首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
On a weekday night this January, thousands of flag-waving youths packed Olaya Street, Riyadh’s main ...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
设当前日期为2007年12月27日星期四则执行下面语句后的输出结果为______ PrintDay
5为考生文件夹中的WEEKDAY文件夹中的HARD.EXE文件建立名为HARD的快捷方式并存放在考生
Theboylivesinavillage_____therearenoschools.Thushe
where
which
that
who
返回字符表达式中值的总和的函数为
Weekday(date)
Hour(date)
Date( )
Sum
5为考生文件夹中的WEEKDAY文件夹中的HARD．EXE文件建立名为HARD的快捷方式并存放在考生
—_______classesdoyouhaveeveryweekday?—Sevenclasses
How many
How much
How long
How often
Iwouldlovetoworkonweekday.
设当前日期为2007年12月27日星期四则执行下列语句后的输出结果是______PrintDayNo
设当前日期为2008年4月28日星期一则执行下面语句后的输出结果为______PrintDayNow
返回给定小时0～23的值表示给定时间是一天中的哪个时刻的函数为
Weekday(date)
Hour(date)
Date( )
Sum
下列程序的运行结果为【4】enumweekdaysun=7mon=1tuewedthufrisat;
Withoutthegamesheexpectsthebar'sweekdaysalesto____
drop off
put back
drop out
cut out
Thepostofficestartsitsbusinessat______everyweekday
7:00
7:55
8:00
9:00
Amurderwouldmostlikelyoccur_____.
on a weekend night in summer
on a weekend afternoon in summer
on a weekend night in winter
on a weekday afternoon in spring
设当前日期为2008年4月28日星期一则执行下面语句后的输出结果为______ PrintDayN
—Moreandmorefamiliescan_______acarnow.—That’struE.
afford
sell
Support
provide
Therearesevendaysinaweek.Somedaysarepeople'sfavour
设当前日期为2007年12月27日星期四则执行下列语句后的输出结果是______ PrintDay
设当前日期为2007年12月27日星期四则执行下面语句后的输出结果为______PrintDayNo
若在Excel的A1单元格中输入函数=WEEKDAY2013-5-232按回车键后A1单元格中的值为
5
4
3
2
热门试题
更多
Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravellers.TheofficialcaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideasltheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognisetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.Thewriterclaimsthatitisimportantforspecialiststobeabletotravelbecause______.
Itiswidelybelievedthatournever-endingquestformaterialgoodsispartofthebasiccharacterofhumanbeings.Accordingtothepopularbeliefwemaynotlikeitbutthere’slittlewecandoaboutit.Despiteitspopularitythisviewofhumannatureiswrong.Whilehumanbeingsmayhaveabasicdesiretostrivetowardssomethingthereisnothinginevitableaboutmaterialgoods.Therearenumerousexamplesofsocietiesinwhichthingshaveplayedahighlyrestrictedrule.InmedievalEuropetheacquisitionofgoodswasrelativelyunimportant.Thecommonpeoplewhoselivesweresurelypoorbymodernstandardsshowedstrongpreferencesforleisureratherthanmoney.Inthenineteenth-andearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStatesthereisalsoconsiderableevidencethatmanyworkingpeoplealsoexhibitedarestrictedappetiteformaterialgoods.Materialismisnotabasictraitofhumannaturebutaspecificproductofcapitalism.Withthedevelopmentofthemarketsystemmaterialismspilledoverforthefirsttimebeyondthecirclesoftherich.Thegrowthofthemiddleclasscreatedalargegroupofpotentialbuyersandthepossibilitythatmassculturecouldbeorientedaroundmaterialgoods.Thisprocesscanbeseennotonlyinhistoricalexperiencesbutisnowgoingoninsomepartsofthedevelopingworldwherethegrowthofalargemiddleclasshascontributedtoextensivematerialismandthebreakdownoftraditionalvalues.IntheUnitedStatestheturningpointwasthe1920s—thepointatwhichthepsychologyofshortagegavewaytothepsychologyofabundance.Thiswasacrucialperiodforthedevelopmentofmodernmaterialism.Economyanddisciplinewereout;wasteandexcesswerein.Materialismflourished—bothasasocialideologyandintermsofhighratesofrealspending.Inthemidstofallthisbuyingwecandetecttheoriginsofmodernconsumerdiscontent.ThiswasthedecadeduringwhichtheAmericandreamorwhatwasthencalledtheAmericanstandardoflivingcapturedthenation’simagination.Butitwasalwayssomethingofanillusion.Americanscomplainedaboutitemstheycouldnotafford—despitethefactthatinthe1920smostfamilieshadtelephonesvirtuallyallhadpurchasedlifeinsurancetwo-thirdsownedtheirownhomesandtookvacationsandoverhalfhadmotorcars.ThediscontentexpressedbymanyAmericanswaspromoted—andtoacertainextentevencreated—bymanufacturers.Theexplosionofconsumercreditmadethetaskeasierasautomobilesradioselectricrefrigeratorswashingmachines—evenjewelryandforeigntravel—couldbepaidforininstallments.Bytheendofthe1920s60percentofcarsradiosandfurniturewerebeingpurchasedthisway.Theabilitytobuywithoutactuallyhavingmoneyhelpedencourageaclimateofinstantsatisfactionexpandingexpectationsandultimatelymaterialism.Intheauthor’sviewtheAmericandreamwas______.
