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Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman.
TheU.S.economyisrapidlydeterioratingsaysMr.Grannis.Theoddsofarecessionarenowveryhighperhapsbytheendoftheyear.Therearealreadysomesignsthatimportantpillarsareweakening.Consumerconfidencehasfallenforthepasttwomonths;andthehousingsectorwhichhasbeenbuoyantisstartingtosink.Corporateprofitsarefalling.Someanalystsareespeciallyconcernedoverthesharpfallofcommodityprices.Theybelieveitrepresentsthethreatofinflationorfallingpricesingeneral.Whilethismaybegoodforconsumersitcouldcauseaglobalslowdown.TheCentralBankwillhavetoactforcefullytoarrestthedeflationaryforcessaysRobertLaMortechairmanofBehavioralEconomicsaconsultingfirminSanDiego.ButotherscounterthattheCentralBankdoesn’tneedtointerveneandtheyargueitshouldwaittoseerealdatabeforeacting.ThefundamentalsarebetterthanthestockmarketreflectssaysPeterKretzmeraneconomistatNationsbancMontgomerySecurities.Thepresidentalsotriedtodohisparttocalmthemarketscitingthestrongjobmarketandbalancedbudget.Webelieveourfundamentaleconomicpolicyissoundhesaid.HiscommentsechoedstatementsbyTreasurySecretaryinWashington.Somenumbersdocontinuetoreflectastrongeconomy.OnSeptember11theConferenceBoardreleaseditsindexofleadingindicators.Theindexrose0.4percentpromotingthebusinessorganizationtopredictthatthenation’soutputshouldincreaseatamoderatepacefortherestofthisyear.Thegroupseeslittleriskofrecessioninthenearterm.Butwhathaschangedistheglobaleconomy.JapanandtherestofAsiaareinrecession.ThewoesarespreadingtoLatinAmerica.I’mconvincedthatwearegoingtohaveaglobaleconomicrecessionsaysSungWonSohnchiefeconomistatNorwestCorp.aMinneapolis-basedbank.Butheaddsit’snotcertaintheU.S.willslideintoaperiodofnegativegrowth.Heratestheriskofrecessionatonly10to15percent.Wewillberespondingtotheworldeconomicsituationratherleadingithesays.StillFedwatchersdon’tthinktheCentralBankwillacttotrytosavetheworld.It’sinconceivabletheFedcouldmakemuchdifferenceinAsiaRussiaorLatinAmericasaysLyleGramleyaformerFedgovernor.AfterthelaststockmarketcrashtheFederalRevenueactedquicklytoprovideliquiditytothemarketsandtolowerinterestrates.Buttheeconomyisinbettershapethistime.Thebankingsectorisstrongerandthefinancialmarketshavebeenabletorespondtoenormoustradingvolume.WhatisMr.Grannis’sviewpointaboutAmerica’seconomy
Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 41
Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchvirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.ConsequentlyIhavebeenonadietforthebetter--orworse--partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeitherbutthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantlandleavingmemillionsofdollars.WheredidwegooffthetrackWhendideatingbutterbecomeasinandalittlebitofextrafleshunappealingifnotrepellentAllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.Howeveruntilquiterecentlymostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroupswealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmoral;andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat--orevenonlysomewhatoverweight--isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistreethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbeforeandthatinmanycasesbeingover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseaseshowevermayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem--toomuchfatandalackoffiber--thanaweightproblem.Therealconcernthenisnotthatweweightoomuchbutthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhogetoralreadyarethinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.Theauthorcriticizeswomen’spassionforthinness
