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Text 4 Television--that most pervasive and persuasive of modem technologies, marked by rapid ch...
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某质点向东运动6m又向西运动10m则这段时间内它运动的路程和位移大小分别是
4m,4m
4m,﹣4m
16m,4m
16m,﹣4m
m个.18 m
(m﹣4)个.18(m﹣4)
(m﹣3)个.18(m﹣3)+4
(m﹣2)个.18(m﹣2)+4
把直线y=﹣x+3向上平移m个单位后与直线y=2x+4的交点在第一象限则m的取值范围是
1<m<7
3<m<4
m>1
m<4
一个物体作左右方向的运动规定向右运动4m记作+4m那么向左运动4m记作
﹣4m
4m
8m
﹣8m
一个物体作左右方向的运动规定向右运动4m记作+4m那么向左运动4m记作
-4m
4m
8m
-8m
如果点M34﹣m在第四象限内那么m的取值范围是
m≥4
m>4
m≤4
m<4
当1≤x≤4时mx﹣4<0则m的取值范围是A.m>1B.m<1C.m>4D.m<4
若一元二次方程x2﹣4x+m=0有两个不相同的实数根则实数m的取值范围是
m≥4
m≤4
m>4
m<4
如果向前走3m记作+3m那么向后走4m记作
+4
-4
+4m
-4m
物体向右运动4m记作+4m那么物体向左运动3m应记作m.
小明比小华大2岁比小强年轻4岁.如果小华是m岁小强是岁.
2m+2
2m+4
m+2
m+6
m+4
若一次函数y=m-1x-m+4的图象与X轴的交点在Y轴上则m的取值是.此时方程m-1x-m+4=0解
如果函数y=x²+4x-m的图象与x轴有公共点那么m的取值范围是
m≤4
m<4
m≥-4
m>-4
若x=-4是方程mx-1=4x-m的解则m=.
设M={012457}N={14689}P={479}则M∩N∪M∩P=.
小明在某天下午测量了学校旗杆的影子长度按时间顺序排列正确的是
6m,5m,4m
4m,5m,6m
4m,6m,5m
5m,6m,4m
把直线y=﹣x+3向上平移m个单位后与直线y=2x+4的交点在第一象限则m的取值范围是
1<m<7
3<m<4
m>1
m<4
若x=﹣4是方程mx﹣1=4x﹣m的解则m=.
一个物体作左右方向的运动规定向右运动4m记作+4m那么向左运动4m记作
﹣4m
4m
8m
﹣8m
一头牛4条腿M头牛有条腿.
4+M
4M
M÷4
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Forestsremovecarbondioxidefromtheairconservesoilandwaterandarehometoavarietyofspecies.46Theyarealsorepositoriesofpotentiallyvaluablenewproductssuchaspharmaceuticalsandasasourceofbuildingmaterialandfirewoodtheyprovideemploymentformillionsworldwide. In1990foreststookupaboutaquarteroftheplanet’slandsurfacenotincludinganadditional13percentofotherwoodyvegetationsuchassparselycoveredwoodlandandbrushland.Russiaaccountsforperhapsafifthoftheglobe’sforest.BrazilforaboutaseventhandCanadaandtheU.S.eachfor6to7percent.47Historicallyvirtuallyallcountrieshaveexperienceddeforestationmostlybecauseoftheneedfornewfarmlandpasturefuelwoodandtimber.IntheU.S.forestsnowcover22percentofthelandareaadeclineofperhaps40percentsinceEuropeancolonizationbegan.48Forestacreagehoweverhasremainedaboutthesamesince1920asrisingagriculturalproductivitymoderatedtheneedfornewcropland.AmongthemostpressingconcernstodayintheU.S.aredecliningbiodiversityofforestsandstagnantordecliningproductivityofcommercialtimberland.InEuropewestoftheformerU.S.S.R.forestscoverabout30percentofthelandroughlyhalfitsoriginalextent.AmajorproblemthereparticularlyinEasternEuropeisdefoliationapparentlycausedmostlybyairpollution.ForestsintheformerU.S.S.R.onceblanketedabouthalfthelandbutnowcoveraboutathird.49Forestdegradationismostserioustherenotonlybecauseofairpollutionbutalsobecauseofalackofeffectiveconservationpoliciessuchasreplanting. AmongothertemperateregionsNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEastin1990hadlessthan2Percentforestcoveradeclinesince1980.IncontrastChinathroughamassivetree-plantingprogramrecentlyincreasedforestareawhichnowtakesup14percentofitsland. 50Thebiggestchangeshavebeeninthetropicswherethenaturalforestdroppedbyafifthfrom1960to1990asaresultofpopulationpressurelarge-scalegovernmentdevelopmentprojectsandcommerciallogging.ThegreatestdeclinewasintropicalAsiawhichlostathirdofitsforest.Almostalltropicalcountrieslostgroundinthe1980sexceptIndiawhoseforestexpandedby5percent.Brazilwhichaccountsforalmostathirdoftheglobaltropicalcoversuffereda5percentdeclineinthe1980s.Therewasalossof137millionhectares338millionacresoftropicalforestworldwideequaltothetotallandareaofSpainFranceandGermany.Agriculturalexpansionaccountedforsomewhatlessthanhalfthetropicalcontraction. 50