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 7
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 17
Allgreatwritersexpresstheirideasinanindividualway:itisoftenpossibletodeterminetheauthorshipofaliterarypassagefromthestyleinwhichitiswritten;46Manyauthorsfeelthattheconventionsofthewrittenlanguagehamperthemandtheyusewordsfreelywithlittleobservanceofacceptedgrammarandsentencestructureinordertoconveyvividlytheirfeelingsbeliefsandfantasies.Otherswithadeeprespectfortraditionalusageachieveastyleofclassicalclearnessandperfectionorachieveeffectsofvisualormusicalbeautybytheirmasteryofexistingformsenrichedbyasensitiveandadventurousvocabularyvividimageryandablendingofevocativevowelsandconsonants. Youngpeopleoftenfeeltheneedtoexperimentandasaresulttobreakawayfromthetraditionstheyhavebeentaught.Indealingwithaforeignlanguagehowevertheyhavetobearinmindtwoconditionsforexperiment.47Anygreatexperimentalartistisfullyfamiliarwiththeconventionsfromwhichhewishestobreakfree:heiscapableofachievementinestablishedformsbutfeelstheseareinadequatefortheexpressionofhisideas.Inthesecondplaceheisindisputablyanoutstandingartistwhohassomethingoriginaltoexpress;otherwisetheexperimentswillappearpretentiousevenchildish. Fewstudentscanachievesointimateanunderstandingofaforeignlanguagethattheycanexploreitsresourcesfreelyandexperimentally.Notallfeeltheneedtodoso.48Andinanycaseexaminationcandidatesneedtobecomethoroughlyacquaintedwithconventionalusageasitisasureknowledgeofacceptedformsthatexaminerslookfor. ThestudentundertakingaProficiencycourseshouldhavetheabilitytousesimpleEnglishcorrectlytoexpresseverydayfactsandideas.49Thisabilitytoexpressoneselfinaforeignlanguageonabasisofthinkinginthatlanguagewithoutreferencetoone’sownisessentialatallstagesoflearning.Studentswithextensiveexperienceintranslationwhohavehadlittlepracticeinusingtheforeignlanguagedirectlymustaboveallwriteverysimplyatfirstusingonlyeasyconstructionswhichtheyareconvincedarecorrectforgettingforthetimebeingtheirownlanguageandrigorouslyavoidingtranslatingfromit. Morecomplexformsmorevariedvocabularyandsentencestructureshouldevolvenaturallyinstepwiththestudent’sincreasingknowledgeofthelanguage.Thestudentintroducesacertainformofconstructiononlywhenheisthoroughlyfamiliarwithitandiscertainthatitisnormallyusedinthisway.Asheachievesadditionalconfidencehecanbegintotakeaninterestinuseofthelanguagetocreatediverseeffects.Hemaywanttoconveyimpressionsofsuspensecalmdignityhumorofmusicorpoetry.50Hewillmastertheartoflogicalexplanationofexactletterwritingofformalspeechesandnaturalconversationandofvividimpressionisticdescription.Buthewillstillwritewithinthelimitsofhisabilityandknowledge.AndasalearnerhewillstillbestudyingandobservingconventionalEnglishusageinallthathewrites. 47
Allgreatwritersexpresstheirideasinanindividualway:itisoftenpossibletodeterminetheauthorshipofaliterarypassagefromthestyleinwhichitiswritten;46Manyauthorsfeelthattheconventionsofthewrittenlanguagehamperthemandtheyusewordsfreelywithlittleobservanceofacceptedgrammarandsentencestructureinordertoconveyvividlytheirfeelingsbeliefsandfantasies.Otherswithadeeprespectfortraditionalusageachieveastyleofclassicalclearnessandperfectionorachieveeffectsofvisualormusicalbeautybytheirmasteryofexistingformsenrichedbyasensitiveandadventurousvocabularyvividimageryandablendingofevocativevowelsandconsonants. Youngpeopleoftenfeeltheneedtoexperimentandasaresulttobreakawayfromthetraditionstheyhavebeentaught.Indealingwithaforeignlanguagehowevertheyhavetobearinmindtwoconditionsforexperiment.47Anygreatexperimentalartistisfullyfamiliarwiththeconventionsfromwhichhewishestobreakfree:heiscapableofachievementinestablishedformsbutfeelstheseareinadequatefortheexpressionofhisideas.Inthesecondplaceheisindisputablyanoutstandingartistwhohassomethingoriginaltoexpress;otherwisetheexperimentswillappearpretentiousevenchildish. Fewstudentscanachievesointimateanunderstandingofaforeignlanguagethattheycanexploreitsresourcesfreelyandexperimentally.Notallfeeltheneedtodoso.48Andinanycaseexaminationcandidatesneedtobecomethoroughlyacquaintedwithconventionalusageasitisasureknowledgeofacceptedformsthatexaminerslookfor. ThestudentundertakingaProficiencycourseshouldhavetheabilitytousesimpleEnglishcorrectlytoexpresseverydayfactsandideas.49Thisabilitytoexpressoneselfinaforeignlanguageonabasisofthinkinginthatlanguagewithoutreferencetoone’sownisessentialatallstagesoflearning.Studentswithextensiveexperienceintranslationwhohavehadlittlepracticeinusingtheforeignlanguagedirectlymustaboveallwriteverysimplyatfirstusingonlyeasyconstructionswhichtheyareconvincedarecorrectforgettingforthetimebeingtheirownlanguageandrigorouslyavoidingtranslatingfromit. Morecomplexformsmorevariedvocabularyandsentencestructureshouldevolvenaturallyinstepwiththestudent’sincreasingknowledgeofthelanguage.Thestudentintroducesacertainformofconstructiononlywhenheisthoroughlyfamiliarwithitandiscertainthatitisnormallyusedinthisway.Asheachievesadditionalconfidencehecanbegintotakeaninterestinuseofthelanguagetocreatediverseeffects.Hemaywanttoconveyimpressionsofsuspensecalmdignityhumorofmusicorpoetry.50Hewillmastertheartoflogicalexplanationofexactletterwritingofformalspeechesandnaturalconversationandofvividimpressionisticdescription.Buthewillstillwritewithinthelimitsofhisabilityandknowledge.AndasalearnerhewillstillbestudyingandobservingconventionalEnglishusageinallthathewrites. 49