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired--rentedatthelowestpossiblecost--muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.Whatisthemainideaofthetext
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.Thewordpeer-groupLine4Para.1mostprobablymeansagroupinwhich
Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 45
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.19
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.17
AttheendoflastweekBodegaAurreraaMexicansubsidiaryoftheworld’sbiggestretailerWal-MartopenedanewstoreinthevillageofSanJuanTeotihuacanjustnorthofMexicoCity.Normallysuchaneventwouldcauselittlestir.Wal-MartisalreadyMexico’sbiggestretailertoo.Anditsshopsseemtogodownverywellwithitsmillionsofbargain-hungrycustomers.Butthisparticularopeningwasinfacttheculminationofmonthsofprotestslegalactionshungerstrikesandhyperbolebythosedeterminedtostopit.Thereasonisthelocation.Just2.5kmawayistheancientcityofTeotihuacanprobablyMexico’smostfamousarchaeologicalsite.Amongstotherattractionsitboaststhethird-largestbyvolumepyramidintheworld.FormanyMexicanstheancientsiteabandonedbyitsmysteriousinhabitantscenturiesbeforetheSpanishconquerorsarrivedremainstheultimatesymbolofMexicanidentityandnationhood.ThousandstroopuptothetopofthePyramidoftheSuntocelebratethesummersolstice.TothemtheideaofhavingaWal-Martnextdoorisdisgusting.InthewordsofHomerwAridjisawriterandoneoftheleadingopponentsitislikedrivingthestakeofglobalizationintotheheartofoldMexico.Thecontroversyisonlythelatestinastringofprotesters’attemptstosaveMexicanculturefromwhattheyseeasanincreasingmenace.TheywonafamousvictorybyblockingaMcDonald’srestaurantfromopeninginthemainsquareoftheprettysoutherntownofOaxaca.Butthistimetheywereonmuchthinnerground.ForastartWal-MartwentthroughalltheappropriateregulatorydepartmentsevengettingpermissionfromtheParis-basedInternationalCouncilonMonumentsandSiteswhichjudgedthatthestorewouldcausenoharmtothenearbyruins.Asmallstoneplatformwasindeedfoundduringconstructionofthenewcarparkbutwaspreserved.JustasimportantlytheclaimthatthenewstorespoilsthefamousviewfromthetopofthePyramidoftheSunisclearlyunreasonableasanyonewhocarestogettothetopcantestify.TheproblemisnotsomuchthatyoucanseetheWal-Martbutoneoftryingtodistinguishitfromthe30-oddotheruglysquatbuildingsthatlitterthesurroundingcountryside--tosaynothingofthecarparkstheelectricitytowersandthelargepowerstation.SadlyunrestrictedbuildinglongagoruinedthisparticularviewaswellasmanyothersinMexico.Totheopponentstheissuecountsmorethantheview.Butneithermatteredmuchtothehundredsoflocalswhoqueuedupfortheopeningdelightedtobefreedofthesmallandexpensivelocalshops.DespitealegalcasependingagainstWal-Martandlocalofficialsbroughtbyaniratelocalleft-wingpoliticianthisisonebattlethattheAmericanretailerhasprobablywon.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat
TheU.S.economyisrapidlydeterioratingsaysMr.Grannis.Theoddsofarecessionarenowveryhighperhapsbytheendoftheyear.Therearealreadysomesignsthatimportantpillarsareweakening.Consumerconfidencehasfallenforthepasttwomonths;andthehousingsectorwhichhasbeenbuoyantisstartingtosink.Corporateprofitsarefalling.Someanalystsareespeciallyconcernedoverthesharpfallofcommodityprices.Theybelieveitrepresentsthethreatofinflationorfallingpricesingeneral.Whilethismaybegoodforconsumersitcouldcauseaglobalslowdown.TheCentralBankwillhavetoactforcefullytoarrestthedeflationaryforcessaysRobertLaMortechairmanofBehavioralEconomicsaconsultingfirminSanDiego.ButotherscounterthattheCentralBankdoesn’tneedtointerveneandtheyargueitshouldwaittoseerealdatabeforeacting.ThefundamentalsarebetterthanthestockmarketreflectssaysPeterKretzmeraneconomistatNationsbancMontgomerySecurities.Thepresidentalsotriedtodohisparttocalmthemarketscitingthestrongjobmarketandbalancedbudget.Webelieveourfundamentaleconomicpolicyissoundhesaid.HiscommentsechoedstatementsbyTreasurySecretaryinWashington.Somenumbersdocontinuetoreflectastrongeconomy.OnSeptember11theConferenceBoardreleaseditsindexofleadingindicators.Theindexrose0.4percentpromotingthebusinessorganizationtopredictthatthenation’soutputshouldincreaseatamoderatepacefortherestofthisyear.Thegroupseeslittleriskofrecessioninthenearterm.Butwhathaschangedistheglobaleconomy.JapanandtherestofAsiaareinrecession.ThewoesarespreadingtoLatinAmerica.I’mconvincedthatwearegoingtohaveaglobaleconomicrecessionsaysSungWonSohnchiefeconomistatNorwestCorp.aMinneapolis-basedbank.Butheaddsit’snotcertaintheU.S.willslideintoaperiodofnegativegrowth.Heratestheriskofrecessionatonly10to15percent.Wewillberespondingtotheworldeconomicsituationratherleadingithesays.StillFedwatchersdon’tthinktheCentralBankwillacttotrytosavetheworld.It’sinconceivabletheFedcouldmakemuchdifferenceinAsiaRussiaorLatinAmericasaysLyleGramleyaformerFedgovernor.AfterthelaststockmarketcrashtheFederalRevenueactedquicklytoprovideliquiditytothemarketsandtolowerinterestrates.Buttheeconomyisinbettershapethistime.Thebankingsectorisstrongerandthefinancialmarketshavebeenabletorespondtoenormoustradingvolume.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext
TheU.S.economyisrapidlydeterioratingsaysMr.Grannis.Theoddsofarecessionarenowveryhighperhapsbytheendoftheyear.Therearealreadysomesignsthatimportantpillarsareweakening.Consumerconfidencehasfallenforthepasttwomonths;andthehousingsectorwhichhasbeenbuoyantisstartingtosink.Corporateprofitsarefalling.Someanalystsareespeciallyconcernedoverthesharpfallofcommodityprices.Theybelieveitrepresentsthethreatofinflationorfallingpricesingeneral.Whilethismaybegoodforconsumersitcouldcauseaglobalslowdown.TheCentralBankwillhavetoactforcefullytoarrestthedeflationaryforcessaysRobertLaMortechairmanofBehavioralEconomicsaconsultingfirminSanDiego.ButotherscounterthattheCentralBankdoesn’tneedtointerveneandtheyargueitshouldwaittoseerealdatabeforeacting.ThefundamentalsarebetterthanthestockmarketreflectssaysPeterKretzmeraneconomistatNationsbancMontgomerySecurities.Thepresidentalsotriedtodohisparttocalmthemarketscitingthestrongjobmarketandbalancedbudget.Webelieveourfundamentaleconomicpolicyissoundhesaid.HiscommentsechoedstatementsbyTreasurySecretaryinWashington.Somenumbersdocontinuetoreflectastrongeconomy.OnSeptember11theConferenceBoardreleaseditsindexofleadingindicators.Theindexrose0.4percentpromotingthebusinessorganizationtopredictthatthenation’soutputshouldincreaseatamoderatepacefortherestofthisyear.Thegroupseeslittleriskofrecessioninthenearterm.Butwhathaschangedistheglobaleconomy.JapanandtherestofAsiaareinrecession.ThewoesarespreadingtoLatinAmerica.I’mconvincedthatwearegoingtohaveaglobaleconomicrecessionsaysSungWonSohnchiefeconomistatNorwestCorp.aMinneapolis-basedbank.Butheaddsit’snotcertaintheU.S.willslideintoaperiodofnegativegrowth.Heratestheriskofrecessionatonly10to15percent.Wewillberespondingtotheworldeconomicsituationratherleadingithesays.StillFedwatchersdon’tthinktheCentralBankwillacttotrytosavetheworld.It’sinconceivabletheFedcouldmakemuchdifferenceinAsiaRussiaorLatinAmericasaysLyleGramleyaformerFedgovernor.AfterthelaststockmarketcrashtheFederalRevenueactedquicklytoprovideliquiditytothemarketsandtolowerinterestrates.Buttheeconomyisinbettershapethistime.Thebankingsectorisstrongerandthefinancialmarketshavebeenabletorespondtoenormoustradingvolume.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext
