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下列中枢神经元联系方式中,能产生后发放效应的是()
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能产生兴奋总和效应的神经元联系方式为
聚合
辐散
环状
链锁状
中枢神经元的联系方式包括
被突触间隙特异的酶分解
被突触前膜再摄取利用
经扩散进入血液循环后被分解
被神经胶质细胞摄取后清除
经扩散进入淋巴循环被分解
能产生兴奋总和效应的神经元联系方式为
聚合式联系
辐散式联系
环状联系
链锁状联系
单线式联系
下列中枢神经元联系方式中能产生后发放效应的是
聚合式联系
环式联系
辐散式联系
链锁式联系
none
能产生兴奋总和效应的神经元联系方式为
聚合式原则
辐散式原则
环状联系
链锁状联系
侧枝式联系
中枢神经元的联系方式及其意义
能产生后放现象的神经元联系方式是
单线式联系
环式联系
辐散式联系
聚式联系
中枢神经元的联系方式有
单线式
链状式
环状式
辐散式
聚合式
中枢神经元的联系方式有
分散式
聚合式
锁链式
环式
重叠式
中枢神经元的联系方式可分为单线式联系聚合和链锁式四种
中枢活动的后放效应主要是由于神经元中存在着哪种联系方式
辐散式联系
聚合式联系
单突触联系
平行式联系
环状联系
能产生兴奋总和效应的神经元联系方式为
聚合式原则
辐散式原则
环状联系
链锁状联系
如下图表示一种中枢神经元的联系方式若在图中箭头处施一强刺激则图中abcde能检测到兴奋的有几处
2处
3处
4处
5处
在下列各种中枢神经元联系方式中能产生后发放效应的是
单线式联系
辐散式联系
聚合式联系
环式联系
能产生兴奋总和效应的神经元联系方式为
聚合式原则
辐散式原则
侧枝式联系
链锁状联系
下列中枢神经元联系方式中能产生后发放效应的是
辐散式联系
聚合式联系
链锁式联系
环式联系(24/2011)
中枢神经元之间有____________和____四种基本联系方式
如图表示某神经中枢神经元的联系方式.若在图中箭头处施一强刺激则图中abcde能检测到兴奋的有
2处
3处
4处
5处
下列各种中枢神经元的联系方式中可产生反馈调节的是
单线式联系
分散式联系
会聚式联系
环路式联系
以上均非
神经调节的负反馈或正反馈是通过哪种中枢神经元的联系方式实现的
单线式
辐散式
聚合式
环式
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Text2 Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleisnooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetageatleastintheorythisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchforclickonandsayonlinecompaniescanaimbehaviouraladsatthosemostlikelytobuy Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:ShouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouraladsOrshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission InDecember2010America’sFederalTradeCornmissionFTCproposedaddingadonottrackDNToptiontointernetbrowserssothatuserscouldtelladwertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft’sInternetExplorerandApple’sSafaribothofferDNT;Google’sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigltalAdwertisingAllianceDAAagreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNTrequests OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10theversionduetoappearwindows8wouldhaveDNTasadefault Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GetingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptrackingalthoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefaultsomemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.AtterallithasanadbusinesstoowhichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequeststhoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGooglewhichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle’sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynchMicrosoft’schiefprivacyofficerbloggde:webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.Coulditreallybethatsimple TheindustryLine6Para.3refersto:
Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworldworkingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000. Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechangesecuritysustainabledevelopmentandhealth41______Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehungerfromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertilizers.Heretootheproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffoodwealthandprosperity42____Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction TodaythesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebatesratherthanontopicswithexternalimpactAnalysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchanged”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince200443____ Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissuestheirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding44____thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyearitwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020anewprogramtobeenactedin2014wouldnothavesuchacategoryThishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;ratherthecompleteopposite45____Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems [A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournalsandonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewheresuchaspolicybriefs [B]Howeverthenumbersarestillsmall:in2010about1600ofthe100000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneoftheseKeywords [C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategoriesincludinghealthanddemographicchangefoodsecuritymarineresearchandthebio-economyclearefficientenergy;andinclusiveinnovativeandsecuresocieties [D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunityandwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientistsespeciallytheyoungones[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovationsaswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechangeforexampleisasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy [F]Despitethesefactorsmanysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEuropesomeareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment [G]Duringthelate1990snationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernmenthighereducationnon-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%inmostEuropeannationsitisabout15% 41
Text2 Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleisnooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetageatleastintheorythisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchforclickonandsayonlinecompaniescanaimbehaviouraladsatthosemostlikelytobuy Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:ShouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouraladsOrshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission InDecember2010America’sFederalTradeCornmissionFTCproposedaddingadonottrackDNToptiontointernetbrowserssothatuserscouldtelladwertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft’sInternetExplorerandApple’sSafaribothofferDNT;Google’sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigltalAdwertisingAllianceDAAagreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNTrequests OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10theversionduetoappearwindows8wouldhaveDNTasadefault Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GetingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptrackingalthoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefaultsomemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.AtterallithasanadbusinesstoowhichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequeststhoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGooglewhichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle’sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynchMicrosoft’schiefprivacyofficerbloggde:webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.Coulditreallybethatsimple whichofthefollowingistureaccordingtoParagraph.6
Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworldworkingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000. Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechangesecuritysustainabledevelopmentandhealth41______Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehungerfromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertilizers.Heretootheproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffoodwealthandprosperity42____Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction TodaythesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebatesratherthanontopicswithexternalimpactAnalysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchanged”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince200443____ Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissuestheirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding44____thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyearitwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020anewprogramtobeenactedin2014wouldnothavesuchacategoryThishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;ratherthecompleteopposite45____Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems [A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournalsandonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewheresuchaspolicybriefs [B]Howeverthenumbersarestillsmall:in2010about1600ofthe100000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneoftheseKeywords [C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategoriesincludinghealthanddemographicchangefoodsecuritymarineresearchandthebio-economyclearefficientenergy;andinclusiveinnovativeandsecuresocieties [D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunityandwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientistsespeciallytheyoungones[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovationsaswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechangeforexampleisasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy [F]Despitethesefactorsmanysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEuropesomeareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment [G]Duringthelate1990snationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernmenthighereducationnon-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%inmostEuropeannationsitisabout15% 43
西方鼻祖希波克拉底Hippocrates于公元前370多年前就曾提出
Text1 Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPradaMirandaPriestlyplayedbyMerylStreepscoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffectherPriestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedinOverdressedEliazabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentoffastfashion.Inthelastdecadeorsoadvancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZaraH&MandUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventorymorefrequentreleaseandmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwoalthoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheappricesClinearguesthesebrandshavehijackedfashioncyclesshakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace Thevictimsofthisrevolutionofcoursearenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2300-piusstoresaroundtheworlditmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabororderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresourcesandusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.Mass-producedclothinglikefastfoodfillsahungerandneedyetisnon-durableandwastefulClineargues.Americansshefindsbuyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveawaythisexcessleadstowaste TowardstheendofOverdressedClineintroducedheridealaBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumontwhosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonoteittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&MwithitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainabilitybeitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto Whatisthesubjectofthetext
水俣病时间由以下哪种环境污染物引起
下列食物蛋白质消化率最高的是
Text1 Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPradaMirandaPriestlyplayedbyMerylStreepscoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffectherPriestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedinOverdressedEliazabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentoffastfashion.Inthelastdecadeorsoadvancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZaraH&MandUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventorymorefrequentreleaseandmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwoalthoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheappricesClinearguesthesebrandshavehijackedfashioncyclesshakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace Thevictimsofthisrevolutionofcoursearenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2300-piusstoresaroundtheworlditmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabororderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresourcesandusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.Mass-producedclothinglikefastfoodfillsahungerandneedyetisnon-durableandwastefulClineargues.Americansshefindsbuyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveawaythisexcessleadstowaste TowardstheendofOverdressedClineintroducedheridealaBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumontwhosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonoteittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&MwithitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainabilitybeitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto ThewordindictmentLine3Para.2isclosestinmeaningto
目前我国集中给水最常用的消毒方法是
Text3 Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionableaswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingusfromasteroidstriketopandemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldn’tweTakeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverseanditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortensifnothundredsofthousandsofyearssee100000AD:Livinginthedeepfuture.LookupHomosapiensintheIUCN’sRedListofthreatenedspeciesandyouwillread:ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributedadaptablecurrentlyincreasingandtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline. SowhatdoesourdeepfutureholdAgrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ForexampletheLongNowFoundationbasedinSanFranciscohascreatedaforumwherethinkersandscientistsareinvitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideasoververylongtimescales.ItsflagshipprojectisamechanicalclockburieddeepinsideamountaininTexasthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingseriousconsiderationtotheideathatweshouldrecogniseanewgeologicalera:theAnthropocene.Theytooarepullingthecamerarightbackandaskingwhathumanity’simpactwillbeontheplanet-inthecontextofstratigraphictime Perhapsperverselyitmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnologyanditssocialconsequencesisdazzlinglycomplicatedandit’sperhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArcanewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooftenthepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanetandourspeciestomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesurethefutureisnotallrosy:whileourspeciesmayflourishagreatmanyindividualsmaynot.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtomitigatemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumansandtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.Thinkingaboutourplaceindeeptimeisagoodwaytofocusonthechallengesthatconfrontustodayandtomakeafutureworthlivingin Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworldworkingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000. Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechangesecuritysustainabledevelopmentandhealth41______Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehungerfromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertilizers.Heretootheproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffoodwealthandprosperity42____Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction TodaythesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebatesratherthanontopicswithexternalimpactAnalysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchanged”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince200443____ Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissuestheirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding44____thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyearitwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020anewprogramtobeenactedin2014wouldnothavesuchacategoryThishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;ratherthecompleteopposite45____Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems [A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournalsandonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewheresuchaspolicybriefs [B]Howeverthenumbersarestillsmall:in2010about1600ofthe100000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneoftheseKeywords [C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategoriesincludinghealthanddemographicchangefoodsecuritymarineresearchandthebio-economyclearefficientenergy;andinclusiveinnovativeandsecuresocieties [D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunityandwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientistsespeciallytheyoungones[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovationsaswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechangeforexampleisasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy [F]Despitethesefactorsmanysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEuropesomeareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment [G]Duringthelate1990snationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernmenthighereducationnon-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%inmostEuropeannationsitisabout15% 45
Text3 Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionableaswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingusfromasteroidstriketopandemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldn’tweTakeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverseanditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortensifnothundredsofthousandsofyearssee100000AD:Livinginthedeepfuture.LookupHomosapiensintheIUCN’sRedListofthreatenedspeciesandyouwillread:ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributedadaptablecurrentlyincreasingandtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline. SowhatdoesourdeepfutureholdAgrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ForexampletheLongNowFoundationbasedinSanFranciscohascreatedaforumwherethinkersandscientistsareinvitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideasoververylongtimescales.ItsflagshipprojectisamechanicalclockburieddeepinsideamountaininTexasthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingseriousconsiderationtotheideathatweshouldrecogniseanewgeologicalera:theAnthropocene.Theytooarepullingthecamerarightbackandaskingwhathumanity’simpactwillbeontheplanet-inthecontextofstratigraphictime Perhapsperverselyitmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnologyanditssocialconsequencesisdazzlinglycomplicatedandit’sperhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArcanewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooftenthepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanetandourspeciestomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesurethefutureisnotallrosy:whileourspeciesmayflourishagreatmanyindividualsmaynot.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtomitigatemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumansandtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.Thinkingaboutourplaceindeeptimeisagoodwaytofocusonthechallengesthatconfrontustodayandtomakeafutureworthlivingin WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5
碘缺乏可出现
Text4 OnafivetothreevotetheSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday-amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitutionthedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates InArizonav.UnitedStatesthemajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowertoestablishauniformRuleofNaturalizationandthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones JusticeAnthonyKennedyjoinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberalsruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthecongresshaddeliberatelyoccupiedthefieldandArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers HowevertheJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice-SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas-agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScaliawhoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktothealienandSeditionActs The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionasashockingassertionassertionoffederalexecutivepower.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementprioritiesevenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.IneffecttheWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernmentandcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatusitcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishesnostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagreeaccordingtoParagraph4
Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreateexpressfashionandbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;46Yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomelessitstrikesonethatforalltheirdiversityofstylesthesegardensspeakosvariousotherfundamentalurgesbeyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression OneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulenceastillpointoftheturningworldtoborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.47Asacredplaceofpeacehowevercrudeitmaybeisadistinctlyhumanneedasopposedtoshelterwhichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislackingasitisfortheseunlikelygardensthefoemerbecomesallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.48Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroducefromintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuchInsodoingtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondtoortoarisefromissointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreenofplantsoftrees49mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditionsuntilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishasifbymagicInmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasibleyetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallarrangementofmaterialsaninstitutionofcolorssmallpoolofwaterandafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereferenceatsomebasiclevelseemstobethenaturalworld.50Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgardenthoughinaliberatedsensetodescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia-ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife-assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditionsuntilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishasifbymagic
维生素C缺乏主要引起
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 15
