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Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and mai...
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Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamounts
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IfphonecallsandwebpagescanbebeamedthroughtheairtoportabledevicesthenwhynotelectricalpowertooItisaquestionmanyconsumersanddevicemanufacturershavebeenaskingthemselvesforsometime.Buttoseasonedobserversoftheelectronicsindustrythepromiseofwirelessrechargingsoundsdepressinglyfamiliar.In2004SplashpoweraBritishtechnologyfirmwasciting“verystrong”interestfromconsumer-electronicsfirmsforitswirelesschargingpad.BasedontheprincipleofelectromagneticinductionEMIthatFaradayhaddiscoveredinthe19thcenturythecompany’s“Splashpad”containedacoilthatgeneratedamagneticfieldwhenacurrentflowedthroughit.Whenamobiledevicecontainingacorrespondingcoilwasbroughtnearthepadtheprocesswasreversedasthemagneticfieldgeneratedacurrentinthesecondcoilchargingthedevice’sbatterywithouttheuseofwires.UnfortunatelyalthoughFaraday’sprinciplesofelectromagneticinductionhavestoodthetestoftimeSplashpowerhasnot—itwasdeclaredbankruptlastyearwithouthavinglaunchedasingleproduct. Thankstoitssimplicity.andmeasurabilityelectromagneticinductionisstillthetechnologyofchoiceamongmanyoftheremainingcompaniesinthewireless-chargingarena.ButasSplashpowerfoundturningthetheoryintoprofitablepracticeisnotstraightforward.Butlatelytherehavebeensomepromisingdevelopments. ThefirstistheformationinDecember2008oftheWirelessPowerConsortiumabodydedicatedtoestablishingacommonstandardforinductivewirelesschargingandthuspromotingitsadoption.Thenewconsortium’smembersincludebigconsumer-electronicsfirmssuchasPhilipsandSanyoaswellasTexasInstrumentsachipmaker. Fiercecompetitionbetweenmanufacturersofmobiledevicesisalsoacceleratingtheintroductionofwirelesscharging.Thestarofthisyear’sConsumerElectronicsShowheldinLasVegaswasthePreasmart-phonefromPalm.ThePrehasanoptionalchargingpadcalledtheTouchstonewhichuseselectromagneticinductiontochargethedevicewirelessly. Aswireless-chargingequipmentbasedonelectromagneticinductionheadstowardsthemarketanumberofalternativetechnologiesarealsobeingdeveloped.PowerBeamastart-upbasedinSiliconValleyuseslaserstobeampowerfromoneplacetoanother. Itnowseemstobeamatterofwhenratherthanifwirelesschargingentersthemainstream.AndifthoseinthefielddofindthemselveslanguishinginthedisillusionmenttheycouldtakesomeencouragementfromFaradayhimself.Heobservedthat“nothingistoowonderfultobetrueifitbeconsistentwiththelawsofnature.”NotevenawirelesslyrechargeableiPhone. Whatdoestheauthormeanbythelastsentenceofthepassage
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetests;criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.HowWellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandWisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheempirical.evidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedforexampleabilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogramandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefinedforexamplepersonalityorcreativity.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.Forexampletheydon’tcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdon’ttellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances. Whatistheessenceofthistext
Text4DespitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandofliteraryperspectiveEmersonThoreauHawthorneMelvilleandWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewritersistheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethathumansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthemaloneisthecluetonaturehistoryandultimatelythecosmositself.WithoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofadeitytheGodorofirrationalmatterthisperspectiveneverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesofinterpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldintermsofhumanityitself.ThispreferenceisexpressedmostclearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructureoftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureoftheindividualself;thereforeallknowledgebeginswithself-knowledge.Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.ItsemphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropeanorAmericanbutuponthehumanasuniversalfreedfromtheaccidentsoftimespacebirthandtalent.ThusforEmersonthe"AmericanScholar"turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking";whileforWhitmanthe"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptiblyintoasongofallthe"childrenofAdam"where"everyatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou."Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividualvirtueandhappinessdependuponself-realizationwhichinturndependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwouniversalpsychologicaltendencies.firsttheself-assertingimpulseoftheindividualtowithdrawtoremainuniqueandseparateandtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherselfandsecondtheself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualtoembracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemomentandtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflictingimpulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracyadvocatesindividualismthepreservationoftheindividual’sfreedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistornbetweenthedutytoselfwhichisimpliedbytheconceptoflibertyandthedutytosocietywhichisimpliedbytheconceptsofequalityandfraternity.Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuitionandimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstractlogicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasisuponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternalnatureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividualpsychology—andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceasinessencesymbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmosofwhich0nlyintuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.Thesewriters’faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesaspractitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriterasaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidenceintheirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights.Notes:Transcendentalist先验论的self-transcending;超越自我的ethic伦理标准道德规范betornbetween在.......之间左右为难fraternity博爱introspection反省seer预言家先知metaphysical形而上 Theauthordiscussesthefivewritersmainlytoexplainsomeoftheirbeliefsabout
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text3Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureor.theoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkind-thatheWasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity’wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Accordingtothetextthemostimportantadvancesmadebymankindmostprobablystemfrom
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Ifanoccupationcensushadbeentakenintheeleventhcenturyitwouldprobablyhaverevealedthatquite90percentofthepeoplewerecountryinhabitantswhodrewtheirlivelihoodfromfarmingherdingfishingortheforest.46Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.Thereweresometownsbutfewofthemhousedmorethan10000persons.47Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.Therewouldbemorepeopleontheroadsriversandseascarryingfoodorrawmaterialstotownswhichhadincreasedinnumbersizeandimportance.Butaphotographtakenabout1450wouldreyealthatlittlefurtherexpansionhadtakenplaceduringtheprecedinghundredyears. Anyattempttodescribethecountrysideduringthosecenturiesispreventedbytwodifficulties.InthefirstplacewehavetoexaminethegreaterpartofEurope’s3750000squaremilesandnotmerelytheMediterraneanlands.Inthesecondplacetheinhabitantsofthatwideexpanserefusetofitintoourstandardpatternortostandstill. 48In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds.Someareashadbetteraccesstomarketthanothersandwerethereforemoreinvolvedincommercialagriculturethaninfarming:49Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematically—andalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject.Someareashadneverbeenquitefeudalized;theirfarmersweremorefreefromlordshipandevenfromlandlordship.Someregionshadbeenrecentlysettledandtheirtenantshadbeenofferedliberaltermsoftenureinordertolurethemintothewilderness.50Finallytherewasatimeelement;theexpansionandprosperitythatcharacterizedtheperiodfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcenturyproducedormaintainedconditionswhichwereunsuitabletothestormierdaysprecedingortheleanonesfollowingit. In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2makebothpositiveandnegativecommentsandthen 3giveyourcomments. You’shouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Ifanoccupationcensushadbeentakenintheeleventhcenturyitwouldprobablyhaverevealedthatquite90percentofthepeoplewerecountryinhabitantswhodrewtheirlivelihoodfromfarmingherdingfishingortheforest.46Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.Thereweresometownsbutfewofthemhousedmorethan10000persons.47Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.Therewouldbemorepeopleontheroadsriversandseascarryingfoodorrawmaterialstotownswhichhadincreasedinnumbersizeandimportance.Butaphotographtakenabout1450wouldreyealthatlittlefurtherexpansionhadtakenplaceduringtheprecedinghundredyears. Anyattempttodescribethecountrysideduringthosecenturiesispreventedbytwodifficulties.InthefirstplacewehavetoexaminethegreaterpartofEurope’s3750000squaremilesandnotmerelytheMediterraneanlands.Inthesecondplacetheinhabitantsofthatwideexpanserefusetofitintoourstandardpatternortostandstill. 48In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds.Someareashadbetteraccesstomarketthanothersandwerethereforemoreinvolvedincommercialagriculturethaninfarming:49Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematically—andalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject.Someareashadneverbeenquitefeudalized;theirfarmersweremorefreefromlordshipandevenfromlandlordship.Someregionshadbeenrecentlysettledandtheirtenantshadbeenofferedliberaltermsoftenureinordertolurethemintothewilderness.50Finallytherewasatimeelement;theexpansionandprosperitythatcharacterizedtheperiodfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcenturyproducedormaintainedconditionswhichwereunsuitabletothestormierdaysprecedingortheleanonesfollowingit. Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematically—andalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject
Text4DespitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandofliteraryperspectiveEmersonThoreauHawthorneMelvilleandWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewritersistheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethathumansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthemaloneisthecluetonaturehistoryandultimatelythecosmositself.WithoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofadeitytheGodorofirrationalmatterthisperspectiveneverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesofinterpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldintermsofhumanityitself.ThispreferenceisexpressedmostclearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructureoftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureoftheindividualself;thereforeallknowledgebeginswithself-knowledge.Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.ItsemphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropeanorAmericanbutuponthehumanasuniversalfreedfromtheaccidentsoftimespacebirthandtalent.ThusforEmersonthe"AmericanScholar"turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking";whileforWhitmanthe"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptiblyintoasongofallthe"childrenofAdam"where"everyatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou."Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividualvirtueandhappinessdependuponself-realizationwhichinturndependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwouniversalpsychologicaltendencies.firsttheself-assertingimpulseoftheindividualtowithdrawtoremainuniqueandseparateandtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherselfandsecondtheself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualtoembracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemomentandtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflictingimpulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracyadvocatesindividualismthepreservationoftheindividual’sfreedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistornbetweenthedutytoselfwhichisimpliedbytheconceptoflibertyandthedutytosocietywhichisimpliedbytheconceptsofequalityandfraternity.Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuitionandimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstractlogicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasisuponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternalnatureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividualpsychology—andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceasinessencesymbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmosofwhich0nlyintuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.Thesewriters’faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesaspractitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriterasaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidenceintheirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights.Notes:Transcendentalist先验论的self-transcending;超越自我的ethic伦理标准道德规范betornbetween在.......之间左右为难fraternity博爱introspection反省seer预言家先知metaphysical形而上 Itcanbeinferredthattheideaofanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmosinparagraph4isnecessarytothethinkingofthefivewritersbecausesucharelationship
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
[A]MarkWilliamsandJasonMattingleywhosestudyhasjustbeenpublishedinCurrentBiologylookedatthewayaperson’ssexaffectshisorherresponsetoemotionallychargedfacialexpressions.Peoplefromallculturesagreeonwhatsixbasicexpressionsofemotionlooklike.Whetherthefacebeforeyouisexpressingangerdisgustfearjoysadnessorsurpriseseemstoberecogniseduniversally—whichsuggeststhattheexpressionsinvolvedareinnateratherthanlearned. [B]Moreovermostparticipantscouldfindanangryfacejustasquicklywhenitwasmixedinagroupofeightphotographsaswhenitwaspartofagroupoffour.Thatwasinstarkcontrasttotheotherfivesortsofexpressionwhichtookmoretimetofindwhentheyhadtobesortedfromalargergroup.Thissuggeststhatsomethinginthebrainisattunedtopickingoutangry.expressionsandthatitisespeciallyconcernedaboutangrymen.Alsothishighlytunedabilityseemsmoreimportanttomalesthanfemalessincethetworesearchersfoundthatmen-pickedouttheangryexpressionsfasterthanwomendideventhoughwomenwereusuallyquickerthanmentorecognizedeveryothersortoffacialexpression. [C]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleyshowedtheparticipantsintheirstudyphotographsoftheseemotionalexpressionsinmixedsetsofeitherfouroreight.Theyaskedtheparticipantstolookforaparticularsortofexpressionandmeasuredtheamountoftimeittookthemtofindit.Theresearchersfoundinagreementwithpreviousstudiesthatbothmenandwomenidentifiedangryexpressionsmostquickly.Buttheyalsofoundthatangerwasmorequicklyidentifiedonamalefacethanafemaleone. [D]Menarenotoriouslyinsensitivetotheemotionalworldaroundthem.Atleastthatisthestereotypepeddledbyathousandwomen’smagazines.AndastudybytworesearchersattheUniversityofMelbourneinAustraliaconfirmsthatmenareindeedlesssensitivetoemotionthanwomenwithoneimportantexception.Menareacutelysensitivetotheangerofothermen. [E]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleysuspectthereasonforthisisthatbeingabletospotanangryindividualquicklyhasasurvivaladvantage—andsinceangerismorelikelytoturnintolethalviolenceinmenthaninwomentheabilitytospotangrymalesquicklyisparticularlyvaluable. [F]Theabilitytospotquicklythatanalphamaleisinafoulmoodwouldthushavegreatsurvivalvalue.Itwouldallowthesharp-wittedtimetochooseappeasementdefenceorpossiblyevenpre-emptiveattack.Andifitisrightthisstudyalsoconfirmsalessonlearnedbygenerationsofbar-roomtoughguysandschoolyardbullies:ifyouwantattentiongetangry. [G]Astowhymenaremoresensitivetoangerthanwomenitispresumablybecausetheyarefarmorelikelytogetkilledbyit.Mostmurdersinvolvemenkillingothermen—eventodaythecontextofhomicideisusuallyaspontaneousdisputeoverstatusorsex. 作图 44
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Text2MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabigstrongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbusmuchlessstandupandofferhisseattoherasheought.InfactitissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwomanitisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmenwhosaythatsincewomenhaveclaimedequalitytheynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreedhoweverthatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomenthefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheoldthesickandtheburdened.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryoneweknowbuthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviorofthesestoutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-campduringtheWar.WouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthenOlderpeopletiredandirritablefromaday’sworkarenotangelseither—farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthisofcoursebutonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatallhoweveritseemsurgentnotonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimprovedbutalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercitiesit.seemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon’tbothertoassisttaxidriversshoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcornersbusconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebusandsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration. Whatisthepossiblemeaningoftheworddeteriorationinthelastparagraph
Ifanoccupationcensushadbeentakenintheeleventhcenturyitwouldprobablyhaverevealedthatquite90percentofthepeoplewerecountryinhabitantswhodrewtheirlivelihoodfromfarmingherdingfishingortheforest.46Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.Thereweresometownsbutfewofthemhousedmorethan10000persons.47Asecondpicturetakeninthemid-fourteenthcenturywouldshowthatthevillageshadgrownmorenumerousandalsomorewidespreadforEuropeanshadpushedtheirfrontieroutwardbysettlingnewareas.Therewouldbemorepeopleontheroadsriversandseascarryingfoodorrawmaterialstotownswhichhadincreasedinnumbersizeandimportance.Butaphotographtakenabout1450wouldreyealthatlittlefurtherexpansionhadtakenplaceduringtheprecedinghundredyears. Anyattempttodescribethecountrysideduringthosecenturiesispreventedbytwodifficulties.InthefirstplacewehavetoexaminethegreaterpartofEurope’s3750000squaremilesandnotmerelytheMediterraneanlands.Inthesecondplacetheinhabitantsofthatwideexpanserefusetofitintoourstandardpatternortostandstill. 48In1450mostEuropeansprobablylivedinvillagesbutsomeregionsweresohillylackingingoodsoilorheavilytimberedthatvillagescouldnotkeepgoingandsettlementwasthatofsolitaryherdsmenorshepherds.Someareashadbetteraccesstomarketthanothersandwerethereforemoreinvolvedincommercialagriculturethaninfarming:49Largelandownersweremorelikelythansmalllandlordstoruntheirestatesandespeciallytheirdomainsmoresystematically—andalsotokeepthoserecordsfromwhichwelearnmostofwhatweknowaboutthesubject.Someareashadneverbeenquitefeudalized;theirfarmersweremorefreefromlordshipandevenfromlandlordship.Someregionshadbeenrecentlysettledandtheirtenantshadbeenofferedliberaltermsoftenureinordertolurethemintothewilderness.50Finallytherewasatimeelement;theexpansionandprosperitythatcharacterizedtheperiodfromthetwelfthtothefifteenthcenturyproducedormaintainedconditionswhichwereunsuitabletothestormierdaysprecedingortheleanonesfollowingit. Anairphotographtakenatthattimewouldhaverevealedspottedvillageslinkedtogetherbyunsurfacedroadsandseparatedbyexpansesofforestorswamp.