1thespecificresponsibilitiesofthejob2applicationrequirementsinacademicbackgroundworkexperienceetc.3probablesalarystandardYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired--rentedatthelowestpossiblecost--muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.13
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.9
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.5
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.15
Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskillsAmericanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanresourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired--rentedatthelowestpossiblecost--muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjoboffattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficerCEO.BywayofcontrastinJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral--usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutiveaftertheCEOinthefirm’shierarchy.WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforcesinfacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.Asaresultproblemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkersforexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermanyastheydotheeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacityandtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperatedthemanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.7
Astickingplastermayappeartobeagrosslyinadequatetreatmentforaparaplegic.Attachafewelectrodesthoughandadevicethatresemblessuchadressingcouldhelptranslateintoactionsthethoughtsofpeoplewhoareparalysed.In2008apracticalversionwillbeshowntoworkandthefirstindividualswillberecruitedtotrythemforreal. Paralysisisabreakdownincommunication.Thebraindoesnott0rgethowtorideabicycle.41.____________________________________. JohnDonoghueofBrownUniversityinRhodeIslandhasbeenworkingonhowtorestorethatlink.Hehasshownthatthetechnologyhehasdevelopedworksalbeitonlyforahandfulofpeoplewhowerepreparedtoendurehavingatangleofwiresdanglingfromtheirheads.In2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswillturntheirdeviceintosomethingthatlookslikeahearingaidandwhoseusecouldbecomealmostasroutine. 42.______________________________.Whenthenervecellfiresthiselectricalactivitywillbepickedupbythewireandconveyedtothesiliconchip. 43.____________________________________.Powerwillcomeviaaninductivecoilplacedunderthescalpandnexttoanotherontopofthescalpwhichwillbeattachedtoabattery.Thisandacomputingunitwornonabeltwillbetheonlypartsvisibleoutsidethebody.Ultimatelytheteamintendstoimplantthecomputerunitinthechestconnectedtothebrainbyafibre-opticcable. Theresearchersreckontheirdevicewillbeabletodirectamotorisedwheelchairormovearobotichand.Buttheyalsowanttorestoretoparaplegicstheuseoftheirownbodies.44.______________________________.Connectingthetwosystemstogetherwouldmimicthewayinwhichthebodynormallyworks.Butrestoringusefulmovementtoparaplegicsinvolvesmorethanmakingmusclesworkoncemore.Italsomeansrestoringacapabilitythatmostable-bodiedpeopledonotrealisetheyhave:theuseofsensoryfeedbacktofine-tuneactions.45.