A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa"giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops. B.Secondlythereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguageswithseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonbasinforatleast14000yearsafiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductiveandincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites. C.Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblackredandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazonandappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheoceanlaterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork. D.ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocietiesbuttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise". E.AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400-1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmenwomenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthelivingandthedead. F.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. G.ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforestgroundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern. Order: 43
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 11
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 3
A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa"giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops. B.Secondlythereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguageswithseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonbasinforatleast14000yearsafiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductiveandincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites. C.Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblackredandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazonandappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheoceanlaterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork. D.ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocietiesbuttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise". E.AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400-1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmenwomenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthelivingandthedead. F.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. G.ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforestgroundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern. Order: 45
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 15
Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravellers.TheofficialcaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideasltheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognisetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.Accordingtothepassagescholarsandstudentsaregreattravellersbecause______.
Forcenturiesexplorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsofeconomicbenefitandnationalglory.Followingthelunarmissionsoftheearly1970sMarsnowloomsashumanity’snextgreatunknownland.Butwithdubiousprospectsforshort-termfinancialreturnandwithinternationalcompetitioninspacearecedingmemoryitisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitornationalpridewillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sredsurface.WithMarsthescientificbenefitsareperhapshigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.TheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanetandwhetheritpersiststothisdayhasbeenhighlightedbyaccumulatingevidencethatMarsoncehadabundantliquidwaterandbythecontroversyoversuggestionsthatfossilsofbacteriarodetoEarthonarockejectedfromMarsduringitsearlyhistory.AdefiniteansweraboutlifeonMarspastorpresentwouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.TherevelationthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandonEarthwouldprovidethefirstconcreteclueinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:howprevalentislifeinourgalaxyOneofthereasonswhytheideaofsendingpeopletoMarsstrikesachordinsomanypeopleisthatitisalreadypossible—theU.S.hasthemoneyandthefundamentaltechnologyneededtodoit.Moreimportantrecentdiscoveriesabouttheplanet’senvironmentinthedistantpasthavepresentedaclearandcompellingscientificincentiveforsendingpeople:tosearchforevidenceoflife.ThethesisthatliquidwaterwasoncestableonMarshasbeenstrengthenedbyaerialphotographstakenlastyearthatshowedwhatappearedtobeadrainagechannelcutdeeplybywaterflowingforhundredsifnotthousandsofyears.AthoroughhuntforanylifeonMarsthatmightbehangingon—despitethepresentdeficitofwater—wouldalsohavetobeundertakenbyhumansaccordingtosomeexperts.Suchlifewillbehiddenandprobablytiny.Findingitwillrequiresurveyingvasttractsofterritoryoneexpertexplains.Itwillrequiretheabilitytocoverlongdistancesandadapttodifferentconditions.Robotsmightbeuptothetasksometimeinthedistantfuturemakinghumanexplorersredundantheconcedes.ButrelyingonthemtosurveyMarsduringperiodicalmissionstotheplanetwouldtakeaverylongtime—decadesifnotcenturieshebelieves.AsfortheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedonMarstheauthorseemstobe______.
Althoughmanyfactorsaffecthumanhealthduringperiodsinspaceweightlessnessisthedominantandsinglemostimportantone.Thedirectandindirecteffectsofweightlessnessleadtoaseriesofrelatedresponses.Ultimatelythewholebodyfrombonestobrainkidneystobowelsreacts.Whenspacetravelersgraspthewalloftheirspacecraftandjerktheirbodiesbackandforththeysayitfeelsasthoughtheyarestationaryandthespacecraftismoving.Thereasonisbasedinourrelianceongravitytoperceiveoursurroundings.Thecontinuousanduniversalnatureofgravityremovesitfromourdailynoticebutourbodiesneverforget.Whetherwerealizeitornotwehaveevolvedalargenumberofsilentautomaticreactionstocopewiththeconstantstressoflivinginadownward-pullingworld.Onlywhenwedecreaseorincreasetheeffectiveforceofgravityonourbodiesdoourmindsperceiveit.Oursensesprovideaccurateinformationaboutthelocationofourcenterofmassandtherelativepositionsofourbodyparts.Ourbrainsintegratesignalsfromoureyesandearswithotherinformationfromtheorgansinourinnerearfromourmusclesandjointsandfromoursensesoftouchandpressure.Theapparatusoftheinnerearispartitionedintotwodistinctcomponents:circularfluid-filledtubesthatsensetheangleoftheheadandtwobagsfilledwithcalciumcrystalsembeddedinathickfluidwhichrespondtolinearmovement.Themovementofthecalciumcrystalssendsasignaltothebraintotellusthedirectionofgravity.Thisisnottheonlycuethebrainreceives.Nervesinthemusclesjointsandskin—particularlytheslainonthebottomofthefeet—respondtotheweightoflimbsegmentsandotherbodyparts.Removinggravitytransformsthesesignals.Theinnerearnolongerperceivesadownwardtendencywhentheheadmoves.Thelimbsnolongerhaveweightsomusclesarenolongerrequiredtocontractandrelaxintheusualwaytomaintainpostureandbringaboutmovement.Nervesthatrespondtotouchandpressureinthefeetandanklesnolongersignalthedirectionofdown.Theseandotherchangescontributetoorientationillusionssuchasafeelingthatthebodyorthespacecraftspontaneouslychangesdirection.In1961aRussianastronautreportedvividsensationsofbeingupsidedown;onespaceshuttlespecialistinastronomysaidWhenthemainenginescutoffIimmediatelyfeltasthoughwehadinverted180degrees.Suchillusionscanrecurevenaftersometimeinspace.Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswelearnthatweightlessnessiscausedby______.
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 13
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 5
Directions:Supposeyouastaffmemberofacompany.Writealetterofcomplainttothepresidenttoreporttheproblemsofthecompanycanteenservice.Youshouldwrite100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowriteyouraddress.
Forcenturiesexplorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsofeconomicbenefitandnationalglory.Followingthelunarmissionsoftheearly1970sMarsnowloomsashumanity’snextgreatunknownland.Butwithdubiousprospectsforshort-termfinancialreturnandwithinternationalcompetitioninspacearecedingmemoryitisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitornationalpridewillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sredsurface.WithMarsthescientificbenefitsareperhapshigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.TheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanetandwhetheritpersiststothisdayhasbeenhighlightedbyaccumulatingevidencethatMarsoncehadabundantliquidwaterandbythecontroversyoversuggestionsthatfossilsofbacteriarodetoEarthonarockejectedfromMarsduringitsearlyhistory.AdefiniteansweraboutlifeonMarspastorpresentwouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.TherevelationthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandonEarthwouldprovidethefirstconcreteclueinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:howprevalentislifeinourgalaxyOneofthereasonswhytheideaofsendingpeopletoMarsstrikesachordinsomanypeopleisthatitisalreadypossible—theU.S.hasthemoneyandthefundamentaltechnologyneededtodoit.Moreimportantrecentdiscoveriesabouttheplanet’senvironmentinthedistantpasthavepresentedaclearandcompellingscientificincentiveforsendingpeople:tosearchforevidenceoflife.ThethesisthatliquidwaterwasoncestableonMarshasbeenstrengthenedbyaerialphotographstakenlastyearthatshowedwhatappearedtobeadrainagechannelcutdeeplybywaterflowingforhundredsifnotthousandsofyears.AthoroughhuntforanylifeonMarsthatmightbehangingon—despitethepresentdeficitofwater—wouldalsohavetobeundertakenbyhumansaccordingtosomeexperts.Suchlifewillbehiddenandprobablytiny.Findingitwillrequiresurveyingvasttractsofterritoryoneexpertexplains.Itwillrequiretheabilitytocoverlongdistancesandadapttodifferentconditions.Robotsmightbeuptothetasksometimeinthedistantfuturemakinghumanexplorersredundantheconcedes.ButrelyingonthemtosurveyMarsduringperiodicalmissionstotheplanetwouldtakeaverylongtime—decadesifnotcenturieshebelieves.Theaerialphotographstakenlastyearindicatethat______.
Althoughmanyfactorsaffecthumanhealthduringperiodsinspaceweightlessnessisthedominantandsinglemostimportantone.Thedirectandindirecteffectsofweightlessnessleadtoaseriesofrelatedresponses.Ultimatelythewholebodyfrombonestobrainkidneystobowelsreacts.Whenspacetravelersgraspthewalloftheirspacecraftandjerktheirbodiesbackandforththeysayitfeelsasthoughtheyarestationaryandthespacecraftismoving.Thereasonisbasedinourrelianceongravitytoperceiveoursurroundings.Thecontinuousanduniversalnatureofgravityremovesitfromourdailynoticebutourbodiesneverforget.Whetherwerealizeitornotwehaveevolvedalargenumberofsilentautomaticreactionstocopewiththeconstantstressoflivinginadownward-pullingworld.Onlywhenwedecreaseorincreasetheeffectiveforceofgravityonourbodiesdoourmindsperceiveit.Oursensesprovideaccurateinformationaboutthelocationofourcenterofmassandtherelativepositionsofourbodyparts.Ourbrainsintegratesignalsfromoureyesandearswithotherinformationfromtheorgansinourinnerearfromourmusclesandjointsandfromoursensesoftouchandpressure.Theapparatusoftheinnerearispartitionedintotwodistinctcomponents:circularfluid-filledtubesthatsensetheangleoftheheadandtwobagsfilledwithcalciumcrystalsembeddedinathickfluidwhichrespondtolinearmovement.Themovementofthecalciumcrystalssendsasignaltothebraintotellusthedirectionofgravity.Thisisnottheonlycuethebrainreceives.Nervesinthemusclesjointsandskin—particularlytheslainonthebottomofthefeet—respondtotheweightoflimbsegmentsandotherbodyparts.Removinggravitytransformsthesesignals.Theinnerearnolongerperceivesadownwardtendencywhentheheadmoves.Thelimbsnolongerhaveweightsomusclesarenolongerrequiredtocontractandrelaxintheusualwaytomaintainpostureandbringaboutmovement.Nervesthatrespondtotouchandpressureinthefeetandanklesnolongersignalthedirectionofdown.Theseandotherchangescontributetoorientationillusionssuchasafeelingthatthebodyorthespacecraftspontaneouslychangesdirection.In1961aRussianastronautreportedvividsensationsofbeingupsidedown;onespaceshuttlespecialistinastronomysaidWhenthemainenginescutoffIimmediatelyfeltasthoughwehadinverted180degrees.Suchillusionscanrecurevenaftersometimeinspace.Whichofthefollowingapparatusofthebodymaybelessaffectedbyremovinggravity
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 9
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 1
TheAmazonRiverbasinboaststhelargestriversystemonEarthandharborsanecosystemthatistremendouslycomplex.EarlytravelersfromrenaissanceEuropewereoverwhelmedbytheirfirstencounters.In1531FranciscoPizarrooverthrewtheIncanempireremovingtheemperorfromhisthroneandtakingforSpaintheIncanimperialtreasures.AdecadelaterhisyoungerbrotherventuredeastfromthehighplateauoftheAndesMountainsinpursuitofthefamouscitiesofgoldandspicesthoughttobehiddeninthejungleforest.Goingdowntherivertheexpeditionsoonexhausteditssuppliesandasmallgroupwassentaheadtosearchforfood.EightmonthslaterthisgroupemergedatthemouthoftheAmazonhavingmadewhatwouldprovetobethefirstdescentofthelengthoftheriver.AmissionarywhoaccompaniedthegroupsentaremarkableaccountoftheiradventurestothePopeincludingmentionofthegreatsignaldrumsthatsoundedfromvillagetovillagefarinadvanceoftheirarrivalwarningofthecomingoftheEuropeanstrangers.Hismanuscriptrecordsseeinginnumerablesettlementsalongtheriver—ononedaytheypassedmorethantwentyvillagesinsuccessionandsomeofthesearesaidtohavestretchedforsixmilesormore.Suchreportshaveintriguedscientistseversincefortheydescribedensepopulationsandlargefederationsoftribeswhichifverifiedwouldbeentirelyatoddswithmodernstereotypesofhiddenthinlyscatteredtribesscratchingoutanuncertainexistence.Beginninginthelateseventeenth-centurythesuccessorstothefirstexplorersrecordedandcollectedmanyoftheeverydayobjectsfashionedfromwoodandotherorganicmaterialsthatusuallyrotinatropicalclimate.SuchcollectionshousedinEuropeanmuseumspreserveawindowintoculturesthatweresoontoexperiencehugechangesbroughtaboutbyforeigndiseasesandcruelabuseatthehandsofEuropeans.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950’sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobeanimitationparadiseunabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto______.