Text4 Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnotbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromearthotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.FromananalysisofthehotspotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayercreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsseedfissurescracks;inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat
Forestsremovecarbondioxidefromtheairconservesoilandwaterandarehometoavarietyofspecies.46Theyarealsorepositoriesofpotentiallyvaluablenewproductssuchaspharmaceuticalsandasasourceofbuildingmaterialandfirewoodtheyprovideemploymentformillionsworldwide. In1990foreststookupaboutaquarteroftheplanet’slandsurfacenotincludinganadditional13percentofotherwoodyvegetationsuchassparselycoveredwoodlandandbrushland.Russiaaccountsforperhapsafifthoftheglobe’sforest.BrazilforaboutaseventhandCanadaandtheU.S.eachfor6to7percent.47Historicallyvirtuallyallcountrieshaveexperienceddeforestationmostlybecauseoftheneedfornewfarmlandpasturefuelwoodandtimber.IntheU.S.forestsnowcover22percentofthelandareaadeclineofperhaps40percentsinceEuropeancolonizationbegan.48Forestacreagehoweverhasremainedaboutthesamesince1920asrisingagriculturalproductivitymoderatedtheneedfornewcropland.AmongthemostpressingconcernstodayintheU.S.aredecliningbiodiversityofforestsandstagnantordecliningproductivityofcommercialtimberland.InEuropewestoftheformerU.S.S.R.forestscoverabout30percentofthelandroughlyhalfitsoriginalextent.AmajorproblemthereparticularlyinEasternEuropeisdefoliationapparentlycausedmostlybyairpollution.ForestsintheformerU.S.S.R.onceblanketedabouthalfthelandbutnowcoveraboutathird.49Forestdegradationismostserioustherenotonlybecauseofairpollutionbutalsobecauseofalackofeffectiveconservationpoliciessuchasreplanting. AmongothertemperateregionsNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEastin1990hadlessthan2Percentforestcoveradeclinesince1980.IncontrastChinathroughamassivetree-plantingprogramrecentlyincreasedforestareawhichnowtakesup14percentofitsland. 50Thebiggestchangeshavebeeninthetropicswherethenaturalforestdroppedbyafifthfrom1960to1990asaresultofpopulationpressurelarge-scalegovernmentdevelopmentprojectsandcommerciallogging.ThegreatestdeclinewasintropicalAsiawhichlostathirdofitsforest.Almostalltropicalcountrieslostgroundinthe1980sexceptIndiawhoseforestexpandedby5percent.Brazilwhichaccountsforalmostathirdoftheglobaltropicalcoversuffereda5percentdeclineinthe1980s.Therewasalossof137millionhectares338millionacresoftropicalforestworldwideequaltothetotallandareaofSpainFranceandGermany.Agriculturalexpansionaccountedforsomewhatlessthanhalfthetropicalcontraction. 48
Text4 Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnotbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromearthotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.FromananalysisofthehotspotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayercreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsseedfissurescracks;inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. TheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringyears.
