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Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1) descri...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 16
Text2 Emergingfromthe1950censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetitionaspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill. Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting. AltogethertheUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople-numericallythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evensothatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percentlowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears. AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarⅡandthepatternstillprevails. Threesunbeltstates--FloridaTexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.AmonglargecitiesSanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th-withClevelandandWashingtonD.C.droppingoutofthetop10. Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbeltcensusofficialssay"Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedaroletoo--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s’babyboom’generationreacheditschildbearingyears." Moreoverdemographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:MoreandmoreAmericansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeopletoo.Someinstances. RegionallytheRockyMountainStatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation. AmongstatesNevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexasthetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquaremile. Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffects’themigrationfromSnowBelttomorebearableclimates. Nowheredo1950censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.ThereCaliforniaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970smorethananyotherstate. InthatdecadehoweverlargenumbersalsomigratedfromCaliforniamostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregonIdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmogcrimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState. AsaresultCalifornia’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970sto18.5percent--littlemorethantwo-thirdsthe1960SgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates. TheUSpopulationinthe1970sislargestoftheworld.
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 8
ThemoleculesofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphereaffecttheheatbalanceoftheEarthbyactingasaone-wayscreen.1thesemoleculesallowradiationatvisiblewavelengthswheremostoftheenergyofsunlightisconcernedtopass2theyabsorbsomeofthelonger-wavelengthinfraredemissionsradiatedfromtheEarth’ssurfaceradiationthatwould3betransmittedbackintospace.FortheEarthtomaintainaconstantaveragetemperaturesuchemissionsfromtheplanetmust4incomingsolarradiation.Iftherewerenocarbondioxideintheatmosphereheatwould5fromtheEarthmuchmoreeasily. Today6thepotentialproblemistoomuchcarbondioxide.Couldtheincreaseincarbondioxide7aglobalriseinaveragetemperatureandcouldsucharisehaveserious8forhumansocietyMathematicalmodelsthatallowustocalculatetheriseintemperatureasafunctionoftheincrease9thatthe10isprobablyyes. Onemathematicalmodel11thatdoublingtheatmosphericcarbondioxidewouldraisetheglobalmeansurfacetemperatureby2.5℃.Thismodelassumesthattheatmosphere’srelativehumidityremainsconstantandthetemperaturedecreaseswithaltitudeata12of6.5℃perkilometer.Theassumptionofconstantrelativehumidityisimportantbecausewatervaporintheatmosphereisanother13absorberorradiationatinfraredwavelengths.Becausewarmaircanholdmore14thancoolairtherelativehumiditywillbeconstant15theamountofwatervaporintheatmosphereincreases16thetemperaturerises.17moreinfraredradiationwouldbeabsorbedandreradiated18totheEarth’ssurface.Theresultantwarmingatthesurfacecouldbeexpectedtomeltsnowandice19theEarth’sreflectivity.Moresolarradiationwouldbeabsorbed20toafurtherincreaseintemperature. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.2
TheReaderhaslongbeentheblacksheepoftheEFLclassroom.TeacherseitherignoreReadersorneglectandabusethemfailingtorecognizetheirlearningpotential~Thereasonforthiscannolongerbelaidatthedoorofthepublishers.Nowadaysavastrangeofmaterialisproducedsuitableforallinterestsagerangesandabilitylevels.Itismoreprobablytheattitudeoftheteacherandthusthestudentwhichisresponsible.AreanyofthefollowingclosetoyourownattitudeorfamiliartoyoufromconversationswithcolleaguesReadersareanexpensiveluxury.Theschoolcannotaffordthem.Otherthingsmustcomefirst. 46Iamtryingtogetthroughafairlydensesyllabustoequipmystudentsultimatelyforexaminations;Icannotsparethetimeforfrills.Readingforpleasureisaprivateandpersonalthing.!cannotseehowthiscanbeusedintheEFLclassroom.47IunderstandthatextensivereadingforpleasurecanonlyimprovelanguagebutIhavenowayofcheckingthatlearninghastakenplaceotherthancomprehensionquestions.Theseactivitiesreducethepleasure. TheaboveareexplanationsexcusesreasonsandjustificationsfromteacherstalkingaboutthescantuseofReadersintheclassroom.Theircommentsillustratethreeviewsprevalentatpresent.48FirstthatteachersfeelthattimesparedforReaderswillinsomewaydeprivetheirstudentsofcertainkeylanguageskillsandabilities.Secondthoseteachersarefosteringorevenpanderingtostudents’reluctancetoreadforpleasure.49FinallythoseteachersareunawareofhowtouseandexploitReadersintheirclassroomsandthereforeprovidealimitedrangeofactivitieswhichinturnlimitstheresponsesoftheirstudents.50IfteacherstakeReadersintoclassroomwithanyoneoracombinationoftheaboveattitudesthiswillbeimpartedtothestudentswhowillthenalsobelievethatReadersarepreventingthemfromdoingsomethingmoreimportantandareawasteofvaluablelearningtime.Theyreadonlytoenablethemtoansweracomprehensiontask. Itisuptotheteachertoconvincethereluctantreaderthatreadingeitherextensiveorintensiveispleasurable.Onlyoneofmanywaysofobtainingpleasureistobeabletoanswertheteachers’comprehensioncheckquestionsthefollowingday.Theworldofreadingwillremainandstillbeasinaccessibleasevertothestudent. Iamtryingtogetthroughafairlydensesyllabustoequipmystudentsultimatelyforexaminations;Icannotsparethetimeforfril
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury. 47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute. Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude: ·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords ·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia ·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia ·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan ·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephones WiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources. 48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed." 49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart." Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials. RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresourcessaysRenner.
Text3 DuringthewholeofadulldarkandsoundlessdayintheautumnoftheyearwhenthecloudshungoppressivelylowintheheavenshadbeenpassingaloneonhorsebackthroughasingularlydrearytractofcountryandatlengthfoundmyselfastheshadesoftheeveningdrewonwithinviewofthemelancholyHouseofUsher.ThusEdgarAllanPoeopenedhisstoryofthefalloftheHouseofUsherin1839.Inthisbeautifullycraftedsentencehecapturedsomuchthatisessentialtothehorrorstory:darknessominoussolitudeforebodingcalmapprehensionanduncertaintyandadeepfeelingofmelancholythatcouldsoonturntofear. Manykindsoffictionareself–explanatory:mysteriesWesternslovestoriesspythrillersandsciencefictiondefinethemselvesbythetermsusedtonamethem.Thehorrorstoryislesseasilydefinedperhapsbecauseothertypesoffictionsooftenusethetrappingsofterrortoenhancetheirplots.CharlesDickensusedthevehicleofanold-fashionedghoststorytotellAChristmasCarolbutthatbookisnotahonorstory.NordoesaGrimmbrothersfairytalesuchasHansenandGratewithitschild-devouringwitchbelongtothegenre. Thenatureofthehorrorstoryis.bestindicatedbythetitleofthe1980stelevisionseriesTalesfromtheDarkSide.Humanbeingshavealwaysacknowledgedthatthereisevilintheworldandadarksidetohumannaturethatcannotbeexplainedexceptperhapsinreligiousterms.Thisevilmaybeimaginedashavinganalmostunlimitedpowertoinspireanxietyfeardreadandterrorinadditiontodoingactualphysicalandmentalharm. Inthetaleofhorrorquiteordinarypeopleareconfrontedbysomethingunknownandfearfulwhichcanbeneitherunderstoodnorexplainedinreasonableterms.Itistheemphasisontheunreasonablethatliesattheheartofhorrorstories.Thiskindofliteraturearoseinthe18thcenturyatthestartofamovementcalledRomanticism.Themovementwasareactionagainstarationalorderlyworldinwhichhumanitywasbasicallygoodandeverythingcouldbeexplainedscientifically.TheliterarytypethatinspiredthehorrorstoryisGothicfictiontalesofeviloftensetinsinistermedievalsurroundings.Thisoriginalkindofhorrorfictionhaspersistedtothepresent. Whatisconsideredtobethemostimportantingredientthatmakesahorrorstory
Text1 ThesubjectofmystudyisawomanwhoisinitiatingsocialchangeinasmallregioninTexas.ThewomenareMexicanAmericanswhoareorweremigrantagriculturalworkers.ThereismorethanonekindofinnovationatworkintheregionofcoursebutIhavechosentofocusonthreerelatedpatternsoffamilybehavior. ThepatternIlifestylerepresentshowmigrantfarmworkersofallnationalitieslivedinthepastandhowmanycontinuetolive.ItreatthispatternasabaselinewithwhichtocomparethechangesrepresentedbypatternIIandIII.FamiliesinpatternIworkandtravelinextendedkinunitswiththeeldestmaleoccupyingthepositionofauthority.Familiesarelarge7EightorninechildrenarenotunusualAndallmembersareeconomiccontributorsinthisstrategyoffamilymigration.FamiliesinpatternIImanifestsomedifferencesinbehaviorwhilestillmaintainingaspectsofpatternI.Theycontinuetomigratebutonareducedscaleoftenmodifyingtheirschedulesofmigrationtoallowchildrentofinishtheschoolyear.Parentsinthispatternoftenfindtemporarylocaljobsascheckerstomakeupforlostfarmingincome.PatternⅡfamiliesusuallyhavefewerchildrenthandopatternⅠfamilies. ThegreatestamountofchangefrompatternIhoweverisinpatternIIIfamilieswhonolongermigrateatall.Bothparentsworkfulltimeintheareaandhaveanaverageofthreechildren.Childrenattendschoolfortheentireyear.InpatternⅢthewomeninparticularcreatenewrolesforthemselvesforwhichnolocalmodelsexist.Theynotonlyworkfulltimebutmayinadditionreturntoschool.Theyalsoassumeagreaterresponsibilityinfamilydecisionsthandowomenintheotherpatterns.Althoughthesewomenareintheminorityamongresidentsoftheregiontheyserveasrolemodelsforotherscausingmoderatechangestospreadintheircommunities. Nowopportunitieshavecontinuedtobedeterminedbypre-existingvalues.Whenfederaljobsbecameavailableintheregionmostinvolvedworkingunderthedirectionoffemaleprofessionalssuchasteachersornurses.Suchpositionswereunacceptedtomanymenintheareabecausetheywerenotaccustomedtobeingsubordinatetowomen.Womenthereforetookthejobsatfirstbecausetheincomewasdesperatelyneeded.Butsomeofthewomendecidedtostayattheirjobsatfirstafterthefamily’sdistress.wasover.Thesewomenenjoyedtheirworkitsresponsibilityandthecompanionshipoffellowwomenworkers.Thesteadyrelativelyhighincomeallowedtheirfamiliestostopmigrating.Andasthebenefitstothesewomenbecameincreasinglyapparenttheyandtheirfamiliesbecameevenmorewillingtoconsiderchangesintheirlivesthattheywouldnothaveconsideredbefore. haveanaverageofthreechildren.