TheAmazonRiverbasinboaststhelargestriversystemonEarthandharborsanecosystemthatistremendouslycomplex.EarlytravelersfromrenaissanceEuropewereoverwhelmedbytheirfirstencounters.In1531FranciscoPizarrooverthrewtheIncanempireremovingtheemperorfromhisthroneandtakingforSpaintheIncanimperialtreasures.AdecadelaterhisyoungerbrotherventuredeastfromthehighplateauoftheAndesMountainsinpursuitofthefamouscitiesofgoldandspicesthoughttobehiddeninthejungleforest.Goingdowntherivertheexpeditionsoonexhausteditssuppliesandasmallgroupwassentaheadtosearchforfood.EightmonthslaterthisgroupemergedatthemouthoftheAmazonhavingmadewhatwouldprovetobethefirstdescentofthelengthoftheriver. AmissionarywhoaccompaniedthegroupsentaremarkableaccountoftheiradventurestothePopeincludingmentionofthegreatsignaldrumsthatsoundedfromvillagetovillagefarinadvanceoftheirarrivalwarningofthecomingoftheEuropeanstrangers.Hismanuscriptrecordsseeinginnumerablesettlementsalongtheriver—ononedaytheypassedmorethantwentyvillagesinsuccessionandsomeofthesearesaidtohavestretchedforsixmilesormore.Suchreportshaveintriguedscientistseversincefortheydescribedensepopulationsandlargefederationsoftribeswhichifverifiedwouldbeentirelyatoddswithmodernstereotypesofhiddenthinlyscatteredtribesscratchingoutanuncertainexistence. Beginninginthelateseventeenth-centurythesuccessorstothefirstexplorersrecordedandcollectedmanyoftheeverydayobjectsfashionedfromwoodandotherorganicmaterialsthatusuallyrotinatropicalclimate.SuchcollectionshousedinEuropeanmuseumspreservea"window"intoculturesthatweresoontoexperiencehugechangesbroughtaboutbyforeigndiseasesandcruelabuseatthehandsofEuropeans. PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950’sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. Accordingtothefirstparagraphasmallgroupsucceeded
Althoughmanyfactorsaffecthumanhealthduringperiodsinspaceweightlessnessisthedominantandsinglemostimportantone.Thedirectandindirecteffectsofweightlessnessleadtoaseriesofrelatedresponses.Ultimatelythewholebodyfrombonestobrainkidneystobowelsreacts.Whenspacetravelersgraspthewalloftheirspacecraftandjerktheirbodiesbackandforththeysayitfeelsasthoughtheyarestationaryandthespacecraftismoving.Thereasonisbasedinourrelianceongravitytoperceiveoursurroundings.Thecontinuousanduniversalnatureofgravityremovesitfromourdailynoticebutourbodiesneverforget.Whetherwerealizeitornotwehaveevolvedalargenumberofsilentautomaticreactionstocopewiththeconstantstressoflivinginadownward-pullingworld.Onlywhenwedecreaseorincreasetheeffectiveforceofgravityonourbodiesdoourmindsperceiveit.Oursensesprovideaccurateinformationaboutthelocationofourcenterofmassandtherelativepositionsofourbodyparts.Ourbrainsintegratesignalsfromoureyesandearswithotherinformationfromtheorgansinourinnerearfromourmusclesandjointsandfromoursensesoftouchandpressure.Theapparatusoftheinnerearispartitionedintotwodistinctcomponents:circularfluid-filledtubesthatsensetheangleoftheheadandtwobagsfilledwithcalciumcrystalsembeddedinathickfluidwhichrespondtolinearmovement.Themovementofthecalciumcrystalssendsasignaltothebraintotellusthedirectionofgravity.Thisisnottheonlycuethebrainreceives.Nervesinthemusclesjointsandskin—particularlytheslainonthebottomofthefeet—respondtotheweightoflimbsegmentsandotherbodyparts.Removinggravitytransformsthesesignals.Theinnerearnolongerperceivesadownwardtendencywhentheheadmoves.Thelimbsnolongerhaveweightsomusclesarenolongerrequiredtocontractandrelaxintheusualwaytomaintainpostureandbringaboutmovement.Nervesthatrespondtotouchandpressureinthefeetandanklesnolongersignalthedirectionofdown.Theseandotherchangescontributetoorientationillusionssuchasafeelingthatthebodyorthespacecraftspontaneouslychangesdirection.In1961aRussianastronautreportedvividsensationsofbeingupsidedown;onespaceshuttlespecialistinastronomysaidWhenthemainenginescutoffIimmediatelyfeltasthoughwehadinverted180degrees.Suchillusionscanrecurevenaftersometimeinspace.Accordingtothepassagewedonotperceivegravitybecause______.