Text2 Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain.’EverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat.ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhicharemorethantwicethe1978-1987averages.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthepointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysa"disjunction"betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplaceallthatreengineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomyWhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwagwelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuch"reengineering"hasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedreengineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.B.B.D.O’sA1Rosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofreengineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--"theworstsortofambulancecashing." The1978-1987averagesofproductivityarelessthan
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Forestsremovecarbondioxidefromtheairconservesoilandwaterandarehometoavarietyofspecies.46Theyarealsorepositoriesofpotentiallyvaluablenewproductssuchaspharmaceuticalsandasasourceofbuildingmaterialandfirewoodtheyprovideemploymentformillionsworldwide. In1990foreststookupaboutaquarteroftheplanet’slandsurfacenotincludinganadditional13percentofotherwoodyvegetationsuchassparselycoveredwoodlandandbrushland.Russiaaccountsforperhapsafifthoftheglobe’sforest.BrazilforaboutaseventhandCanadaandtheU.S.eachfor6to7percent.47Historicallyvirtuallyallcountrieshaveexperienceddeforestationmostlybecauseoftheneedfornewfarmlandpasturefuelwoodandtimber.IntheU.S.forestsnowcover22percentofthelandareaadeclineofperhaps40percentsinceEuropeancolonizationbegan.48Forestacreagehoweverhasremainedaboutthesamesince1920asrisingagriculturalproductivitymoderatedtheneedfornewcropland.AmongthemostpressingconcernstodayintheU.S.aredecliningbiodiversityofforestsandstagnantordecliningproductivityofcommercialtimberland.InEuropewestoftheformerU.S.S.R.forestscoverabout30percentofthelandroughlyhalfitsoriginalextent.AmajorproblemthereparticularlyinEasternEuropeisdefoliationapparentlycausedmostlybyairpollution.ForestsintheformerU.S.S.R.onceblanketedabouthalfthelandbutnowcoveraboutathird.49Forestdegradationismostserioustherenotonlybecauseofairpollutionbutalsobecauseofalackofeffectiveconservationpoliciessuchasreplanting. AmongothertemperateregionsNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEastin1990hadlessthan2Percentforestcoveradeclinesince1980.IncontrastChinathroughamassivetree-plantingprogramrecentlyincreasedforestareawhichnowtakesup14percentofitsland. 50Thebiggestchangeshavebeeninthetropicswherethenaturalforestdroppedbyafifthfrom1960to1990asaresultofpopulationpressurelarge-scalegovernmentdevelopmentprojectsandcommerciallogging.ThegreatestdeclinewasintropicalAsiawhichlostathirdofitsforest.Almostalltropicalcountrieslostgroundinthe1980sexceptIndiawhoseforestexpandedby5percent.Brazilwhichaccountsforalmostathirdoftheglobaltropicalcoversuffereda5percentdeclineinthe1980s.Therewasalossof137millionhectares338millionacresoftropicalforestworldwideequaltothetotallandareaofSpainFranceandGermany.Agriculturalexpansionaccountedforsomewhatlessthanhalfthetropicalcontraction. 46
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Text3 Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17thcenturytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweensciencesandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldefforttoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked"antiscience"inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulRegressabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLeavittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemonHauntedWorldbyCarSatanofCornellUniversity. Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLeavittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicsthathavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Sagaismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antisciencecanlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthings"notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science. "Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheissueofsciencevs.antiscienceis
Text4 Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnotbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromearthotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.FromananalysisofthehotspotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayercreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsseedfissurescracks;inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. Thehotspottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWER.SHEET2.20points
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