NoiseYouaretowriteinthreeparagraphsaccordingtothetopicsentencesofeachparagraphgivenbelow.1.Noiseisbecomingmoreandmoredangerous.2.Thenoisescanbeveryharmful.3.Drasticactionmustbetakenifwearetoreducenoise.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Text2 Emergingfromthe1950censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetitionaspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill. Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting. AltogethertheUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople-numericallythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evensothatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percentlowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears. AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarⅡandthepatternstillprevails. Threesunbeltstates--FloridaTexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.AmonglargecitiesSanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th-withClevelandandWashingtonD.C.droppingoutofthetop10. Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbeltcensusofficialssay"Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedaroletoo--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s’babyboom’generationreacheditschildbearingyears." Moreoverdemographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:MoreandmoreAmericansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeopletoo.Someinstances. RegionallytheRockyMountainStatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation. AmongstatesNevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexasthetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquaremile. Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffects’themigrationfromSnowBelttomorebearableclimates. Nowheredo1950censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.ThereCaliforniaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970smorethananyotherstate. InthatdecadehoweverlargenumbersalsomigratedfromCaliforniamostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregonIdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmogcrimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState. AsaresultCalifornia’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970sto18.5percent--littlemorethantwo-thirdsthe1960SgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates. Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovidedAmericain1970s
Text4 Thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenproductsthatsatisfyneedsandthosethatsatisfywantsisnolongeradequatetodescribeclassesofproducts.Intoday’sprosperoussocietiesthedistinctionhasbecomeblurredbecausesomanywantshavebeenturnedintoneeds.Awriterforinstancecanworkwithpaperandpencils.Thesearelegitimateneedsforthetask.Buttheworkcanbedonemorequicklyandefficientlywithawordprocessor.Thusacomputerissoonviewedasaneedratherthanawant. Inthefieldofmarketingconsumergoodsareclassedaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyarepurchased.Thetwomaincategoriesareconveniencegoodsandshoppinggoods.Twolessertypesarespecialtygoodsandunsoughtgoods.Itmustbeemphasizedthatallofthesetypesarebasedonthewayshoppersthinkaboutproductsnotonthenatureoftheproductsthemselves.WhatisregardedasaconvenienceiteminFrancewineforexamplemaybeaspecialtygoodsintheUnitedStates. Peopledonotspendagreatdealoftimeshoppingforsuchconvenienceitemsasgroceriesnewspaperstoothpasterazorbladesaspirinandcandy.Thebuyingofconveniencegoodsmaybedoneroutinelyassomefamiliesbuygroceriesonceaweek.Suchregularlypurchaseditemsarecalledstaples.Sometimesconvenienceproductsareboughtonimpulse:someonehasasuddendesireforanicecreamonahotday.Ortheymaybepurchasedasemergencyitems. Shoppinggoodsareitemsforwhichcustomerssearch.Theycomparepricesqualityandstylesandmayvisitanumberofstoresbeforemakingadecision.Buyinganautomobileisoftendonethisway. Shoppinggoodsfallintotwoclasses:thosethatareperceivedasbasicallythesameandthosethatareregardedasdifferent.Itemsthatarelookeduponasbasicallythesameincludesuchthingsashomeappliancestelevisionsetsandautomobiles.Havingdecidedonthemodeldesiredthecustomerisprimarilyinterestedingettingtheitematthemostfavorableprice.Itemsregardedasinherentlydifferentincludeclothingfurnitureanddishes.Qualitystyleandfashionwilleithertakeprecedenceoverpriceortheywillnotmatteratall. Specialtygoodshavecharacteristicsthatimpelcustomerstomakespecialeffortstofindthem.Pricemaybenoconsiderationatall.Specialtygoodscanincludealmostanykindofproduct.Normallyspecialtygoodshaveabrandnameorotherdistinguishingcharacteristics. Unsoughtgoodsareitemsaconsumerdoesnotnecessarilywantorneedormaynotevenknowabout.Promotionoradvertisingbringssuchgoodstotheconsumer’sattention.TheproductcouldbesomethingnewonthemarketastheSonyWalkmanoncewasoritmaybeafairlystandardservicesuchaslifeinsuranceforwhichmostpeoplewillusuallynotbothershopping. Shoppinggoodsthatareconsideredasbasicallythesamearethose