Evenplantscanrunafeverespeciallywhentheyareunderattackbyinsectsordisease.But1humansplantscanhavetheirtemperature2from3000feetaway—straightup.Adecadeago3theinfraredscanningtechnologydevelopedformilitarypurposeandothersatellitesphysicistStephenPaley4aquickwaytotakethetemperatureofcropstodetermine5onesareunderstress.Thegoalwastoletfarmer6targetpesticidespraying7rainpoisononawholefieldwhich8includeplantsthatdon’thavethepestproblem. EvenbetterPaley’sRemoteScanningServicesCompanycoulddetectcropproblembeforetheybecame9totheeye.Mountedonaplaneflownat3000feet10aninfraredscannermeasuredtheheatemittedbycrops.Thedatawere11intoacolor-codedmapshowing12plantswererunning"fevers".Farmerscouldthenspotsprayusing50to70percentlesspesticidethanthey13would. ThebadnewsisthatPaley’scompanycloseddownin1984afteronlythreeyears.Farmers14thenewtechnologyandlong-termbackerswerehard15.ButwiththerenewedconcernaboutpesticidesonproduceandrefinementsininfraredscanningPaleyhopesto16intooperation.Agricultureexpertshavenodoubtaboutthetechnologyworks."Thistechniquecanbeused1775percentofagriculturallandintheUnitedStates"saysGeorgeOertherofTexasA＆M.RayJacksonwhorecentlyretiredfromtheDepartmentofAgriculturethinks18infraredcropscanningcouldbeadoptedbytheendofthedecade.But19Paleyfindsthefinancialbacking20hefailedtoobtain10yearsago. 19
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 19
TheAmazonRiverbasinboaststhelargestriversystemonEarthandharborsanecosystemthatistremendouslycomplex.EarlytravelersfromrenaissanceEuropewereoverwhelmedbytheirfirstencounters.In1531FranciscoPizarrooverthrewtheIncanempireremovingtheemperorfromhisthroneandtakingforSpaintheIncanimperialtreasures.AdecadelaterhisyoungerbrotherventuredeastfromthehighplateauoftheAndesMountainsinpursuitofthefamouscitiesofgoldandspicesthoughttobehiddeninthejungleforest.Goingdowntherivertheexpeditionsoonexhausteditssuppliesandasmallgroupwassentaheadtosearchforfood.EightmonthslaterthisgroupemergedatthemouthoftheAmazonhavingmadewhatwouldprovetobethefirstdescentofthelengthoftheriver.AmissionarywhoaccompaniedthegroupsentaremarkableaccountoftheiradventurestothePopeincludingmentionofthegreatsignaldrumsthatsoundedfromvillagetovillagefarinadvanceoftheirarrivalwarningofthecomingoftheEuropeanstrangers.Hismanuscriptrecordsseeinginnumerablesettlementsalongtheriver—ononedaytheypassedmorethantwentyvillagesinsuccessionandsomeofthesearesaidtohavestretchedforsixmilesormore.Suchreportshaveintriguedscientistseversincefortheydescribedensepopulationsandlargefederationsoftribeswhichifverifiedwouldbeentirelyatoddswithmodernstereotypesofhiddenthinlyscatteredtribesscratchingoutanuncertainexistence.Beginninginthelateseventeenth-centurythesuccessorstothefirstexplorersrecordedandcollectedmanyoftheeverydayobjectsfashionedfromwoodandotherorganicmaterialsthatusuallyrotinatropicalclimate.SuchcollectionshousedinEuropeanmuseumspreserveawindowintoculturesthatweresoontoexperiencehugechangesbroughtaboutbyforeigndiseasesandcruelabuseatthehandsofEuropeans.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950’sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobeanimitationparadiseunabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince.Theeverydayobjectsrecordedandcollectedbythesuccessorstothefirstexplorersmayreveal______.
