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组成药物中含有芍药的方剂是（）
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组成药物中含有肉桂的方剂是
桂枝汤
麻黄汤
乌梅丸
猪苓汤
芍药汤
组成药物中含有牛膝的方剂是
芍药汤
龙胆泻肝汤
清营汤
导赤散
玉女煎
组成药物中含有牛膝的方剂是
芍药汤
温经汤
清营汤
生化汤
玉女煎
组成药物中含有牛膝的方剂是
芍药汤
温经汤
清营汤
生化汤
玉女煎
组成药物中含有桂枝的方剂是
乌梅丸
芍药汤
暖肝煎
阳和汤
地黄饮子
组成药物中含有桂枝的方剂是
乌梅丸
芍药汤
暖肝煎
阳和汤
地黄饮子
组成药物中含有官桂的方剂是
乌梅丸
桂枝汤
猪苓汤
麻黄汤
芍药汤
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A.Periodicalsininitialstage B.Thefunctionofperiodicals C.Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline D.Theintroductionofreviews E.Featuresofperiodicals F.Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies. 41.__________ Historicallymustperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually. 42.__________ Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoformsdifferingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor. 43.__________ TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesScavans1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience. 44.__________ ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731—1907-thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford. MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpoliticsandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributors-theEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs. OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitskongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH.G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt. 44
WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevisionmillionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’’snewscoverageaswellaslistentoit. AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannelsfiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsportcomedydramamusicnewsandcurrentaffairseducationreligionparliamentarycoveragechildren’’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannualliceneefeeof￡83perhousehold. Itisaremarkablerecordstretchingbackover70years―yettheBBC’’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganizationatleastforthetimebeingbutitsroleitssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain. ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernmentwhichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC―includingordinarylistenersandviewers―tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporationandevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitisortomakechanges. DefendersoftheCorporation―ofwhomtherearemany―arefondofquotingtheAmericansloganIfitain’’tbrokedon’’tfixit.TheBBCain’’tbroketheysaybywhichtheymeanitisnotbrokenasdistinctfromtheword’’broke’’meaninghavingnomoneysowhybothertochangeit YettheBBCwillhavetochangebecausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels―ITVandChannel4―wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercialcompetingwitheachotherforadvertisersandcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels―fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’’subscriptions―whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm. TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces_________________.
AsAmerica’’sairbecomessteadilymorecontaminatedactivitiesacrossthenationtocopewithsmogappeartobelaggingfurtherandfurtherbehindactualneedsdespitearisingpublicclamorforimprovement. Therehasbeenaconsiderableprogressinthelastcoupleofyears.Buttheover-allpictureisthatsomanylocalitieshaven’’treallycometogripswiththeairpollutionproblemthatpeoplemightbedismayediftheyknewhowtheirwelfarewasbeingtrifledwith. Airpollutionsourcesarenowhurlingmorethan140milliontonsofcontaminantsintotheatmosphereeveryyearbyFederalestimates.Twoyearsagoitwasonly130milliontons. Theincreasehasbeencausedbymanythings--morepeoplemoreautomobilesmoreindustrymorespaceheatinglittleifanyreductionthatmoreoftenthannotareinadequate. Theadversehealtheffectsofairpollutionarebecomingmorewidelyrecognizedalthoughspecificmedicalevidenceisstillfragmentary.Asapsychologicalannoyanceoftencalledanestheticfactorittranslatesintodecreasedpropertyvalues.Indamagetocropsandotherplantsitscostisreckonedinmillionsofdollars;indamagetostructuresandmaterialsinbillions. Federalandstatepollutioncontrolofficialsreportthefollowinghighlightofthecurrentsituation. Statesandlocalitiesgenerallystillhavepenaltiesforairpollutionthatarelittlemorethanawristslapwithfinesaslowas＄10.Enforcementisgenerallysketchyandweak.Andtheremedialproceduresaresocumbersomethatmoreandmoretheyarebeingbypassedbysimplelawsuitsbroughtbypublicofficialsorcitizens. AlthoughFederallawhasrequiredautomakerstoprovidevehicleswithfumecontrolequipmentfewstateshavedoneanythingtoassureitseffectivenessafteracarhasleftthefactorybyprovidingforregularinspectionoftheequipment. Publicofficialsinmanyplacesstillseemtoconsiderburstsofcomplaintsfromcitizenspreferabletocomplaintstheymightgetfrominstitutingeffectiveairqualityprograms.Industriesandotherpolluterssuchasmunicipalitiesstillexertgreatinfluenceopposingorweakeningregulatorylawsandpackingregulatoryboardswiththeirownspokesmen. Publicresentmentoverairpollutionisgrowingasisshownbyrecurringincidentsofpicketing设置纠察员andincreasingnumberoflegalactions. ThebigFederalprogramtocombatairpollutionunderwayforseveralyearsisproceedingfairlyclosetoschedule.ButFederalauto-fumeregulationswillnotbeveryproductivefornearlyadecadeuntilaround100millionunregulatedolder-generationcarshavebeenreplacedonthehighways. ThepartoftheFederaleffortthatdealswithstationarypollutionsourceslikefactoriesisstilllargelyinanorganizationalphaseyieldinglittleimmediatereductioninfumes. Publiccomplaintsgounattendedowingtothe
Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400000companieswereestablishedlastyearor35percentmorethanin2002. Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthaneverarefailing.Lastyeararecord40000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent. Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance. "Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductorservice"JudithRutherfordthechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkforLondonsays."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsandcustomers"shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch." IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehadthenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarketthisshouldalsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance. ButJohnRendalltheheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding. "Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingaboutyourbusinesshelpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogresssetgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwiththechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface"Mr.Rendallsays. "Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow."Don’tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank"hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyourbusiness." Theword"contingency"Line1Paragraph9canbebestreplacedby
Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400000companieswereestablishedlastyearor35percentmorethanin2002. Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthaneverarefailing.Lastyeararecord40000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent. Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance. "Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductorservice"JudithRutherfordthechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkforLondonsays."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsandcustomers"shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch." IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehadthenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarketthisshouldalsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance. ButJohnRendalltheheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding. "Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingaboutyourbusinesshelpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogresssetgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwiththechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface"Mr.Rendallsays. "Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow."Don’tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank"hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyourbusiness." Thenumberofthecompaniesthatwereestablishedin2002isabout
Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400000companieswereestablishedlastyearor35percentmorethanin2002. Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthaneverarefailing.Lastyeararecord40000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent. Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance. "Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductorservice"JudithRutherfordthechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkforLondonsays."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsandcustomers"shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch." IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehadthenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarketthisshouldalsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance. ButJohnRendalltheheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding. "Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingaboutyourbusinesshelpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogresssetgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwiththechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface"Mr.Rendallsays. "Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow."Don’tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank"hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyourbusiness." Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthisarticleistoshowhowto
Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsdeepfissurescracks:inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofnewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. Thepassageismainlyabout________________.
Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:Won’’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce There’’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentinaforinstanceafterthereformsoftheearly1990smultinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirmsofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy. IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcostslowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers’’demands.Allthesearebeneficialnotdetrimentaltoconsumers.Asproductivitygrowstheworld’’swealthincreases. Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.ThemergersoftelecomcompaniessuchasWorldComhardlyseembringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrarythepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incarstooconcentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChryslerRemaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt. Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.AfewweeksagoAlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosuperviseregulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated.’’Won’’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition.’’AndshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleofdefendingcompetitiononissuesthataffectmanyothernationsasintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase7 Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat______.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
A.Periodicalsininitialstage B.Thefunctionofperiodicals C.Newspapersandotherperiodicalsonline D.Theintroductionofreviews E.Featuresofperiodicals F.Theemergenceofmodernperiodicals Periodicalsrefertopublicationsreleasedonaregularbasisthatmayincludenewsfeaturearticlespoemsfictionalstoriesorothertypesofwriting.Manyperiodicalsalsoincludephotographsanddrawings.Periodicalsthatareaimedatageneralaudiencesuchasweeklynewsroundupsormonthlyspecial-interestpublicationsarealsocalledmagazines.Thosewithamorenarrowaudiencesuchaspublicationsofscholarlyorganizationscanbetermedjournals.Whilenewspapersareperiodicalsthetermgenerallyhascometorefertopublicationsotherthandailies. 41.__________ Historicallymustperiodicalshavedifferedfromnewspapersintheirformatpublicationscheduleandcontent.Mostnewspapersdealwiththenewsofthedayandareissuedonpulppaperwithrelativelylargeunboundpages.Bycontrastothertypesofperiodicalsfocusonmorespecializedmaterialandwhentheydealwithnewstheytendtodosointheformofsummariesorcommentaries.Forcenturiestheseperiodicalsgenerallyhavebeenprintedonfinerpaperthannewspaperswithsmallerboundpagesandissuedatintervalslongerthanadayweeklyeverytwoweeksmonthlyquarterlyorevenannually. 42.__________ Inthe1990swiththegrowthoftheInternetpublishersbegantoreleasenewspapersandotherperiodicalsonline.Thisdevelopmentblurredthelinebetweenthetwoformsbecausethegeneralformatanddesignofonlinenewspapersandperiodicalsaresimilarandthepublicationschedulesofbothformsbecamemoreflexible.Forexamplemanynewspaperpublishersupdatetheironlineversionsthroughoutthedayandsomeonlineperiodicalsdothesame.Despitethesetechnologicalchangesthetwoformsdifferingemphasisinchoiceofcontentremainsadistinguishingfactor. 43.__________ TheearliestperiodicalsincludetheGermanErbaulicheMonaths-UnterredungenEdifyingMonthlyDiscussions1663-1668theFrenchJournaldesScavans1665;subsequentlytitledJournaldesSavantsandtheEnglishPhilosophicalTransactions1665oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.Thesewereessentiallycollectionsofsummarieslateressaysondevelopmentsinartliteraturephilosophyandscience. 44.__________ ThefirstperiodicalofthemoderngeneraltypedevotedtoamiscellanyofreadingentertainmentwastheEnglishpublicationTheGentleman’sMagazine1731—1907-thefirstinstanceoftheuseofthewordmagazinetodenoteaforumforentertainingreading.Itcontainedreportsofpoliticaldebatesessaysstoriesandpoemsandwaswidelyinfluential.ItservedasthemodelforthefirsttrueAmericanperiodicalsGeneralMagazineandHistoricalChronicleandAmericanMagazine.BothoftheseperiodicalsfirstappearedinPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniainJanuary1741asrivalpublications;neitherlastedmorethanafewmonthshowever.TheformerwasfoundedbytheAmericanstatesmanandscientistBenjaminFranklinandthelatterbytheAmericanprinterAndrewBradford. MonthlyorquarterlyreviewsusuallypartisaninpoliticsandwitharticlescontributedbyeminentauthorsandpoliticianswereintroducedinBritainearlyinthe19thcentury.Ofthesetwobecameoutstanding.TheEdinburghReview1802-1929foundedinsupportoftheWhigPartywasoneofthemostinfluentialcriticaljournalsofitsdayandnumberedamongitscontributors-theEnglishwritersSirWalterScottThomasCarlyleMatthewArnoldandWilliamHazlitt.Blackwood’sEdinburghMagazine1817-1981aTorypublicationwasearlyinitscareernotedforitsserializationofScottishfictionanditssatiricalcommentariesonScottishaffairs. OneofthemostimportantseriousperiodicalsintheUnitedStatesinthe19thcenturywastheNorthAmericanReview1815-1940;revivedin1964.EditorsduringitskongandillustriouscareerincludedsuchliteraryfiguresasJamesRussellLowellCharlesEliotNortonandHenryAdams;contributorsincludedHenryJamesH.G.WellsandMarkTwain.AmongtheEuropeanequivalentsofsuchperiodicalsweretheFrenchRevuedesDeuxMondesandtheGermanLiterarischesWochenblatt. 42
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsdeepfissurescracks:inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofnewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat____________.