__对人体和社会的危害不包括
现代医学模式为
为保持理想体重必须坚持的饮食原则主要是
Text4 OnafivetothreevotetheSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday-amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitutionthedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates InArizonav.UnitedStatesthemajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowertoestablishauniformRuleofNaturalizationandthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones JusticeAnthonyKennedyjoinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberalsruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthecongresshaddeliberatelyoccupiedthefieldandArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers HowevertheJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice-SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas-agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScaliawhoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktothealienandSeditionActs The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionasashockingassertionassertionoffederalexecutivepower.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementprioritiesevenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.IneffecttheWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernmentandcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatusitcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishesnostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcement
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 17
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 19
Text1 Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPradaMirandaPriestlyplayedbyMerylStreepscoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffectherPriestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedinOverdressedEliazabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentoffastfashion.Inthelastdecadeorsoadvancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZaraH&MandUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventorymorefrequentreleaseandmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwoalthoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheappricesClinearguesthesebrandshavehijackedfashioncyclesshakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace Thevictimsofthisrevolutionofcoursearenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2300-piusstoresaroundtheworlditmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabororderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresourcesandusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.Mass-producedclothinglikefastfoodfillsahungerandneedyetisnon-durableandwastefulClineargues.Americansshefindsbuyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveawaythisexcessleadstowaste TowardstheendofOverdressedClineintroducedheridealaBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumontwhosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonoteittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&MwithitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainabilitybeitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher
室内空气中高浓度的氡可诱发
Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreateexpressfashionandbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;46Yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomelessitstrikesonethatforalltheirdiversityofstylesthesegardensspeakosvariousotherfundamentalurgesbeyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression OneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulenceastillpointoftheturningworldtoborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.47Asacredplaceofpeacehowevercrudeitmaybeisadistinctlyhumanneedasopposedtoshelterwhichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislackingasitisfortheseunlikelygardensthefoemerbecomesallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.48Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroducefromintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuchInsodoingtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondtoortoarisefromissointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreenofplantsoftrees49mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditionsuntilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishasifbymagicInmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasibleyetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallarrangementofmaterialsaninstitutionofcolorssmallpoolofwaterandafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereferenceatsomebasiclevelseemstobethenaturalworld.50Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgardenthoughinaliberatedsensetodescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia-ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife-assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms Asacredplaceofpeacehowevercrudeitmaybeisadistinctlyhumanneedasopposedtoshelterwhichisadistinctlyanimalneed.
环境污染物可通过下列哪种化学作用的方式在环境中进行分布转化和迁移
Directions: Writeane-mailofabout100wordstoaforeignteacherinyourcollegeinvitinghim/hertobeajudgefortheupcomingEnglishspeechcontest.Youshouldincludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthee-mailUse"LiMing"instead Donotwritetheaddress10points
Text3 Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionableaswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingusfromasteroidstriketopandemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldn’tweTakeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverseanditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortensifnothundredsofthousandsofyearssee100000AD:Livinginthedeepfuture.LookupHomosapiensintheIUCN’sRedListofthreatenedspeciesandyouwillread:ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributedadaptablecurrentlyincreasingandtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline. SowhatdoesourdeepfutureholdAgrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ForexampletheLongNowFoundationbasedinSanFranciscohascreatedaforumwherethinkersandscientistsareinvitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideasoververylongtimescales.ItsflagshipprojectisamechanicalclockburieddeepinsideamountaininTexasthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingseriousconsiderationtotheideathatweshouldrecogniseanewgeologicalera:theAnthropocene.Theytooarepullingthecamerarightbackandaskingwhathumanity’simpactwillbeontheplanet-inthecontextofstratigraphictime Perhapsperverselyitmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnologyanditssocialconsequencesisdazzlinglycomplicatedandit’sperhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArcanewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooftenthepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanetandourspeciestomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesurethefutureisnotallrosy:whileourspeciesmayflourishagreatmanyindividualsmaynot.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtomitigatemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumansandtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.Thinkingaboutourplaceindeeptimeisagoodwaytofocusonthechallengesthatconfrontustodayandtomakeafutureworthlivingin Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby
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