Text2 Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain.’EverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat.ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhicharemorethantwicethe1978-1987averages.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthepointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysa"disjunction"betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplaceallthatreengineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomyWhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwagwelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuch"reengineering"hasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedreengineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.B.B.D.O’sA1Rosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofreengineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--"theworstsortofambulancecashing." AccordingtotheauthortheAmericaneconomicsituationis
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
[A]Nonethelessthe1997-1998ElNinoWasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforseasurfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997-1998thepreviousrecordsettingElNinooccurredin1982-1983.Thesetwo"superElNinos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30-40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforElNino.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997-1998ElNinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused$33billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide. [C]TherewerewarningsofacomingElNinobeforeitoccurredButalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasoninadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience.ElNinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarmingsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime.NowElNinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystrongerthannormaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothEl"NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorElNino/SouthernOscillation. [D]Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997-1998ElNino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherChaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell. [E]ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrength’durationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongElNinooccurseverysooften. [F]In1997-1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongElNinosimplydudtotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheclimatesystem. [G]JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997-1998ElNino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventOfthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord. 42
Text4 OnthemorningofApril1538500worshippersfromallovertheworldwilldescenduponthetinytownofHopkintonMassachusetts.Inabizarreritetheywillshedmostoftheirclothesspreadpetroleumjellyoverthemoresensitivepartsoftheirbodiesandaffixlittletime-keeperstotheirshoelaces.Thenastheappointedhourofnoonapproachestheywilleitherstandinlineatoneofthe750portabletoiletsormuchtothechagrinofHopkinton’s10000regularresidentsgonatural.Atthereportfromaguntheywilltrytorace26miles385yds.allthewaytoBoston.Inotherwordstheywill"runBoston."Andnotjustany"Boston."Thiswillbethe100thBostonMarathon. ThesigninHopkintonGreenthatcommemoratesthemarathonreadsWELCOMETOHOPKINTON.ITALLSTARTSHERE.ActualyitallstarteddowntheroadinAshlandonPatriots’DayApril191897when15menfromtheBostonareaandNewYorkCityenteredthefirstBostonAthleticAssociationMarathon.A22-year-oldlithographerfromNewYorknamedJohnMcDermottwontheracethoughnoteasily.AfewmilesfromthefinishMcDermotthadtostopbecauseofintenselegcramps.FortunatelyhehadanattendantwhoansweredMcDermott’scommand"Rub!"andhecrossedthefinishlinein2:55:10--whichwouldhavebeengoodenoughfor683rdplaceinlastyear’sBostonMarathon. Timeshavechangedofcourse.TheroadtoBostonisnowpaved.TheleathershoesthatMcDermottworegavewaytocanvassneakersthatgavewaytoleathershoes.ThestartwasmovedfromAshlandtoHopkintonin1924inordertolengthenthecoursetotheclassicmarathondistance.Andinrecentyearsthetraditionalpost-marathonbeefstewservedbytheBAAhasbeen’replacedbyapre-marathonpastapartysponsoredbyRonzoni.ButfromthebeginningBostonhasbeenimmenselypopular:theseventhrunningofthemarathonin1903attracted200000spectators.Thisyearanestimated1.5millionwillcheertherunnersonastheymovefromHopkintontoAshlandtoFraminghamtoNaticktoWellesleyto..."Itsobviousstrengthis100yearsofthebestrunnersintheworld"saysBillRodgersthefolkherowhohaswonBostonfourtimes."Butitisalsothebestcourseanywhere.YourunthroughsmalltownsonyourwaytoBoston.Youreallyhaveasenseofmakingprogress." IfBostonhasapatronsaintitisJohnA.Kelleywhofirstrantheracein1928whenhewas20andlastrantheracein1992whenhawas84.In1935KelleywhowasthenafloralassistantoutdueledtoolmakerPatDengiselicitingthisresponsefromDengis:"Wouldyouimaginethisafloristruns26milesforalaurelwreath!"Thoughhereceivedapoliceescort.hometoArlingtonMassachusettsandatelegramfromtheGovernorKelleywasbackatworkthenextdaypreparingEasterliliesatAnderson’sFloristShop.Healsowonin1945attheadvancedageof37andtoldareporter"Lifemerelybeginsat40andIhavethreeyearstogo.’KelleynolongerrunsinthemarathonbutrunnerscanstillpasshimonHeartbreakHillinNewtonwheretherearetwinstatuesofKelley--asheraninhisfirstvictoryandasheraninhis61stBoston. Thispassageismainlyabout