__________________________________________. Inordertoachievethisin2008Mr.Donoghueandhiscolleagueswilldeveloptheirsystemtoruninreverse.Becausethemonkeysusedinthetestswillnotbeparalysedtheimplantwillnotonlybroadcastwhatthebrainisdoingbutalsoeavesdroponwhathappenstothenervecellswhentheyarereceivinginformation.Thiscouldthenbemimickedinpeople.Theideaisthatparalysedpeoplecouldoperatesayarobotichandwithsensorsthatcollectinformationaboutthepressureandtemperaturetheyencounterandconveythesedatabacktothebrain.Thatisthehumanbrainwillbestimulatedtofeelwhattherobotsenses.Notbadforadevicethatlookslikeastickingplaster. [A]Theresearcherswillimplantasiliconchipthesizeofasmallbuttonintothebrainsofmonkeys.Thechipwillbefittedwithanarrayof100thread-likegoldwireseachofwhichwillbeattachedtoanervecellinthebrain [B]HencetheirinvolvementwithHunterPeckhamofCaseWesternReserveUniversity.Heisdevelopingasystemwhichelectricallystimulatesmusclestomakethemmoveonceagain. [C]Yearsafterparalysishasstruckthesamenervecellsfirewhensomeoneisthinkingaboutmoving;itisjustthattherestofthebodydoesnotreceivethemessage. [D]Therearemanykindsofstickingplasterswhicharenowinwideuseinmanycountries.Butstickingplastersarenotveryadequatetotreatparaplegicsandparalytics. [E]Reachouttopickupacupofhotteafromavendingmachineandasyourhandtouchesthecupitsubtlyadjustsitsgripsothatenoughstrengthisusedtoliftthecupwithoutcrushingitandburningyourfingers. [F]Thenextstepwillbetotransmitthisinformationfromtheskulltotheoutsideworld.Aseconddevicewillbeattachedtothesiliconchiptodothis.Itwilltransmitdatathroughtheskinusingpulsesofinfra-redlightjustlikearemotecontrol. [G]Arobotichandisequippedwithsensorswhicharemainlyusedtocollectrelatedinformationandtransmitittotheoutsidechip.Thenthischipwillprocessthemessageandinformtheparaplegictomovehisorhermuscles. 43
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.IntheUnitedStatewhenyoungpeoplegetmarried
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.11
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.TheNDNADhasmoreDNAsamplesthanothercountriesinthat
Formorethanfiftyyearswehaveknownorcouldhaveknownthatthereisanunconsciousnesstocounterbalanceconsciousness.Medicalpsychologyhasfurnishedallthenecessaryempiricalandexperimentalproofsofthis.Thereisanunconsciouspsychicrealitywhichdemonstrablyinfluencesconsciousnessandbehavior.Allthisisknownbutnopracticalconclusionshavebeendrawnfromit.Westillgoonthinkingandactingasbeforeasifweweresimplexandnotduplex.Accordinglyweimagineourselvestobeinnocuousreasonableandhumane.46Wedonotthinkofdistrustingourmotivesorofaskingourselveshowtheinnermanfeelsaboutthethingswedointheoutsideworldbutactuallyitisfrivoloussuperficialandunreasonableofusaswellaspsychicallyunhygienictooverlookthereactionandviewpointoftheunconscious. 47Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.Yetwethinkthatpsychicmistakesandtheirconsequencescanbeerasedbymerewordsfor"psychic"meanslessthanairtomostpeople.48Allthesamenobodycandenythatwithoutthepsychetherewouldbenoworldatallandstilllessahumanworld.Virtuallyeverythingdependsonthehumansoulanditsfunctions.49Itisworthyofalltheattentionwecangiveitespeciallytodaywheneveryoneadmitsthatthewealorwoeofthefuturewillbedecidedneitherbyattacksofwildanimalsnorbynaturalcatastrophesnorbythedangerofworld-wideepidemicsbutratherbythepsychicchangesinman. Onlyanalmostimperceptibledisturbanceofequilibriuminafewofourrulers’headscouldplungetheworldintobloodfireandradioactivity.Thetechnicalmeanstothisdestructionareavailabletobothsides.Andcertainconsciousdeliberationsuncontrolledbyaninneropponentcanbealltooeasilyindulgedaswehavealreadyseenfromtheexampleofone"leader".Theconsciousnessofmodemmanstillclingssomuchtooutwardobjectsthathebelievesthemexclusivelyresponsibleasifitwereonthemthatdecisionsdepended.50Thatthepsychicstateofcertainindividualscouldfreeitselfforoncefromthebehaviorofobjectsissomethingthatisconsideredfartoolittlealthoughirrationalitiesofthissortareobservedeverydayandcanhappentoeveryone. Onecanregardone’sstomachorheartasunimportantorevenworthyofcontemptneverthelessovereatingandoverexertionhaveconsequenceswhichaffectthewholeman.
