itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto20orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms"saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool. 18
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