Text4DespitetheirmanydifferencesoftemperamentandofliteraryperspectiveEmersonThoreauHawthorneMelvilleandWhitmansharecertainbeliefs.Commontoallthesewritersistheirhumanisticperspective.Itsbasicpremisesarethathumansarethespiritualcenteroftheuniverseandthatinthemaloneisthecluetonaturehistoryandultimatelythecosmositself.WithoutcompletelydenyingtheexistenceeitherofadeitytheGodorofirrationalmatterthisperspectiveneverthelessrejectsthemasexclusiveprinciplesofinterpretationandpreferstoexplainhumansandtheworldintermsofhumanityitself.ThispreferenceisexpressedmostclearlyintheTranscendentalistprinciplethatthestructureoftheuniverseliterallyduplicatesthestructureoftheindividualself;thereforeallknowledgebeginswithself-knowledge.Thiscommonperspectiveisalmostalwaysuniversalized.ItsemphasisisnotupontheindividualasaparticularEuropeanorAmericanbutuponthehumanasuniversalfreedfromtheaccidentsoftimespacebirthandtalent.ThusforEmersonthe"AmericanScholar"turnsouttobesimply"ManThinking";whileforWhitmanthe"SongofMyself"mergesimperceptiblyintoasongofallthe"childrenofAdam"where"everyatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou."Alsocommontoallfivewritersisthebeliefthatindividualvirtueandhappinessdependuponself-realizationwhichinturndependsupontheharmoniousreconciliationoftwouniversalpsychologicaltendencies.firsttheself-assertingimpulseoftheindividualtowithdrawtoremainuniqueandseparateandtoberesponsibleonlytohimselforherselfandsecondtheself-transcendingimpulseoftheindividualtoembracethewholeworldintheexperienceofasinglemomentandtoknowandbecomeonewiththatworld.Theseconflictingimpulsescanbeseeninthedemocraticethic.Democracyadvocatesindividualismthepreservationoftheindividual’sfreedomandself-expression.Butthedemocraticselfistornbetweenthedutytoselfwhichisimpliedbytheconceptoflibertyandthedutytosocietywhichisimpliedbytheconceptsofequalityandfraternity.Athirdassumptioncommontothefivewritersisthatintuitionandimaginationofferasurerroadtotruththandoesabstractlogicorscientificmethod.Itisillustratedbytheiremphasisuponintrospection—theirbeliefthatthecluetoexternalnatureistobefoundintheinnerworldofindividualpsychology—andbytheirinterpretationofexperienceasinessencesymbolic.Boththesestressespresumeanorganicrelationshipbetweentheselfandthecosmosofwhich0nlyintuitionandimaginationcanproperlytakeaccount.Thesewriters’faithintheimaginationandinthemselvesaspractitionersofimaginationledthemtoconceiveofthewriterasaseerandenabledthemtoachievesupremeconfidenceintheirownmoralandmetaphysicalinsights.Notes:Transcendentalist先验论的self-transcending;超越自我的ethic伦理标准道德规范betornbetween在.......之间左右为难fraternity博爱introspection反省seer预言家先知metaphysical形而上 Whichofthefollowingbestreflectsthehumanisticperspectiveofthefivewriters
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1ThestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselectingassigningorpromotingstudentsemployeesandmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooksmagazinesthedailypressandeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrongforinattackingthetests;criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytoolswithcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluablemeaninglessorevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.HowWellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamountreliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandWisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquickobjectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearnedtheskillshehasdevelopedorthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhasqualitativelythesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetestsotherkindsofinformationorbothinaparticularsituationdependsthereforeupontheempirical.evidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.Ingeneralthetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedforexampleabilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogramandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefinedforexamplepersonalityorcreativity.Properlyusedtheyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognizedbuttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.Forexampletheydon’tcompensateforgrosssocialinequalityandthusdon’ttellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances. Thethirdparagraphiswrittenmainlytostate