A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa"giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops. B.Secondlythereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguageswithseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonbasinforatleast14000yearsafiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductiveandincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites. C.Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblackredandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazonandappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheoceanlaterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork. D.ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocietiesbuttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise". E.AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400-1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmenwomenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthelivingandthedead. F.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. G.ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforestgroundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern. Order: 41
Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravellers.TheofficialcaseforacademicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamentalnecessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldanddebatedinthecorridorsofEuropebutitiscertainlynothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthemoststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurestphilosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold.Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideasltheirtransferenceacrossfrontierstheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsofpeople.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwithcolleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcreditedwithastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeenreassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereabouttomakethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewasnotquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect.Inthetwentiethcenturyandparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewanderingscholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehasofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemostdistantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapidtransmissionofknowledge.Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemainfactorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Someofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefarmorecentresoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsandstudents.Inadditiononemustrecognisetheveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthescienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedanenormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined.Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouchwithsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.Frequentlythesespecialisationslieinareaswhereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearchneededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itispreciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingofexpertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialistperiodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningindifferentcentresofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesandsymposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthebottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwiththeirmostsatisfactorystimulus.Butasthespecialisationshaveincreasedinnumberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowardsinterdisciplinarystudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperlyinvestigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldandbyrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasinglediscipline.Thistrendhasledtoagreatdealofacademiccontactbetweendisciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledgereflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternationalconferences.Developmentsininternationalcooperationareoftenitissuggestedtheresultof______.
Itiswidelybelievedthatournever-endingquestformaterialgoodsispartofthebasiccharacterofhumanbeings.Accordingtothepopularbeliefwemaynotlikeitbutthere’slittlewecandoaboutit.Despiteitspopularitythisviewofhumannatureiswrong.Whilehumanbeingsmayhaveabasicdesiretostrivetowardssomethingthereisnothinginevitableaboutmaterialgoods.Therearenumerousexamplesofsocietiesinwhichthingshaveplayedahighlyrestrictedrule.InmedievalEuropetheacquisitionofgoodswasrelativelyunimportant.Thecommonpeoplewhoselivesweresurelypoorbymodernstandardsshowedstrongpreferencesforleisureratherthanmoney.Inthenineteenth-andearlytwentieth-centuryUnitedStatesthereisalsoconsiderableevidencethatmanyworkingpeoplealsoexhibitedarestrictedappetiteformaterialgoods.Materialismisnotabasictraitofhumannaturebutaspecificproductofcapitalism.Withthedevelopmentofthemarketsystemmaterialismspilledoverforthefirsttimebeyondthecirclesoftherich.Thegrowthofthemiddleclasscreatedalargegroupofpotentialbuyersandthepossibilitythatmassculturecouldbeorientedaroundmaterialgoods.Thisprocesscanbeseennotonlyinhistoricalexperiencesbutisnowgoingoninsomepartsofthedevelopingworldwherethegrowthofalargemiddleclasshascontributedtoextensivematerialismandthebreakdownoftraditionalvalues.IntheUnitedStatestheturningpointwasthe1920s—thepointatwhichthepsychologyofshortagegavewaytothepsychologyofabundance.Thiswasacrucialperiodforthedevelopmentofmodernmaterialism.Economyanddisciplinewereout;wasteandexcesswerein.Materialismflourished—bothasasocialideologyandintermsofhighratesofrealspending.Inthemidstofallthisbuyingwecandetecttheoriginsofmodernconsumerdiscontent.ThiswasthedecadeduringwhichtheAmericandreamorwhatwasthencalledtheAmericanstandardoflivingcapturedthenation’simagination.Butitwasalwayssomethingofanillusion.Americanscomplainedaboutitemstheycouldnotafford—despitethefactthatinthe1920smostfamilieshadtelephonesvirtuallyallhadpurchasedlifeinsurancetwo-thirdsownedtheirownhomesandtookvacationsandoverhalfhadmotorcars.ThediscontentexpressedbymanyAmericanswaspromoted—andtoacertainextentevencreated—bymanufacturers.Theexplosionofconsumercreditmadethetaskeasierasautomobilesradioselectricrefrigeratorswashingmachines—evenjewelryandforeigntravel—couldbepaidforininstallments.Bytheendofthe1920s60percentofcarsradiosandfurniturewerebeingpurchasedthisway.Theabilitytobuywithoutactuallyhavingmoneyhelpedencourageaclimateofinstantsatisfactionexpandingexpectationsandultimatelymaterialism.Accordingtothepassagematerialism______.
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号