[A]Theninthe1970ssciencebegantoshowthatthenurture--onlyviewwasindeedtoosimplistic-whichtriggeredabacklashfromtheleft.WhenresearcherslikeRichardHerrnsteinandE.O.Wilsondemonstratedthatgenesdoplayasignificantroleinhumanintelligenceandbehaviorforexampletheywerevilifiedbymanyoftheircolleagues.Andjustafewyearsagoaconferencedesignedtoexplorethegeneticrootsofviolencehadtobecanceledinthefaceofwidespreadcondemnation. [B]Butifyouthinkthiscompromisehasstoppedtheargumentsthinkagain.Scientistsandphilosophersarestillgettingsteamedupovertheissuebutnowthey’refightingoverpercentagesoverhowmuchofhumancharacterisshapedbygenesandhowmuchbyenvironment.AndaccordingtoStevenPinkeraprofessorofpsychologyattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywecontinuetogivefartoomuchcredittothelatter.InanewbookTheBlankSlate:TheModernDenialofHumanNatureVikingPinkerarguesthatignoranceprejudiceandpoliticalcorrectnesshavekeptscientistsandthepublicfromappreciatingthepowerofourgenes. [C]ThebacklashwasunderstandablesaysPinker.Onceyousuggestthathumannatureisinanywayhardwiredit’seasierfortheunscrupuloustowriteoffentiregroupsasgeneticallyinferior-astheNazisdidwithJewsPolesandGypsies.Ifhave-notsaregeneticallylackingindriveorintelligenceorambitionwhat’sthepointoffightingpoverty [D]Thatechoed20thcenturyliberalsocialtheory:violencecrimeandpovertywerenotthefaultoftheviolentthelawlessandthepoorbutofsociety.Improvelivingconditionsandyouwillcurdtheproblems.Thesenotionsofcourseflewinthefaceofeverythingconservativeshelddear--theideathatthelowerclasseswereinherentlystupidandlazyforexampleandthatrehabilitatinglawbreakerswasanexerciseinfutilitywhichmayhavebeenpartoftheirappeal. [E]AnyonewhohasreadPinker’searlierbookswillrightlyguessthathislatesteffortissimilarlysweepingeruditesharplyarguedrichlyfootnotedandfuntoread.It’salsohighlypersuasive.TheviewthatenvironmentisparamountbeganhesayswiththephilosophersoftheEnlightenment:JohnLockeJean-JacquesRousseauReneDescartesandJohnStuartMill.Anditwasreinforcedinthe1950sbyHarvardpsychologistB.F.Skinnerwhosaidthatallhumanbehaviorwassimplyasetofconditionedresponses. [F]Inoneimportantsensetheargumentovernatureandnurturehasbeenresolved.Forcenturiesthenaturecampsaidthatpersonalitiesarebornnotmadethatourcharacterisprettymuchformedbythetimewepopoutofthewomb.Thenurturepeoplecounteredwiththemetaphorofthetabularasa:ourmindstartsoutasablankslateandit’showwearerearedthatdetermineswhatgetswrittenonit.Modernsciencethough--especiallyourfast-growingunderstandingofthehumangenome--makesitclearthatbothsidesarepartlyright.Natureendowsuswithinbornabilitiesandpersonalitytraits;nurturetakestheserawmaterialsandmoldsthemaswelearnandmature. [G]PlentysaysPinker.Compassionandaltruismwhichhethinksalsoareatleastpartlyhardwiredaregoodreasonstomakelifebetterforthosewhostartoutatadisadvantage.AndwhilePinkeralsoadmitsalbeitinalessstridentvoicethatenvironmentplaysasignificantpartinhowweturnoutheinsistsit’sjustnotthewholestoryandourgeneswhichhaven’tgotenoughrespectdoplaysignificantroles. 42
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 2
Text4 Thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenproductsthatsatisfyneedsandthosethatsatisfywantsisnolongeradequatetodescribeclassesofproducts.Intoday’sprosperoussocietiesthedistinctionhasbecomeblurredbecausesomanywantshavebeenturnedintoneeds.Awriterforinstancecanworkwithpaperandpencils.Thesearelegitimateneedsforthetask.Buttheworkcanbedonemorequicklyandefficientlywithawordprocessor.Thusacomputerissoonviewedasaneedratherthanawant. Inthefieldofmarketingconsumergoodsareclassedaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyarepurchased.Thetwomaincategoriesareconveniencegoodsandshoppinggoods.Twolessertypesarespecialtygoodsandunsoughtgoods.Itmustbeemphasizedthatallofthesetypesarebasedonthewayshoppersthinkaboutproductsnotonthenatureoftheproductsthemselves.WhatisregardedasaconvenienceiteminFrancewineforexamplemaybeaspecialtygoodsintheUnitedStates. Peopledonotspendagreatdealoftimeshoppingforsuchconvenienceitemsasgroceriesnewspaperstoothpasterazorbladesaspirinandcandy.Thebuyingofconveniencegoodsmaybedoneroutinelyassomefamiliesbuygroceriesonceaweek.Suchregularlypurchaseditemsarecalledstaples.Sometimesconvenienceproductsareboughtonimpulse:someonehasasuddendesireforanicecreamonahotday.Ortheymaybepurchasedasemergencyitems. Shoppinggoodsareitemsforwhichcustomerssearch.Theycomparepricesqualityandstylesandmayvisitanumberofstoresbeforemakingadecision.Buyinganautomobileisoftendonethisway. Shoppinggoodsfallintotwoclasses:thosethatareperceivedasbasicallythesameandthosethatareregardedasdifferent.Itemsthatarelookeduponasbasicallythesameincludesuchthingsashomeappliancestelevisionsetsandautomobiles.Havingdecidedonthemodeldesiredthecustomerisprimarilyinterestedingettingtheitematthemostfavorableprice.Itemsregardedasinherentlydifferentincludeclothingfurnitureanddishes.Qualitystyleandfashionwilleithertakeprecedenceoverpriceortheywillnotmatteratall. Specialtygoodshavecharacteristicsthatimpelcustomerstomakespecialeffortstofindthem.Pricemaybenoconsiderationatall.Specialtygoodscanincludealmostanykindofproduct.Normallyspecialtygoodshaveabrandnameorotherdistinguishingcharacteristics. Unsoughtgoodsareitemsaconsumerdoesnotnecessarilywantorneedormaynotevenknowabout.Promotionoradvertisingbringssuchgoodstotheconsumer’sattention.TheproductcouldbesomethingnewonthemarketastheSonyWalkmanoncewasoritmaybeafairlystandardservicesuchaslifeinsuranceforwhichmostpeoplewillusuallynotbothershopping. Unsoughtgoods
Text1 ThesubjectofmystudyisawomanwhoisinitiatingsocialchangeinasmallregioninTexas.ThewomenareMexicanAmericanswhoareorweremigrantagriculturalworkers.ThereismorethanonekindofinnovationatworkintheregionofcoursebutIhavechosentofocusonthreerelatedpatternsoffamilybehavior. ThepatternIlifestylerepresentshowmigrantfarmworkersofallnationalitieslivedinthepastandhowmanycontinuetolive.ItreatthispatternasabaselinewithwhichtocomparethechangesrepresentedbypatternIIandIII.FamiliesinpatternIworkandtravelinextendedkinunitswiththeeldestmaleoccupyingthepositionofauthority.Familiesarelarge7EightorninechildrenarenotunusualAndallmembersareeconomiccontributorsinthisstrategyoffamilymigration.FamiliesinpatternIImanifestsomedifferencesinbehaviorwhilestillmaintainingaspectsofpatternI.Theycontinuetomigratebutonareducedscaleoftenmodifyingtheirschedulesofmigrationtoallowchildrentofinishtheschoolyear.Parentsinthispatternoftenfindtemporarylocaljobsascheckerstomakeupforlostfarmingincome.PatternⅡfamiliesusuallyhavefewerchildrenthandopatternⅠfamilies. ThegreatestamountofchangefrompatternIhoweverisinpatternIIIfamilieswhonolongermigrateatall.Bothparentsworkfulltimeintheareaandhaveanaverageofthreechildren.Childrenattendschoolfortheentireyear.InpatternⅢthewomeninparticularcreatenewrolesforthemselvesforwhichnolocalmodelsexist.Theynotonlyworkfulltimebutmayinadditionreturntoschool.Theyalsoassumeagreaterresponsibilityinfamilydecisionsthandowomenintheotherpatterns.Althoughthesewomenareintheminorityamongresidentsoftheregiontheyserveasrolemodelsforotherscausingmoderatechangestospreadintheircommunities. Nowopportunitieshavecontinuedtobedeterminedbypre-existingvalues.Whenfederaljobsbecameavailableintheregionmostinvolvedworkingunderthedirectionoffemaleprofessionalssuchasteachersornurses.Suchpositionswereunacceptedtomanymenintheareabecausetheywerenotaccustomedtobeingsubordinatetowomen.Womenthereforetookthejobsatfirstbecausetheincomewasdesperatelyneeded.Butsomeofthewomendecidedtostayattheirjobsatfirstafterthefamily’sdistress.wasover.Thesewomenenjoyedtheirworkitsresponsibilityandthecompanionshipoffellowwomenworkers.Thesteadyrelativelyhighincomeallowedtheirfamiliestostopmigrating.Andasthebenefitstothesewomenbecameincreasinglyapparenttheyandtheirfamiliesbecameevenmorewillingtoconsiderchangesintheirlivesthattheywouldnothaveconsideredbefore. Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestreflectsthemainfocusofthepassage
Text2 Emergingfromthe1950censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetitionaspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill. Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting. AltogethertheUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople-numericallythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evensothatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percentlowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears. AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarⅡandthepatternstillprevails. Threesunbeltstates--FloridaTexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.AmonglargecitiesSanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th-withClevelandandWashingtonD.C.droppingoutofthetop10. Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbeltcensusofficialssay"Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedaroletoo--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s’babyboom’generationreacheditschildbearingyears." Moreoverdemographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:MoreandmoreAmericansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeopletoo.Someinstances. RegionallytheRockyMountainStatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation. AmongstatesNevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexasthetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquaremile. Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffects’themigrationfromSnowBelttomorebearableclimates. Nowheredo1950censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.ThereCaliforniaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970smorethananyotherstate. InthatdecadehoweverlargenumbersalsomigratedfromCaliforniamostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregonIdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmogcrimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState. AsaresultCalifornia’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970sto18.5percent--littlemorethantwo-thirdsthe1960SgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates. TheworddemographersLine1Paragraph7mostprobablymeans
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 18
Text4 Thetraditionaldistinctionbetweenproductsthatsatisfyneedsandthosethatsatisfywantsisnolongeradequatetodescribeclassesofproducts.Intoday’sprosperoussocietiesthedistinctionhasbecomeblurredbecausesomanywantshavebeenturnedintoneeds.Awriterforinstancecanworkwithpaperandpencils.Thesearelegitimateneedsforthetask.Buttheworkcanbedonemorequicklyandefficientlywithawordprocessor.Thusacomputerissoonviewedasaneedratherthanawant. Inthefieldofmarketingconsumergoodsareclassedaccordingtothewayinwhichtheyarepurchased.Thetwomaincategoriesareconveniencegoodsandshoppinggoods.Twolessertypesarespecialtygoodsandunsoughtgoods.Itmustbeemphasizedthatallofthesetypesarebasedonthewayshoppersthinkaboutproductsnotonthenatureoftheproductsthemselves.WhatisregardedasaconvenienceiteminFrancewineforexamplemaybeaspecialtygoodsintheUnitedStates. Peopledonotspendagreatdealoftimeshoppingforsuchconvenienceitemsasgroceriesnewspaperstoothpasterazorbladesaspirinandcandy.Thebuyingofconveniencegoodsmaybedoneroutinelyassomefamiliesbuygroceriesonceaweek.Suchregularlypurchaseditemsarecalledstaples.Sometimesconvenienceproductsareboughtonimpulse:someonehasasuddendesireforanicecreamonahotday.Ortheymaybepurchasedasemergencyitems. Shoppinggoodsareitemsforwhichcustomerssearch.Theycomparepricesqualityandstylesandmayvisitanumberofstoresbeforemakingadecision.Buyinganautomobileisoftendonethisway. Shoppinggoodsfallintotwoclasses:thosethatareperceivedasbasicallythesameandthosethatareregardedasdifferent.Itemsthatarelookeduponasbasicallythesameincludesuchthingsashomeappliancestelevisionsetsandautomobiles.Havingdecidedonthemodeldesiredthecustomerisprimarilyinterestedingettingtheitematthemostfavorableprice.Itemsregardedasinherentlydifferentincludeclothingfurnitureanddishes.Qualitystyleandfashionwilleithertakeprecedenceoverpriceortheywillnotmatteratall. Specialtygoodshavecharacteristicsthatimpelcustomerstomakespecialeffortstofindthem.Pricemaybenoconsiderationatall.Specialtygoodscanincludealmostanykindofproduct.Normallyspecialtygoodshaveabrandnameorotherdistinguishingcharacteristics. Unsoughtgoodsareitemsaconsumerdoesnotnecessarilywantorneedormaynotevenknowabout.Promotionoradvertisingbringssuchgoodstotheconsumer’sattention.TheproductcouldbesomethingnewonthemarketastheSonyWalkmanoncewasoritmaybeafairlystandardservicesuchaslifeinsuranceforwhichmostpeoplewillusuallynotbothershopping. Pricemaybenoconsiderationatallwhencustomersbuy
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury. 47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute. Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude: ·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords ·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia ·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia ·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan ·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephones WiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources. 48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed." 49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart." Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials. RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials.
TheReaderhaslongbeentheblacksheepoftheEFLclassroom.TeacherseitherignoreReadersorneglectandabusethemfailingtorecognizetheirlearningpotential~Thereasonforthiscannolongerbelaidatthedoorofthepublishers.Nowadaysavastrangeofmaterialisproducedsuitableforallinterestsagerangesandabilitylevels.Itismoreprobablytheattitudeoftheteacherandthusthestudentwhichisresponsible.AreanyofthefollowingclosetoyourownattitudeorfamiliartoyoufromconversationswithcolleaguesReadersareanexpensiveluxury.Theschoolcannotaffordthem.Otherthingsmustcomefirst. 