Text2MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabigstrongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbusmuchlessstandupandofferhisseattoherasheought.InfactitissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwomanitisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmenwhosaythatsincewomenhaveclaimedequalitytheynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreedhoweverthatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomenthefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheoldthesickandtheburdened.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryoneweknowbuthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviorofthesestoutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-campduringtheWar.WouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthenOlderpeopletiredandirritablefromaday’sworkarenotangelseither—farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthisofcoursebutonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatallhoweveritseemsurgentnotonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimprovedbutalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercitiesit.seemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon’tbothertoassisttaxidriversshoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcornersbusconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebusandsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration. Fromwhatyouhavereadwouldyouexpectmannerstoimproveamongpeoplewho
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutscience.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’tneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]TheNeedforScience [B]TheMethodsofScience [C]TheChallengeofUnsolvedProblems [D]TheSpecificFeaturesoftheLawsofScience [E]TheStepsinEstablishingaScientificTheory [F]TheRapidIncreaseofScientificKnowledge Itisthebusinessofthescientisttoaccumulateknowledgeabouttheuniverseandallthatisinitandtofindifheisablecommonfactorswhichunderlieandaccountforthefactsthatheknows.Hechooseswhenhecanthemethodofthe"controlledexperiment".41.____________Inthecourseofhisinquiriesthescientistmayfindwhathethinksisonecommonexplanationforanincreasingnumberoffacts.Theexplanationifitseemsconsistentlytofitthevariousfactsiscalledahypothesis.Ifahypothesiscontinuestostandthetestofnumerousexperimentsandremainsunshakenitbecomesalaw.42.____________The"laws"ofsciencedifferfromthe"laws"ofacountryintwoways.Firstascientificlawisliableatanytimetoneedmodifying.Thishappenswhenafactisdiscoveredwhichseemstocontradictwhatthe"law"wouldleadonetoexpect.The"law"mayinfacthavetobeabandonedaltogether.Secondascientific"law"says"Thisislikelytobetheexplanation"or"Thisaccountsforthefactsasfarasweknowthem".Butthe"law"ofthecountrysays"Youmust...’or"Youmustnot..."Thescientific"law’hasnomoralforce;itisnotbindingonhumanbehaviornorapprovedoropposedbyhumanconscience.43.____________Theevidenceastothevastnessoftheuniverseandthecomplexityofitsarrangementscontinuestogrowatanamazingrate.Thegapbetweenwhatweknowandallthatcanbeknownseemsnottodiminishbutrathertoincreasewitheverynewdiscovery.Freshunexploredregionsareforeveropeningout.Therapidityofthegrowthofscientificknowledgeinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiesisapttogivestudentsandteacherstheimpressionthatnosoonerisaproblemstatedthantheanswerisforthcoming.Amoredetailedstudyofthehistoryofsciencecorrectstheimpressionthatfundamentaldiscoveriesaremadewithdramaticsuddenness.Eveninourpresentagenolessthanfiftyyearsseparatethediscoveryofradioactivityfromtheexplosionofthefirstatomicbomb.Theteachergivinghisbriefaccountsofscientificdiscoveryisapttoforgetthelongperiodsofmisunderstandingoffalsehypothesesandgeneraluncertaintywhichalmostinvariablyprecedetheclearstatementofscientifictruth.44.____________Thevastmassofinformationwhichscientistshavegainedhasprovidedtheanswertothefundamentalquestionswhichthroughthecenturieshavepuzzledandsometimestorturedthehumanmind.Therearemanysuchquestions.Thestudyofparasiteshasprovidedevidencethatorganismswhichcouldbeself-supportinghavebecomeparasitesbuthardlyanylighthasbeenshedontheproblemofwhytheyshouldhavedoneso.Whatenablesanorganismtorespondtothepoisonoussecretionsofharmfulbacteriaandorganizeitsresourcestodefenditslife...45.____________Toraisethestandardoflivinginanycountrytwothingsarerequired:scientificknowledgeandapopulationsufficientlyeducatedtounderstandhowtoapplyit.Withoutthelattertheexpectedbenefitswillnotcome.Notes:ado麻烦忙乱bebindingon对......有约束力parasite寄生虫shedlighton使某事物更清楚些secretion分泌物 42
[A]MarkWilliamsandJasonMattingleywhosestudyhasjustbeenpublishedinCurrentBiologylookedatthewayaperson’ssexaffectshisorherresponsetoemotionallychargedfacialexpressions.Peoplefromallculturesagreeonwhatsixbasicexpressionsofemotionlooklike.Whetherthefacebeforeyouisexpressingangerdisgustfearjoysadnessorsurpriseseemstoberecogniseduniversally—whichsuggeststhattheexpressionsinvolvedareinnateratherthanlearned. [B]Moreovermostparticipantscouldfindanangryfacejustasquicklywhenitwasmixedinagroupofeightphotographsaswhenitwaspartofagroupoffour.Thatwasinstarkcontrasttotheotherfivesortsofexpressionwhichtookmoretimetofindwhentheyhadtobesortedfromalargergroup.Thissuggeststhatsomethinginthebrainisattunedtopickingoutangry.expressionsandthatitisespeciallyconcernedaboutangrymen.Alsothishighlytunedabilityseemsmoreimportanttomalesthanfemalessincethetworesearchersfoundthatmen-pickedouttheangryexpressionsfasterthanwomendideventhoughwomenwereusuallyquickerthanmentorecognizedeveryothersortoffacialexpression. [C]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleyshowedtheparticipantsintheirstudyphotographsoftheseemotionalexpressionsinmixedsetsofeitherfouroreight.Theyaskedtheparticipantstolookforaparticularsortofexpressionandmeasuredtheamountoftimeittookthemtofindit.Theresearchersfoundinagreementwithpreviousstudiesthatbothmenandwomenidentifiedangryexpressionsmostquickly.Buttheyalsofoundthatangerwasmorequicklyidentifiedonamalefacethanafemaleone. [D]Menarenotoriouslyinsensitivetotheemotionalworldaroundthem.Atleastthatisthestereotypepeddledbyathousandwomen’smagazines.AndastudybytworesearchersattheUniversityofMelbourneinAustraliaconfirmsthatmenareindeedlesssensitivetoemotionthanwomenwithoneimportantexception.Menareacutelysensitivetotheangerofothermen. [E]DrWilliamsandDrMattingleysuspectthereasonforthisisthatbeingabletospotanangryindividualquicklyhasasurvivaladvantage—andsinceangerismorelikelytoturnintolethalviolenceinmenthaninwomentheabilitytospotangrymalesquicklyisparticularlyvaluable. [F]Theabilitytospotquicklythatanalphamaleisinafoulmoodwouldthushavegreatsurvivalvalue.Itwouldallowthesharp-wittedtimetochooseappeasementdefenceorpossiblyevenpre-emptiveattack.Andifitisrightthisstudyalsoconfirmsalessonlearnedbygenerationsofbar-roomtoughguysandschoolyardbullies:ifyouwantattentiongetangry. [G]Astowhymenaremoresensitivetoangerthanwomenitispresumablybecausetheyarefarmorelikelytogetkilledbyit.Mostmurdersinvolvemenkillingothermen—eventodaythecontextofhomicideisusuallyaspontaneousdisputeoverstatusorsex. 作图 42
Text2MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabigstrongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbusmuchlessstandupandofferhisseattoherasheought.InfactitissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwomanitisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmenwhosaythatsincewomenhaveclaimedequalitytheynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyandthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreedhoweverthatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomenthefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheoldthesickandtheburdened.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryoneweknowbuthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviorofthesestoutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprisoner-campduringtheWar.WouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthenOlderpeopletiredandirritablefromaday’sworkarenotangelseither—farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthisofcoursebutonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatallhoweveritseemsurgentnotonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimprovedbutalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercitiesit.seemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon’tbothertoassisttaxidriversshoutateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcornersbusconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebusandsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration. Whatisthewriter'sopinionconcerningcourteousmannerstowardwomen
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.TheteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageESLinschoolshashadahistoryofconflictingargumentsinterestinginnovationsandsomeverypositivemethodologicalchanges.Tounderstandthepresentsituationitisnecessarytoconsiderthepastandthewidereducationalcontextwhichhasahearingonit.UntilquiterecentlyapproachestoESLworkhavebeenstronglyinfluencedbymethodsdevelopedtoteachEnglishasaforeignlanguagetoolderlearners.Thesemethodsplacedmuchemphasisondrillsexercisesandremedialprogramsthatfocusonlanguageinabstraction.46Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.SuchanapproachdoesnotfitcomfortablyintocurrentnotionsoflearningandteachingintheprimaryschoolnordoesitsufficientlyequipESLlearnersinthesecondaryschooltobenefitfromnormalschooling.47Inprescribingwhatlanguageistobetaughtithasignoredwhatchildrenbringtothelearningtaskandthechoicestheymakeabouthowandwhattheywanttolearn.Furthermorethelocationandorganizationoflanguageprovisiondidnotmeasureuptothedemand.48ThelanguagecentersandEnglishlanguageservicesallcontributedtoprovidingspecialandconcentratedteachingofEnglishasasecondlanguageinsmallgroupsvaryinginsizefromfourorfivetofifteen.WhateverthepatternofprovisionthemainaimwastogivepupilssufficientEnglishtoenablethemtojoinnormalschoolsasquicklyaspossible.Thesuccessofsuchspecialprovisiondependedverymuchonthecloseandconstantliaisonoflanguageteacherswiththesubjectteachersandtheclassteachersandonthecontinuityoflearningexperiencesprovidedbythem.49OneoftheimportantdisadvantagesoflanguagecentersandwithdrawalgroupswasthatESLchildrenwerebeingtaughtawayfromthoseEnglishspeakerswhoprovidethemostpowerfulmodelsi.e.theirpeergroup.Peer-groupinteractionisanimportantelementinanylearningsituationbutitsparticularstrengthsinaclassroomwithESLlearnerscannotbeoveremphasized.50Theseparationofsecondlanguagelearnersfromthemainstreamclassroomcannoteasilybejustifiedoneducationalgroundssinceinpracticeitleadstoboththeircurriculumandlanguagelearningbeingimpoverished. Theprescriptivenatureofsuchmethodsandthedemandstheymadeontheteacher’stimedevelopedthebeliefthatESLworkcouldbetackledonlybythespecialistESLteacherworkingwithsmallgroupsofchildren.