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Text2 Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain.’EverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat.ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhicharemorethantwicethe1978-1987averages.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthepointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysa"disjunction"betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplaceallthatreengineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomyWhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwagwelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuch"reengineering"hasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedreengineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.B.B.D.O’sA1Rosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofreengineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--"theworstsortofambulancecashing." Theauthorraisesthequestionwhataboutpainwithoutgain.because
Text3 Islanguagelikefoodabasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged.’JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcenturyitmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertonguehetoldthenursestokeepsilent. Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmotheringinthefirstyearoflifeespeciallythecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected. TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Neverthelesssomechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfantwhosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglectedtheidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttimebuttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed. ExpertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantagebuttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1000wordswhichhecanputintosentencesandatfourheknowshislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar. Recentevidencesuggests’thataninfantisbornwiththecapacityofspeaking.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbraincomparedwiththatofthemonkeyistheComplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelofsayatoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".Andevenmoreincredibleisyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhimtoanalyzetocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways. Butspeechhastobeinducedandthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechildwherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabblinggraspingandsmilingandrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild.’snonverbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage. Somechildrenarebackwardinspeakingprobablybecause
[A]Nonethelessthe1997-1998ElNinoWasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforseasurfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997-1998thepreviousrecordsettingElNinooccurredin1982-1983.Thesetwo"superElNinos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30-40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforElNino.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997-1998ElNinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused$33billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide. [C]TherewerewarningsofacomingElNinobeforeitoccurredButalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasoninadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience.ElNinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarmingsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime.NowElNinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystrongerthannormaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothEl"NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorElNino/SouthernOscillation. [D]Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997-1998ElNino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherChaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell. [E]ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrength’durationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongElNinooccurseverysooften. [F]In1997-1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongElNinosimplydudtotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheclimatesystem. [G]JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997-1998ElNino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventOfthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord. 44
