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Text1 YasuhisaShizokiaSI-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMr.Shizokihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMr.Koizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMr.Koizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamage-limitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed-throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowbroughtintooneofMr.Koizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." Itseemsthatthewriterisverycriticalof
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up.thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmakeupthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecordbreakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasubtwohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 45
Text2 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarⅡsotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"internationalrelationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-ChinaIndiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelyharkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheattitudeofthosewhoarebarkingupSewrongtreetowardstheprimacyofUSinthe21stcenturyseemstobe
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up.thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmakeupthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecordbreakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasubtwohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 41
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text1 YasuhisaShizokiaSI-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMr.Shizokihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMr.Koizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMr.Koizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamage-limitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed-throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowbroughtintooneofMr.Koizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." IntheeyesoftheauthorapoliticalreforminJapan
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.17
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsourcesradioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100millionayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalX-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithX-rayscontractedcancer.AnotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenX-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtoreexaminetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 47
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.3
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.9
Text3 Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitsetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynew-ageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform. InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy. IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol. ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations. Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield. AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals. BesidesapplyingforbreathingspacefromcreditorsmanagersinAmericanfirmscanalso
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.11
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3 Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitsetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynew-ageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform. InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy. IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol. ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations. Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield. AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals. AccordingtowhatisbeyondtheabilityofEurope'sfirmsnowis
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.
Text1 YasuhisaShizokiaSI-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems. Sinceco-writingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMr.Shizokihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMr.Koizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMr.Koizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepolitics:towardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow.Unfortunatelydamage-limitationinthefaceofscandaltoooftensubstitutesforrealreform.Moreoftenthescandalsservemerelyasdistractions.Whatisreallyneededisanoverhauloftherulesthemselves. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed-throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowbroughtintooneofMr.Koizumi’sbestslogans:"ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." TheexpressiontheLDPmandarinsParagraph4mostprobablymeans
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.1
Text4 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.Mr.Blairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.Mr.Blairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. Mr.Blairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivatelyfundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublic-serviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawaywithitMr.Blair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonthenextelection--willbeafailure. Whatmaybetheattitudeofmanypublic-serviceworkerstowardsthestrategyofBlair'sgovernment
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsourcesradioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100millionayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalX-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithX-rayscontractedcancer.AnotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenX-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtoreexaminetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 49
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.19
Text2 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarⅡsotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"internationalrelationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-ChinaIndiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelyharkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithGeorgeBushesfather'swords
Directions: Writealettertoacompanyforapositionasancomputerengineer.Yourlettershouldinclude: 1whyyouchoosethecompany; 2whydoyouthinkthatyouarecapablefortheposition. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswersheet2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiHua’instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.7
Text4 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.Mr.Blairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.Mr.Blairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. Mr.Blairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivatelyfundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublic-serviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawaywithitMr.Blair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonthenextelection--willbeafailure. TheviewsofGordonBrownandJohnHuttononpublicservicesreformsare
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.15
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up.thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmakeupthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecordbreakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasubtwohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 43
Theeuroskepticscontendthattherisksofmonetaryunionfaroutweighanyadvantagesitmaybring.Sinceexchangeratescan1beusedtooffsetthestrainsofdifferenteconomicconditionsprevailinginvariousmembercountriesgrowthandemploymentproblemsareinevitabletheysay.Theresultingpoliticalpressureswill2todemandsforlargeintra-union3payments.And4politicalresistancetosuchpaymentsisinevitableskepticsregardtheEMUasa5tofurtherEuropeanintegration. The6oftheEMUisgroundless.Thecountriesthatwillsoonformallyrenouncetherighttoadjusttheirnominalexchangeratesarenot7upanythingtheyhavenotalreadyvoluntarilysurrenderedaspartofpreparationsformonetaryunion.Inthepastyearsnotoneofthe11foundingmembersofEMUhas8inordertoenhanceits9.Whatbetterproofofthedeterminationand10oftheEuropeancountriestoformaneconomicandmonetaryunion Theclaimsbyeuroskepticsthatthe11toEMUmembershiphavesacrificedgrowthandemploymentinordertofulfilltheconvergencecriteriadon’tholdwater.12governmentspendingofover50percentofGDPandtaxesandsocial13contributionsofover40percentwereclear14thatmanycountrieshadwidely15frombeingmarketeconomies.Truetheplanformonetaryunion16countriestogettheirpublicfinancesin17.Butsuchreforms--toputfiscalandsocialpoliciesonahealthyeconomicfootingwouldhavebeenindispensableanyway. OnlywithacommoncurrencywilltheEU’ssinglemarketdevelopitsfulldynamicpotential.Theeurowillmakepricingmoretransparent18ingreatercompetitionand19strongergrowth.Thedayswillbeover20forwantofcompetitionEurope’seconomiesbecamerigidandinflexible. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.5
Text3 Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitsetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynew-ageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform. InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy. IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol. ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations. Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield. AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals. OneofgoalssetbytheEuropeanUnion'sLisbonsummitis
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