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine.
Duringthepast15yearsthemostimportantcomponentofexecutivepaypackagesandtheone.mostresponsibleforthelargeincreaseinthelevelofsuchcompensationhasbeenstock-optiongrants.Theincreaseduseofoptiongrantswasjustifiedasawaytoalignexecutives’interestswithshareholders’.Forvarioustaxaccountingandregulatoryreasonsstock-optiongrantshavelargelycomprised"at-the-moneyoptions":rightstopurchasesharesatan"exerciseprice"equaltothecompany’sstockpriceonthegrantdate.Insuchat-the-moneyoptionstheselectionofthegrantdateforawardingoptionsdeterminestheoptions’exercisepriceandthuscanhaveasignificanteffectontheirvalue. Earlierresearchbyfinancialeconomistsonbackdatingpracticesfocusedontheextenttowhichthecompany’sstockpricewentupabnormallyafterthegrantdateMycolleaguesandIfocusedinsteadonhowagrant-date’spricerankedinthedistributionofstockpricesduringthemonthofthegrant.Studyingtheuniverseofabout19000at-the-moneyunscheduledgrantsawardedtopubliccompanies’CEOsduringthedecade1996-2005wefoundaclearrelationbetweenthelikelihoodofaday’sbeingselectedasagrantdateforawardingoptionsandtherankoftheday’sstockpricewithinthepricedistributionofthemonth:adaywasmostlikelytobechosenifthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonthsecondmostlikelytobechosenifthepricewasatthesecond-lowestlevelandsoforth.Thereisanespeciallylargeincidenceof"luckygrants"definedasgrantsawardedondaysonwhichthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth:12percentofallCEOoptiongrantswereluckygrantswhileonly4percentwereawardedatthehighestpriceofthemonth. ThepassageoftheSarbanes-OxleyActinAugust2002requiredfirmstoreportgrantswithintwodaysofanyaward.Mostfirmscompliedwiththisrequirementbutmorethan20percentofgrantscontinuedtobereportedafteralongdelay.Thusthelegislationcouldbeexpectedtoreducebutnoteliminatebackdating.ThepatternsofCEOluckareconsistentwiththisexpectation:thepercentageofgrantsthatwereluckywasahigh15percentbeforeenactmentofthelawanddeclinedtoalowerbutstillabnormallyhighlevelof8percentafterwards. Altogetherweestimatethatabout1150CEOstock-optiongrantsowedtheirfinanciallyadvantageousstatustoopportunistictimingratherthantomereluck.ThispracticewasspreadoverasignificantnumberofCEOsandfirms:weestimatethatabout850CEOsabout10percentandabout720firmsabout12percentreceivedorprovidedsuchluckygrants.Inadditionweestimatethatabout550additionalgrantsatthesecond-lowestorthird-lowestpriceofthemonthowedtheirstatustoopportunistictiming. Thecasesthathavecomeunderscrutinythusfarhaveledtoawidespreadimpressionthatopportunistictiminghasbeenprimarilyconcentratedin"neweconomy"firms.Butwhilethefrequencyofluckygrantshasbeensomewhathigherinsuchfirmsmorethan80percentoftheopportunisticallytimedgrantshavebeenawardedinothersectors.Indeedthereisasignificantlyhigher-than-normalincidenceofluckygrantsineachoftheeconomy’s12industries. AccordingtotheauthortheSarbanes-OxleyAct
AsAmerica’’sairbecomessteadilymorecontaminatedactivitiesacrossthenationtocopewithsmogappeartobelaggingfurtherandfurtherbehindactualneedsdespitearisingpublicclamorforimprovement. Therehasbeenaconsiderableprogressinthelastcoupleofyears.Buttheover-allpictureisthatsomanylocalitieshaven’’treallycometogripswiththeairpollutionproblemthatpeoplemightbedismayediftheyknewhowtheirwelfarewasbeingtrifledwith. Airpollutionsourcesarenowhurlingmorethan140milliontonsofcontaminantsintotheatmosphereeveryyearbyFederalestimates.Twoyearsagoitwasonly130milliontons. Theincreasehasbeencausedbymanythings--morepeoplemoreautomobilesmoreindustrymorespaceheatinglittleifanyreductionthatmoreoftenthannotareinadequate. Theadversehealtheffectsofairpollutionarebecomingmorewidelyrecognizedalthoughspecificmedicalevidenceisstillfragmentary.Asapsychologicalannoyanceoftencalledanestheticfactorittranslatesintodecreasedpropertyvalues.Indamagetocropsandotherplantsitscostisreckonedinmillionsofdollars;indamagetostructuresandmaterialsinbillions. Federalandstatepollutioncontrolofficialsreportthefollowinghighlightofthecurrentsituation. Statesandlocalitiesgenerallystillhavepenaltiesforairpollutionthatarelittlemorethanawristslapwithfinesaslowas＄10.Enforcementisgenerallysketchyandweak.Andtheremedialproceduresaresocumbersomethatmoreandmoretheyarebeingbypassedbysimplelawsuitsbroughtbypublicofficialsorcitizens. AlthoughFederallawhasrequiredautomakerstoprovidevehicleswithfumecontrolequipmentfewstateshavedoneanythingtoassureitseffectivenessafteracarhasleftthefactorybyprovidingforregularinspectionoftheequipment. Publicofficialsinmanyplacesstillseemtoconsiderburstsofcomplaintsfromcitizenspreferabletocomplaintstheymightgetfrominstitutingeffectiveairqualityprograms.Industriesandotherpolluterssuchasmunicipalitiesstillexertgreatinfluenceopposingorweakeningregulatorylawsandpackingregulatoryboardswiththeirownspokesmen. Publicresentmentoverairpollutionisgrowingasisshownbyrecurringincidentsofpicketing设置纠察员andincreasingnumberoflegalactions. ThebigFederalprogramtocombatairpollutionunderwayforseveralyearsisproceedingfairlyclosetoschedule.ButFederalauto-fumeregulationswillnotbeveryproductivefornearlyadecadeuntilaround100millionunregulatedolder-generationcarshavebeenreplacedonthehighways. ThepartoftheFederaleffortthatdealswithstationarypollutionsourceslikefactoriesisstilllargelyinanorganizationalphaseyieldinglittleimmediatereductioninfumes. People’’sindignationarousedbyairpollutionisreflectedin
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition
AsAmerica’’sairbecomessteadilymorecontaminatedactivitiesacrossthenationtocopewithsmogappeartobelaggingfurtherandfurtherbehindactualneedsdespitearisingpublicclamorforimprovement. Therehasbeenaconsiderableprogressinthelastcoupleofyears.Buttheover-allpictureisthatsomanylocalitieshaven’’treallycometogripswiththeairpollutionproblemthatpeoplemightbedismayediftheyknewhowtheirwelfarewasbeingtrifledwith. Airpollutionsourcesarenowhurlingmorethan140milliontonsofcontaminantsintotheatmosphereeveryyearbyFederalestimates.Twoyearsagoitwasonly130milliontons. Theincreasehasbeencausedbymanythings--morepeoplemoreautomobilesmoreindustrymorespaceheatinglittleifanyreductionthatmoreoftenthannotareinadequate. Theadversehealtheffectsofairpollutionarebecomingmorewidelyrecognizedalthoughspecificmedicalevidenceisstillfragmentary.Asapsychologicalannoyanceoftencalledanestheticfactorittranslatesintodecreasedpropertyvalues.Indamagetocropsandotherplantsitscostisreckonedinmillionsofdollars;indamagetostructuresandmaterialsinbillions. Federalandstatepollutioncontrolofficialsreportthefollowinghighlightofthecurrentsituation. Statesandlocalitiesgenerallystillhavepenaltiesforairpollutionthatarelittlemorethanawristslapwithfinesaslowas＄10.Enforcementisgenerallysketchyandweak.Andtheremedialproceduresaresocumbersomethatmoreandmoretheyarebeingbypassedbysimplelawsuitsbroughtbypublicofficialsorcitizens. AlthoughFederallawhasrequiredautomakerstoprovidevehicleswithfumecontrolequipmentfewstateshavedoneanythingtoassureitseffectivenessafteracarhasleftthefactorybyprovidingforregularinspectionoftheequipment. Publicofficialsinmanyplacesstillseemtoconsiderburstsofcomplaintsfromcitizenspreferabletocomplaintstheymightgetfrominstitutingeffectiveairqualityprograms.Industriesandotherpolluterssuchasmunicipalitiesstillexertgreatinfluenceopposingorweakeningregulatorylawsandpackingregulatoryboardswiththeirownspokesmen. Publicresentmentoverairpollutionisgrowingasisshownbyrecurringincidentsofpicketing设置纠察员andincreasingnumberoflegalactions. ThebigFederalprogramtocombatairpollutionunderwayforseveralyearsisproceedingfairlyclosetoschedule.ButFederalauto-fumeregulationswillnotbeveryproductivefornearlyadecadeuntilaround100millionunregulatedolder-generationcarshavebeenreplacedonthehighways. ThepartoftheFederaleffortthatdealswithstationarypollutionsourceslikefactoriesisstilllargelyinanorganizationalphaseyieldinglittleimmediatereductioninfumes. Thegeneralsituationofairpollutionhasworsenedpartlybecause
Duringthepast15yearsthemostimportantcomponentofexecutivepaypackagesandtheone.mostresponsibleforthelargeincreaseinthelevelofsuchcompensationhasbeenstock-optiongrants.Theincreaseduseofoptiongrantswasjustifiedasawaytoalignexecutives’interestswithshareholders’.Forvarioustaxaccountingandregulatoryreasonsstock-optiongrantshavelargelycomprised"at-the-moneyoptions":rightstopurchasesharesatan"exerciseprice"equaltothecompany’sstockpriceonthegrantdate.Insuchat-the-moneyoptionstheselectionofthegrantdateforawardingoptionsdeterminestheoptions’exercisepriceandthuscanhaveasignificanteffectontheirvalue. Earlierresearchbyfinancialeconomistsonbackdatingpracticesfocusedontheextenttowhichthecompany’sstockpricewentupabnormallyafterthegrantdateMycolleaguesandIfocusedinsteadonhowagrant-date’spricerankedinthedistributionofstockpricesduringthemonthofthegrant.Studyingtheuniverseofabout19000at-the-moneyunscheduledgrantsawardedtopubliccompanies’CEOsduringthedecade1996-2005wefoundaclearrelationbetweenthelikelihoodofaday’sbeingselectedasagrantdateforawardingoptionsandtherankoftheday’sstockpricewithinthepricedistributionofthemonth:adaywasmostlikelytobechosenifthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonthsecondmostlikelytobechosenifthepricewasatthesecond-lowestlevelandsoforth.Thereisanespeciallylargeincidenceof"luckygrants"definedasgrantsawardedondaysonwhichthestockpricewasatthelowestlevelofthemonth:12percentofallCEOoptiongrantswereluckygrantswhileonly4percentwereawardedatthehighestpriceofthemonth. ThepassageoftheSarbanes-OxleyActinAugust2002requiredfirmstoreportgrantswithintwodaysofanyaward.Mostfirmscompliedwiththisrequirementbutmorethan20percentofgrantscontinuedtobereportedafteralongdelay.Thusthelegislationcouldbeexpectedtoreducebutnoteliminatebackdating.ThepatternsofCEOluckareconsistentwiththisexpectation:thepercentageofgrantsthatwereluckywasahigh15percentbeforeenactmentofthelawanddeclinedtoalowerbutstillabnormallyhighlevelof8percentafterwards. Altogetherweestimatethatabout1150CEOstock-optiongrantsowedtheirfinanciallyadvantageousstatustoopportunistictimingratherthantomereluck.ThispracticewasspreadoverasignificantnumberofCEOsandfirms:weestimatethatabout850CEOsabout10percentandabout720firmsabout12percentreceivedorprovidedsuchluckygrants.Inadditionweestimatethatabout550additionalgrantsatthesecond-lowestorthird-lowestpriceofthemonthowedtheirstatustoopportunistictiming. Thecasesthathavecomeunderscrutinythusfarhaveledtoawidespreadimpressionthatopportunistictiminghasbeenprimarilyconcentratedin"neweconomy"firms.Butwhilethefrequencyofluckygrantshasbeensomewhathigherinsuchfirmsmorethan80percentoftheopportunisticallytimedgrantshavebeenawardedinothersectors.Indeedthereisasignificantlyhigher-than-normalincidenceofluckygrantsineachoftheeconomy’s12industries. Themainpurposeoftheauthor’sstudyistofindout
Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:Won’’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce There’’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentinaforinstanceafterthereformsoftheearly1990smultinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirmsofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy. IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcostslowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomers’’demands.Allthesearebeneficialnotdetrimentaltoconsumers.Asproductivitygrowstheworld’’swealthincreases. Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.ThemergersoftelecomcompaniessuchasWorldComhardlyseembringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrarythepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incarstooconcentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChryslerRemaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt. Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.AfewweeksagoAlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosuperviseregulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated.’’Won’’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition.’’AndshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleofdefendingcompetitiononissuesthataffectmanyothernationsasintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase7 Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday
WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevisionmillionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’’snewscoverageaswellaslistentoit. AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannelsfiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsportcomedydramamusicnewsandcurrentaffairseducationreligionparliamentarycoveragechildren’’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannualliceneefeeof￡83perhousehold. Itisaremarkablerecordstretchingbackover70years―yettheBBC’’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganizationatleastforthetimebeingbutitsroleitssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain. ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernmentwhichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC―includingordinarylistenersandviewers―tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporationandevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitisortomakechanges. DefendersoftheCorporation―ofwhomtherearemany―arefondofquotingtheAmericansloganIfitain’’tbrokedon’’tfixit.TheBBCain’’tbroketheysaybywhichtheymeanitisnotbrokenasdistinctfromtheword’’broke’’meaninghavingnomoneysowhybothertochangeit YettheBBCwillhavetochangebecausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels―ITVandChannel4―wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercialcompetingwitheachotherforadvertisersandcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels―fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’’subscriptions―whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm. TheBBC’’sroyalcharterline4paragraph4standsfor_________________.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Directions: Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofchangesinfamilyinanewspaper.Writeanessayof160-200wordstothenewspaperto 1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow ·thecontentofthepicture ·thesymbolicmeaning ·thespecialunderstanding 2.givepossiblereasonsforthisphenomenonand 3.drawaconclusion. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. 下面有两张全家福照片一张照片上是一个大家庭有爷爷奶奶爸爸妈妈小孩子还有叔叔姑姑等一些亲戚照片下面有拍摄的日期1949年另一张照片上只有爸爸妈妈和一个孩子是个典型的核心家庭照片下面的日期是2002年
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
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