46Iamtryingtogetthroughafairlydensesyllabustoequipmystudentsultimatelyforexaminations;Icannotsparethetimeforfrills.Readingforpleasureisaprivateandpersonalthing.!cannotseehowthiscanbeusedintheEFLclassroom.47IunderstandthatextensivereadingforpleasurecanonlyimprovelanguagebutIhavenowayofcheckingthatlearninghastakenplaceotherthancomprehensionquestions.Theseactivitiesreducethepleasure. TheaboveareexplanationsexcusesreasonsandjustificationsfromteacherstalkingaboutthescantuseofReadersintheclassroom.Theircommentsillustratethreeviewsprevalentatpresent.48FirstthatteachersfeelthattimesparedforReaderswillinsomewaydeprivetheirstudentsofcertainkeylanguageskillsandabilities.Secondthoseteachersarefosteringorevenpanderingtostudents’reluctancetoreadforpleasure.49FinallythoseteachersareunawareofhowtouseandexploitReadersintheirclassroomsandthereforeprovidealimitedrangeofactivitieswhichinturnlimitstheresponsesoftheirstudents.50IfteacherstakeReadersintoclassroomwithanyoneoracombinationoftheaboveattitudesthiswillbeimpartedtothestudentswhowillthenalsobelievethatReadersarepreventingthemfromdoingsomethingmoreimportantandareawasteofvaluablelearningtime.Theyreadonlytoenablethemtoansweracomprehensiontask. Itisuptotheteachertoconvincethereluctantreaderthatreadingeitherextensiveorintensiveispleasurable.Onlyoneofmanywaysofobtainingpleasureistobeabletoanswertheteachers’comprehensioncheckquestionsthefollowingday.Theworldofreadingwillremainandstillbeasinaccessibleasevertothestudent. IfteacherstakeReadersintoclassroomwithanyoneoracombinationoftheaboveattitudesthiswillbeimpartedtothestudentswhowillthenalsobelievethatReadersarepreventingthemfromdoingsomethingmoreimportantandareawasteofvaluablelearningtime
Text3 DuringthewholeofadulldarkandsoundlessdayintheautumnoftheyearwhenthecloudshungoppressivelylowintheheavenshadbeenpassingaloneonhorsebackthroughasingularlydrearytractofcountryandatlengthfoundmyselfastheshadesoftheeveningdrewonwithinviewofthemelancholyHouseofUsher.ThusEdgarAllanPoeopenedhisstoryofthefalloftheHouseofUsherin1839.Inthisbeautifullycraftedsentencehecapturedsomuchthatisessentialtothehorrorstory:darknessominoussolitudeforebodingcalmapprehensionanduncertaintyandadeepfeelingofmelancholythatcouldsoonturntofear. Manykindsoffictionareself–explanatory:mysteriesWesternslovestoriesspythrillersandsciencefictiondefinethemselvesbythetermsusedtonamethem.Thehorrorstoryislesseasilydefinedperhapsbecauseothertypesoffictionsooftenusethetrappingsofterrortoenhancetheirplots.CharlesDickensusedthevehicleofanold-fashionedghoststorytotellAChristmasCarolbutthatbookisnotahonorstory.NordoesaGrimmbrothersfairytalesuchasHansenandGratewithitschild-devouringwitchbelongtothegenre. Thenatureofthehorrorstoryis.bestindicatedbythetitleofthe1980stelevisionseriesTalesfromtheDarkSide.Humanbeingshavealwaysacknowledgedthatthereisevilintheworldandadarksidetohumannaturethatcannotbeexplainedexceptperhapsinreligiousterms.Thisevilmaybeimaginedashavinganalmostunlimitedpowertoinspireanxietyfeardreadandterrorinadditiontodoingactualphysicalandmentalharm. Inthetaleofhorrorquiteordinarypeopleareconfrontedbysomethingunknownandfearfulwhichcanbeneitherunderstoodnorexplainedinreasonableterms.Itistheemphasisontheunreasonablethatliesattheheartofhorrorstories.Thiskindofliteraturearoseinthe18thcenturyatthestartofamovementcalledRomanticism.Themovementwasareactionagainstarationalorderlyworldinwhichhumanitywasbasicallygoodandeverythingcouldbeexplainedscientifically.TheliterarytypethatinspiredthehorrorstoryisGothicfictiontalesofeviloftensetinsinistermedievalsurroundings.Thisoriginalkindofhorrorfictionhaspersistedtothepresent. Bysayingthatmanykindsoffictionareself-explanatory'thefirstsentenceofparagraph2theauthormeans
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 4
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 12
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 10
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 20
TheReaderhaslongbeentheblacksheepoftheEFLclassroom.TeacherseitherignoreReadersorneglectandabusethemfailingtorecognizetheirlearningpotential~Thereasonforthiscannolongerbelaidatthedoorofthepublishers.Nowadaysavastrangeofmaterialisproducedsuitableforallinterestsagerangesandabilitylevels.Itismoreprobablytheattitudeoftheteacherandthusthestudentwhichisresponsible.AreanyofthefollowingclosetoyourownattitudeorfamiliartoyoufromconversationswithcolleaguesReadersareanexpensiveluxury.Theschoolcannotaffordthem.Otherthingsmustcomefirst. 