Insomecountriessocietalandfamilialtreatmentoftheelderlyusuallyreflectsagreatdegreeofindependenceandindividualism.Theirfinancialsupportisoftenprovidedbysocialsecurityorwelfaresystemswhichdecreasedependenceontheirfamily.Additionallyolderpeoplemayseektheirownfriendsratherthanbecometooemotionallydependentontheirchildren.Seniorcitizenscentersprovideameansforpeer-groupassociationwithinone’sownagegroups.ThereareproblemshoweverwithgrowingoldintheUnitedStates.Glorificationofyouthandindifferencetotheagedhaveleftmanyolderpeoplealienatedandalone.Somefamiliessendtheirolderrelativestonursinghomesratherthanintegratethemintothehomesofthechildrenorgrandchildren.Thisseparationoftheelderlyfromtheyounghascontributedtotheisolationofanincreasinglylargesegmentofsociety.Ontheotherhandtherearemanyolderpeoplewhochoosetoliveinretirementcommunitieswheretheyhavethecompanionshipofotherolderpeopleandconvenienceofmanyrecreationalandsocialactivitiesclosehome.Thetreatmentoftheelderlycanbefurtherunderstoodbydistinguishingbetweennuclearandextendedfamilystructures.IntheUnitedStatesthenuclearfamilywhichconsistsofthefatherthemotherandthechildrenisconsideredthefamily.Theextendedfamilycommoninotherculturesincludesgrandparentsauntsunclescousinsnephewsniecesandchildreninlaw.Thedistinctionbetweenthenuclearandextendedfamilyisimportantbecauseitsuggeststheextentoffamilytiesandobligations.Inextendedfamiliesthechildrenandparentshavestrongtiesandobligationstorelatives.Itiscommoninthesefamiliestosupportolderfamilymemberstohaveintensivecontactwithrelativesandtoestablishcommunalhousing.TheAmericannuclearfamilyusuallyhasitsownseparateresidenceandiseconomicallyindependentofotherfamilymembers.Relativesarestillconsideredfamilybutareoftenoutsidethebasicobligationsthatpeoplehavetotheirimmediatefamilies.Whencouplesmanytheyareexpectedtoliveindependentlyoftheirparentsandbecomeheadsofhouseholdswhentheyhavechildren.Itisnotunusualintimesoffinancialneedfornuclearfamilymemberstoborrowmoneyfromabankratherthanfromrelatives.Grandparentsauntsunclesandcousinsthenarenotdirectlyinvolvedinthesamewayastheywouldbeinanextendedfamilystructure.Thereasonwhymanyelderlypeoplechoosetoliveinretirementcommunitiesisthat
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.3
Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchvirtue.Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.ConsequentlyIhavebeenonadietforthebetter--orworse--partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeitherbutthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantlandleavingmemillionsofdollars.WheredidwegooffthetrackWhendideatingbutterbecomeasinandalittlebitofextrafleshunappealingifnotrepellentAllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity’ssevendeadlysins.Howeveruntilquiterecentlymostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroupswealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmoral;andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat--orevenonlysomewhatoverweight--isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistreethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbeforeandthatinmanycasesbeingover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseaseshowevermayhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem--toomuchfatandalackoffiber--thanaweightproblem.Therealconcernthenisnotthatweweightoomuchbutthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhogetoralreadyarethinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.Influencedbythepopulartrendtheauthor
Somecountriesaremorepopulous;somehavemorecrime.ButinnoothercountryarecrimefightersquitesoknowledgeableaboutcitizensasinBritain.OnJanuary4thaboastfulHomeOfficedetailedthetriumphsoftheworld’sbiggestforensicDNAdatabasewhichholdssamplesfrommorethan5%oftheentirepopulationofEnglandandWales.Recentchangestotherulesgoverningthedatabasemeanthatitmayeventuallyholdprofilesfrommorethanafifthofalladults.OnceacountrystartsstoringDNAsamplesfromcriminalsitishardtoresisttheurgetoexpandthecollection.WhentheNationalDNADatabaseNDNADwassetupin1995samplescouldonlybetakenfromthosechargedwithrecordableoffences.Ifasuspectwasnottriedorwasfreedthesamplehadtobedestroyedandtheprofileremovedfromthedatabase.Thatlawwasabandonedin2001aftertwomenwhohadbeenconvictedofmurderandrapehadtheircasesoverturnedonappeal-theDNAevidenceagainstthemrelatedtocrimestheyhadnotbeenconvictedofandsooughttohavebeenremovedfromthedatabase.Thechangehasledtotheretentionofaround200000samplesthatwouldpreviouslyhavebeendestroyed.Some7591oftheseweresubsequentlymatchedwithsamplesfromcrimescenesincludingthosefrom88murdersand116rapes.AndsinceApril2004policehavebeenabletotakeandkeepsamplesfromanyonearrestedforarecordableoffenceevenifchargesdonotensue.ThemainreasontheNDNADislargerthandatabasesinothercountriesisthatBritainwasfirsttostartusingDNAasaninvestigativetool.SonotonlyhasithadtimetocollectmoreDNAsamplesbutithasalsohadlongertoappreciatethesheerpowerofalargedatabase.EveryothercountrythatdoesdatabasingwillgettowhereBritainisnowsaysChrisAsplenaconsultanttolawenforcementagenciesandgovernmentsonDNAtechnology.TheincreaseduseofDNAevidencehasgivenrisetointriguingnewcourtroomdefences.DNAtestsarenowsosensitivethattheycandetectifapersonhassneezedorsweatednearanobject.JohnSwainabarristerwithabackgroundinbiochemistryrecentlydefendedamanchargedwitharmedrobbery.Thedefendant’sDNAwasonthegunthatwasusedbutthedefencesarguedthathemightjusthavebeennearitafterhehadbeentothegymandthatanerrantbeadofsweatcouldaccountforthepresenceofhisDNAonaweaponhehadneverhandled.Hewasdeclarednotguilty.AstheNDNADwasestablishedin1995
Moneyhasbecomeplasticintheageofthecreditcardbutinanincreasingnumberofcountriescashreallyisbecomingplastic.Aftermorethan300yearsin1thetraditionalpaperbanknoteisgraduallybeing2bynewpolymertechnology. NotePrintingAustraliaNPAawholly3subsidiaryoftheReserveBankofAustraliais4theonlycompanyintheworldmakingplasticmoneyanditis5onanaggressivestrategyto6morecountriestoitscause. The7ofplasticnotesareconsiderable.Theycostabouttwiceasmuchaspapernotesbut8fourtofivetimesaslong--Australia’s$10papernotehadan9lifeofeightmonthsbutplasticlastsatleast30months.InPapuaNewGuineathe2kina54centspapernotelastedonlyfourmonthsbutitsplastic10lasts24months.Thisincreasedlife11isparticularlyimportantinAsiawhereenvironmentalconditions12humiditydrasticallyreducethelifeofapapernote.Plasticnotesalsocause38%fewerpaperjamsinATMs. Butthereal13pointisthatplasticnotesareveryhardtocounterfeit.Withincreased14tocomputerscannersandprintersevenschoolchildrencannow15.goodqualitycounterfeitpapernotes.AccordingtotheU.S.SecretServicewhichisin16ofthesecurityofU.S.banknotesthe$100billisthemostcounterfeitednoteintheworld.The$100bill17for65%ofthe$500billion18ofU.S.banknotesincirculationandan19487000ofthesenotesarefake--about150fakespermillionnotes.InAustraliathereare20aboutthreefakespermillionnotes. Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEETI.1
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