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政治权力的特性是?
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政治权力
政治权力的特性
以下属于马克思主义对政治权力的理解的有
政治权力的实质是阶级统治
政治权力是专属国家的权力
肯定政治权力作为阶级统治的工具作用
政治权力的表现形式是合法的公共权力
政治参与通过公民的来制约政治权力的行使并通过政治参与所形成的的授权达成权力之间的相互制衡
政治参与
直接民主
政治权利
政治权力
所谓政治权力的暴力 方式是指政治权力主体直接以暴力手段实施政治权力
政治权力具有的特性
权威性与强制性
扩张性
排他性
支配性
政治权力具有的特性
权威性
扩张性
排他性
强制性
支配性
法国的总统在国家政治权力中的地位处于
国家政治权力的中心
形式上的国家元首
政府首脑
集中行使所有国家权力
权力结构与权力主体结构的关系正确的有
权力的结构与政治权力主体的结构没有必然联系
权力的结构离不开政治权力主体的结构
政治主体层次高低决定权力的大小
政治主体的多元性决定政治权力的层次性
政治发展是在利益和利益关系变化和发展的基础上政治权力和权力关系政 治权利和权利关系政治权力和政治权利
政治权力具有的特性
权威性和强制性
扩张性
排他性
支配性
制度是近现代民主政治发展的产物它强调政治权力的获得以及政治权力的 运作必须遵从人们的政治正义观念
政治权力是一种支配力量掌握了政治权力也就掌握了社会的支配力量掌握了社会的支配力量也就意味着在社会分配
以下对政治权力理解正确的
权力是政治关系的中介
政治权力要实现的主要是利益
权力主体能否达到目的取决于政治力量的大小(ABCD)
政治权力包含权力主体、权利客体、目的性、强制力、权力作用方式、权力的大小以及权力的格局
试述政治权力的特性
试述政治权力具有哪些特性
政治权力具有哪些特性
制度是近现代民主政治发展的产物它强调政治权力的获得以及政治权力的动作
国家税收课征的依据是国家的
政治权力
财产权力
管理权力
财产与政治权力
政治权力如果以国家的权力出现那么
它与主权的内涵是一致的
政治权力是不受更高权力的限制却可以限制其他集团权力的国家的最高决定权
是国家或作为国家机构的政府的政治统治行为
政治权力的强制性具有了普遍性
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Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Notonlyhavemanynewspapersdoneawaywiththeirbook-reviewsectionsbutseveralmajorpapersincludingtheChicagoSun-TimesandtheMinneapolisStar-Tribunenolongeremployfull-timeclassical-musiccritics.Eventhosepapersthatcontinuetoreviewfine-artseventsaredevotinglessspacetothemwhilethe“thinkpieces”onculturalsubjectsthatoncegracedthepagesofbig-citySundaypapersarebecomingathingofthepast.ItisIsuspectdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyincludingVirgilThomson’sTheMusicalScene1945EdwinDenby’sLookingattheDance1949KennethTynan’sCurtains1961andHiltonKramer’sTheAgeoftheAvant-Garde1973consistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheireruditecontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromthediscursivenewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarIIatatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.1TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenfortheywereallmenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism”Newmanwrote“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”WhythenarevirtuallyallofthesecriticsforgottenNevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.Howisitpossiblethatsocelebratedacriticshouldhaveslippedintonear-totalobscurity Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
下列哪些现象中存在正反馈
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In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text2Overthepastdecadethousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon.comreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatentswhichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilskiasthecaseisknownis“averybigdeal”saysDennis’D.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcaseapprovingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilingsinitiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Latermoveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfilesifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.SimilarlysomeWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproductsevenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudgesratherthanatypicalpanelofthreeandthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould”reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastAprilforexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti_patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleC.wegnerapartendattorneyandprofessorataeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool. WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase
酮体是脂酸在肝脏氧化分解时的正常中间代谢产物它包括
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In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
预激综合征并发快速心房纤颤患者的治疗选择下列哪些正确
In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
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Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Notonlyhavemanynewspapersdoneawaywiththeirbook-reviewsectionsbutseveralmajorpapersincludingtheChicagoSun-TimesandtheMinneapolisStar-Tribunenolongeremployfull-timeclassical-musiccritics.Eventhosepapersthatcontinuetoreviewfine-artseventsaredevotinglessspacetothemwhilethe“thinkpieces”onculturalsubjectsthatoncegracedthepagesofbig-citySundaypapersarebecomingathingofthepast.ItisIsuspectdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyincludingVirgilThomson’sTheMusicalScene1945EdwinDenby’sLookingattheDance1949KennethTynan’sCurtains1961andHiltonKramer’sTheAgeoftheAvant-Garde1973consistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheireruditecontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromthediscursivenewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarIIatatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.1TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenfortheywereallmenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism”Newmanwrote“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”WhythenarevirtuallyallofthesecriticsforgottenNevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.Howisitpossiblethatsocelebratedacriticshouldhaveslippedintonear-totalobscurity WhichofthefollowingwouldshawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon
In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
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In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
原发性肺结核的基本病变包括
In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_sometingwaschangedproductivityrose.An___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore_12__thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text1OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Notonlyhavemanynewspapersdoneawaywiththeirbook-reviewsectionsbutseveralmajorpapersincludingtheChicagoSun-TimesandtheMinneapolisStar-Tribunenolongeremployfull-timeclassical-musiccritics.Eventhosepapersthatcontinuetoreviewfine-artseventsaredevotinglessspacetothemwhilethe“thinkpieces”onculturalsubjectsthatoncegracedthepagesofbig-citySundaypapersarebecomingathingofthepast.ItisIsuspectdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyincludingVirgilThomson’sTheMusicalScene1945EdwinDenby’sLookingattheDance1949KennethTynan’sCurtains1961andHiltonKramer’sTheAgeoftheAvant-Garde1973consistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheireruditecontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromthediscursivenewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarIIatatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.1TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenfortheywereallmenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism”Newmanwrote“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”WhythenarevirtuallyallofthesecriticsforgottenNevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.Howisitpossiblethatsocelebratedacriticshouldhaveslippedintonear-totalobscurity ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
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