46Iamtryingtogetthroughafairlydensesyllabustoequipmystudentsultimatelyforexaminations;Icannotsparethetimeforfrills.Readingforpleasureisaprivateandpersonalthing.!cannotseehowthiscanbeusedintheEFLclassroom.47IunderstandthatextensivereadingforpleasurecanonlyimprovelanguagebutIhavenowayofcheckingthatlearninghastakenplaceotherthancomprehensionquestions.Theseactivitiesreducethepleasure. TheaboveareexplanationsexcusesreasonsandjustificationsfromteacherstalkingaboutthescantuseofReadersintheclassroom.Theircommentsillustratethreeviewsprevalentatpresent.48FirstthatteachersfeelthattimesparedforReaderswillinsomewaydeprivetheirstudentsofcertainkeylanguageskillsandabilities.Secondthoseteachersarefosteringorevenpanderingtostudents’reluctancetoreadforpleasure.49FinallythoseteachersareunawareofhowtouseandexploitReadersintheirclassroomsandthereforeprovidealimitedrangeofactivitieswhichinturnlimitstheresponsesoftheirstudents.50IfteacherstakeReadersintoclassroomwithanyoneoracombinationoftheaboveattitudesthiswillbeimpartedtothestudentswhowillthenalsobelievethatReadersarepreventingthemfromdoingsomethingmoreimportantandareawasteofvaluablelearningtime.Theyreadonlytoenablethemtoansweracomprehensiontask. Itisuptotheteachertoconvincethereluctantreaderthatreadingeitherextensiveorintensiveispleasurable.Onlyoneofmanywaysofobtainingpleasureistobeabletoanswertheteachers’comprehensioncheckquestionsthefollowingday.Theworldofreadingwillremainandstillbeasinaccessibleasevertothestudent. FirstthatteachersfeelthattimesparedforReaderswillinsomewaydeprivetheirstudentsofcertainkeylanguageskillsandabilities
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 14
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadefficientlyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretoto6kforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18toread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. 6
[A]Theninthe1970ssciencebegantoshowthatthenurture--onlyviewwasindeedtoosimplistic-whichtriggeredabacklashfromtheleft.WhenresearcherslikeRichardHerrnsteinandE.O.Wilsondemonstratedthatgenesdoplayasignificantroleinhumanintelligenceandbehaviorforexampletheywerevilifiedbymanyoftheircolleagues.Andjustafewyearsagoaconferencedesignedtoexplorethegeneticrootsofviolencehadtobecanceledinthefaceofwidespreadcondemnation. [B]Butifyouthinkthiscompromisehasstoppedtheargumentsthinkagain.Scientistsandphilosophersarestillgettingsteamedupovertheissuebutnowthey’refightingoverpercentagesoverhowmuchofhumancharacterisshapedbygenesandhowmuchbyenvironment.AndaccordingtoStevenPinkeraprofessorofpsychologyattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologywecontinuetogivefartoomuchcredittothelatter.InanewbookTheBlankSlate:TheModernDenialofHumanNatureVikingPinkerarguesthatignoranceprejudiceandpoliticalcorrectnesshavekeptscientistsandthepublicfromappreciatingthepowerofourgenes. [C]ThebacklashwasunderstandablesaysPinker.Onceyousuggestthathumannatureisinanywayhardwiredit’seasierfortheunscrupuloustowriteoffentiregroupsasgeneticallyinferior-astheNazisdidwithJewsPolesandGypsies.Ifhave-notsaregeneticallylackingindriveorintelligenceorambitionwhat’sthepointoffightingpoverty [D]Thatechoed20thcenturyliberalsocialtheory:violencecrimeandpovertywerenotthefaultoftheviolentthelawlessandthepoorbutofsociety.Improvelivingconditionsandyouwillcurdtheproblems.Thesenotionsofcourseflewinthefaceofeverythingconservativeshelddear--theideathatthelowerclasseswereinherentlystupidandlazyforexampleandthatrehabilitatinglawbreakerswasanexerciseinfutilitywhichmayhavebeenpartoftheirappeal. [E]AnyonewhohasreadPinker’searlierbookswillrightlyguessthathislatesteffortissimilarlysweepingeruditesharplyarguedrichlyfootnotedandfuntoread.It’salsohighlypersuasive.TheviewthatenvironmentisparamountbeganhesayswiththephilosophersoftheEnlightenment:JohnLockeJean-JacquesRousseauReneDescartesandJohnStuartMill.Anditwasreinforcedinthe1950sbyHarvardpsychologistB.F.Skinnerwhosaidthatallhumanbehaviorwassimplyasetofconditionedresponses. [F]Inoneimportantsensetheargumentovernatureandnurturehasbeenresolved.Forcenturiesthenaturecampsaidthatpersonalitiesarebornnotmadethatourcharacterisprettymuchformedbythetimewepopoutofthewomb.Thenurturepeoplecounteredwiththemetaphorofthetabularasa:ourmindstartsoutasablankslateandit’showwearerearedthatdetermineswhatgetswrittenonit.Modernsciencethough--especiallyourfast-growingunderstandingofthehumangenome--makesitclearthatbothsidesarepartlyright.Natureendowsuswithinbornabilitiesandpersonalitytraits;nurturetakestheserawmaterialsandmoldsthemaswelearnandmature. [G]PlentysaysPinker.Compassionandaltruismwhichhethinksalsoareatleastpartlyhardwiredaregoodreasonstomakelifebetterforthosewhostartoutatadisadvantage.AndwhilePinkeralsoadmitsalbeitinalessstridentvoicethatenvironmentplaysasignificantpartinhowweturnoutheinsistsit’sjustnotthewholestoryandourgeneswhichhaven’tgotenoughrespectdoplaysignificantroles. 44
Directions: A.Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteonessayin160—200words B.Youressayshouldcoverthesetwopoints: 1problemsariseoutoftheincreaseoftheprivatecars 2giveyourcounter-measure. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
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