Text3 Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17thcenturytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweensciencesandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldefforttoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked"antiscience"inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulRegressabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLeavittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemonHauntedWorldbyCarSatanofCornellUniversity. Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLeavittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicsthathavequestionedscience’sobjectivity.Sagaismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antisciencecanlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthings"notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science. "Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." ThewordschismLine3Paragraph1inthecontextprobablymeans
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Text4 OnthemorningofApril1538500worshippersfromallovertheworldwilldescenduponthetinytownofHopkintonMassachusetts.Inabizarreritetheywillshedmostoftheirclothesspreadpetroleumjellyoverthemoresensitivepartsoftheirbodiesandaffixlittletime-keeperstotheirshoelaces.Thenastheappointedhourofnoonapproachestheywilleitherstandinlineatoneofthe750portabletoiletsormuchtothechagrinofHopkinton’s10000regularresidentsgonatural.Atthereportfromaguntheywilltrytorace26miles385yds.allthewaytoBoston.Inotherwordstheywill"runBoston."Andnotjustany"Boston."Thiswillbethe100thBostonMarathon. ThesigninHopkintonGreenthatcommemoratesthemarathonreadsWELCOMETOHOPKINTON.ITALLSTARTSHERE.ActualyitallstarteddowntheroadinAshlandonPatriots’DayApril191897when15menfromtheBostonareaandNewYorkCityenteredthefirstBostonAthleticAssociationMarathon.A22-year-oldlithographerfromNewYorknamedJohnMcDermottwontheracethoughnoteasily.AfewmilesfromthefinishMcDermotthadtostopbecauseofintenselegcramps.FortunatelyhehadanattendantwhoansweredMcDermott’scommand"Rub!"andhecrossedthefinishlinein2:55:10--whichwouldhavebeengoodenoughfor683rdplaceinlastyear’sBostonMarathon. Timeshavechangedofcourse.TheroadtoBostonisnowpaved.TheleathershoesthatMcDermottworegavewaytocanvassneakersthatgavewaytoleathershoes.ThestartwasmovedfromAshlandtoHopkintonin1924inordertolengthenthecoursetotheclassicmarathondistance.Andinrecentyearsthetraditionalpost-marathonbeefstewservedbytheBAAhasbeen’replacedbyapre-marathonpastapartysponsoredbyRonzoni.ButfromthebeginningBostonhasbeenimmenselypopular:theseventhrunningofthemarathonin1903attracted200000spectators.Thisyearanestimated1.5millionwillcheertherunnersonastheymovefromHopkintontoAshlandtoFraminghamtoNaticktoWellesleyto..."Itsobviousstrengthis100yearsofthebestrunnersintheworld"saysBillRodgersthefolkherowhohaswonBostonfourtimes."Butitisalsothebestcourseanywhere.YourunthroughsmalltownsonyourwaytoBoston.Youreallyhaveasenseofmakingprogress." IfBostonhasapatronsaintitisJohnA.Kelleywhofirstrantheracein1928whenhewas20andlastrantheracein1992whenhawas84.In1935KelleywhowasthenafloralassistantoutdueledtoolmakerPatDengiselicitingthisresponsefromDengis:"Wouldyouimaginethisafloristruns26milesforalaurelwreath!"Thoughhereceivedapoliceescort.hometoArlingtonMassachusettsandatelegramfromtheGovernorKelleywasbackatworkthenextdaypreparingEasterliliesatAnderson’sFloristShop.Healsowonin1945attheadvancedageof37andtoldareporter"Lifemerelybeginsat40andIhavethreeyearstogo.’KelleynolongerrunsinthemarathonbutrunnerscanstillpasshimonHeartbreakHillinNewtonwheretherearetwinstatuesofKelley--asheraninhisfirstvictoryandasheraninhis61stBoston. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutJohnMcDermott
Text1 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Tileoverdevelopmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtotheneardestructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis. Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-range.planningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousslatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems. Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesinthebad.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepast5thasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatanypeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly. Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneeditreassessesourpresentcoursetochangethatcourserandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity. Tograspitemweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingus--and’theworld--acrisisthatisnopassinginconveniencenoby-productoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnoby-productofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Whichconditiondoestheauthorfeelhasnearlydestroyedourcities