Text3Formescientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciencesnaturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworldphysicalandbiologicalsciencesandsciencesdealingwithmankindpsychologysociologyallthesciencesofculturalachievementseverykindofhistoricalknowledge.Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirstplaceallthisispureor.theoreticalknowledgesoughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstandinginordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandcon-substantialtoman.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalsisthatheknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknowthattheworldexistedandthattheworldwasofacertainkind-thatheWasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkindhewouldn’tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsorapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportancebecausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermithimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogressmanmustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpureknowledge.KnowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccessbutnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisforthemostpartunforeseenexceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopians.Letmerecallawell-knownexample.IftheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsectionzealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeusefulitwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythenatureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperimentscarriedonbecauseofmereintellectualcuriosity’wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnologywithoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsakebecausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.Butinadditionitisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtdisinterestedly. Intheauthor'sviewtheGreekswhostudiedconicsections
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutscience.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstparagraphofthetextisnotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudon’tneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]TheNeedforScience [B]TheMethodsofScience [C]TheChallengeofUnsolvedProblems [D]TheSpecificFeaturesoftheLawsofScience [E]TheStepsinEstablishingaScientificTheory [F]TheRapidIncreaseofScientificKnowledge Itisthebusinessofthescientisttoaccumulateknowledgeabouttheuniverseandallthatisinitandtofindifheisablecommonfactorswhichunderlieandaccountforthefactsthatheknows.Hechooseswhenhecanthemethodofthe"controlledexperiment".41.____________Inthecourseofhisinquiriesthescientistmayfindwhathethinksisonecommonexplanationforanincreasingnumberoffacts.Theexplanationifitseemsconsistentlytofitthevariousfactsiscalledahypothesis.Ifahypothesiscontinuestostandthetestofnumerousexperimentsandremainsunshakenitbecomesalaw.42.____________The"laws"ofsciencedifferfromthe"laws"ofacountryintwoways.Firstascientificlawisliableatanytimetoneedmodifying.Thishappenswhenafactisdiscoveredwhichseemstocontradictwhatthe"law"wouldleadonetoexpect.The"law"mayinfacthavetobeabandonedaltogether.Secondascientific"law"says"Thisislikelytobetheexplanation"or"Thisaccountsforthefactsasfarasweknowthem".Butthe"law"ofthecountrysays"Youmust...’or"Youmustnot..."Thescientific"law’hasnomoralforce;itisnotbindingonhumanbehaviornorapprovedoropposedbyhumanconscience.43.____________Theevidenceastothevastnessoftheuniverseandthecomplexityofitsarrangementscontinuestogrowatanamazingrate.Thegapbetweenwhatweknowandallthatcanbeknownseemsnottodiminishbutrathertoincreasewitheverynewdiscovery.Freshunexploredregionsareforeveropeningout.Therapidityofthegrowthofscientificknowledgeinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturiesisapttogivestudentsandteacherstheimpressionthatnosoonerisaproblemstatedthantheanswerisforthcoming.Amoredetailedstudyofthehistoryofsciencecorrectstheimpressionthatfundamentaldiscoveriesaremadewithdramaticsuddenness.Eveninourpresentagenolessthanfiftyyearsseparatethediscoveryofradioactivityfromtheexplosionofthefirstatomicbomb.Theteachergivinghisbriefaccountsofscientificdiscoveryisapttoforgetthelongperiodsofmisunderstandingoffalsehypothesesandgeneraluncertaintywhichalmostinvariablyprecedetheclearstatementofscientifictruth.44.____________Thevastmassofinformationwhichscientistshavegainedhasprovidedtheanswertothefundamentalquestionswhichthroughthecenturieshavepuzzledandsometimestorturedthehumanmind.Therearemanysuchquestions.Thestudyofparasiteshasprovidedevidencethatorganismswhichcouldbeself-supportinghavebecomeparasitesbuthardlyanylighthasbeenshedontheproblemofwhytheyshouldhavedoneso.Whatenablesanorganismtorespondtothepoisonoussecretionsofharmfulbacteriaandorganizeitsresourcestodefenditslife...45.____________Toraisethestandardoflivinginanycountrytwothingsarerequired:scientificknowledgeandapopulationsufficientlyeducatedtounderstandhowtoapplyit.Withoutthelattertheexpectedbenefitswillnotcome.Notes:ado麻烦忙乱bebindingon对......有约束力parasite寄生虫shedlighton使某事物更清楚些secretion分泌物 44
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlivesratherthanaboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories1istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto2anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:3anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide4tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheir5asaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife.Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutitandcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso.Notes:reminiscencen.回忆fragileadj.脆弱的impendingadj.即将发生的 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
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