Text4 OnthemorningofApril1538500worshippersfromallovertheworldwilldescenduponthetinytownofHopkintonMassachusetts.Inabizarreritetheywillshedmostoftheirclothesspreadpetroleumjellyoverthemoresensitivepartsoftheirbodiesandaffixlittletime-keeperstotheirshoelaces.Thenastheappointedhourofnoonapproachestheywilleitherstandinlineatoneofthe750portabletoiletsormuchtothechagrinofHopkinton’s10000regularresidentsgonatural.Atthereportfromaguntheywilltrytorace26miles385yds.allthewaytoBoston.Inotherwordstheywill"runBoston."Andnotjustany"Boston."Thiswillbethe100thBostonMarathon. ThesigninHopkintonGreenthatcommemoratesthemarathonreadsWELCOMETOHOPKINTON.ITALLSTARTSHERE.ActualyitallstarteddowntheroadinAshlandonPatriots’DayApril191897when15menfromtheBostonareaandNewYorkCityenteredthefirstBostonAthleticAssociationMarathon.A22-year-oldlithographerfromNewYorknamedJohnMcDermottwontheracethoughnoteasily.AfewmilesfromthefinishMcDermotthadtostopbecauseofintenselegcramps.FortunatelyhehadanattendantwhoansweredMcDermott’scommand"Rub!"andhecrossedthefinishlinein2:55:10--whichwouldhavebeengoodenoughfor683rdplaceinlastyear’sBostonMarathon. Timeshavechangedofcourse.TheroadtoBostonisnowpaved.TheleathershoesthatMcDermottworegavewaytocanvassneakersthatgavewaytoleathershoes.ThestartwasmovedfromAshlandtoHopkintonin1924inordertolengthenthecoursetotheclassicmarathondistance.Andinrecentyearsthetraditionalpost-marathonbeefstewservedbytheBAAhasbeen’replacedbyapre-marathonpastapartysponsoredbyRonzoni.ButfromthebeginningBostonhasbeenimmenselypopular:theseventhrunningofthemarathonin1903attracted200000spectators.Thisyearanestimated1.5millionwillcheertherunnersonastheymovefromHopkintontoAshlandtoFraminghamtoNaticktoWellesleyto..."Itsobviousstrengthis100yearsofthebestrunnersintheworld"saysBillRodgersthefolkherowhohaswonBostonfourtimes."Butitisalsothebestcourseanywhere.YourunthroughsmalltownsonyourwaytoBoston.Youreallyhaveasenseofmakingprogress." IfBostonhasapatronsaintitisJohnA.Kelleywhofirstrantheracein1928whenhewas20andlastrantheracein1992whenhawas84.In1935KelleywhowasthenafloralassistantoutdueledtoolmakerPatDengiselicitingthisresponsefromDengis:"Wouldyouimaginethisafloristruns26milesforalaurelwreath!"Thoughhereceivedapoliceescort.hometoArlingtonMassachusettsandatelegramfromtheGovernorKelleywasbackatworkthenextdaypreparingEasterliliesatAnderson’sFloristShop.Healsowonin1945attheadvancedageof37andtoldareporter"Lifemerelybeginsat40andIhavethreeyearstogo.’KelleynolongerrunsinthemarathonbutrunnerscanstillpasshimonHeartbreakHillinNewtonwheretherearetwinstatuesofKelley--asheraninhisfirstvictoryandasheraninhis61stBoston. Thephrasegonaturalprobablymeans
Text1 Theenergycrisiswhichisbeingfeltaroundtheworldhasdramatizedhowthecarelessuseoftheearth’sresourceshasbroughtthewholeworldtothebrinkofdisaster.Tileoverdevelopmentofmotortransportwithitsincreaseofmorecarsmorehighwaysmorepollutionmoresuburbsmorecommutinghascontributedtotheneardestructionofourcitiesthebreakupofthefamilyandthepollutionnotonlyoflocalairbutalsooftheearth’satmosphere.Thedisasterhasarrivedintheformoftheenergycrisis. Ourpresentsituationisunlikewarrevolutionordepression.Itisalsounlikethegreatnaturaldisastersofthepast.Worldwideresourcesexploitationandenergyusehavebroughtustoastatewherelong-range.planningisessential.Whatweneedisnotacontinuationofourpresentseriousslatewhichendangersthefutureofourcountryourchildrenandourearthbutamovementforwardtoanewnorminordertoworkrapidlyandeffectivelyonplanetaryproblems. Thiscountryhasbeenfallingbackunderthecontinuingexposuresoflossmoralityandtherevelationthatlawbreakinghasreachedintothehighestplacesinthebad.Thereisastrongdemandformoralrevivalandforsomedevotionthatisvastenoughandyetpersonalenoughtoenlistthedevotionofall.Inthepast5thasbeenonlyinawayindefenseoftheirowncountryandtheirownidealsthatanypeoplehavebeenabletodevotethemselveswholeheartedly. Thisisthefirsttimethatwehavebeenaskedtodefendourselvesandwhatweholddearincooperationwithalltheotherinhabitantsofthisplanetwhosharewithusthesameendangeredairandthesameendangeredoceans.Thereisacommonneeditreassessesourpresentcoursetochangethatcourserandtodevisenewmethodsthroughwhichtheworldcansurvive.Thisisapricelessopportunity. Tograspitemweneedawidespreadunderstandingofnatureifthecrisisconfrontingus--and’theworld--acrisisthatisnopassinginconveniencenoby-productoftheambitionsoftheoil-producingcountriesnoenvironmentalists’merefearsnoby-productofanypresentsystemofgovernment.Whatwefaceistheoutcomeoftheinventionofthelastfourhundredyears.Whatweneedisatransformedlifestyle.Thisnewlifestylecanflowdirectlyfromscienceandtechnologybutitsacceptancedependsonasinceredevotiontofindingahigherqualityoflifefortheworld’schildrenandfuturegeneration. Accordingtotheauthorwhatisoneexampleofour.lossofmorality
Airis1andlikeallmatterithasweight.Weightisthemeasureofthe2ofgravity3matter.Ifascaleregisters10kilogramswhenastoneisplacedonitthismeansthatgravitypullsthestonewiththat4force.5earth’sgravitypullsoneach6ofgasanddustontheatmosphere.Becauseouratmosphereisa.vast7ofairithas8.Ifitcould9becompressedandputona10ofscalesitwouldweighabout5700000000000000quadrillionmetrictons. Theairpresseddownonusandagainstus11allsides.Something12atonofairispressingagainstyouatthismoment.Youarenot13ofthisbecauseairpressurewithinyourbody14thepressureoftheairoutside. Airpressureis1.036kilogramspersquarecentimeter14.7poundspersquareinchatsea15.Itisgreatesttherebecausethatisthe16oftheatmosphere.17higheraltitudesthepressureis18.Thatiswhythe19ofhighflyingplanesarepressurized.Theyaredesignedto20theairpressureourbodiesmusthave. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
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