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Text 4 Niall FitzGerald would have liked to leave Unilever in a blaze of glory when he retires ...
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F.ScottFitzgeraldbornonSeptember241896anAmericanno
F.ScottFitzgeraldbornonSeptember241896anAmericanno
TheverywealthyEnglishBaronFitzgeraldhadonlyonechil
NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverina
is an incompetent leader.
will retire with great honor.
will become Patrick’s predecessor.
is one of Unilever’s founders.
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Text4 NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUni
is an incompetent leader.
will retire with great honor.
will become Patrick's predecessor.
is one of Unilever's founders.
FrancisScottKeyFitzgeraldwasbornonSeptember241896.
TheverywealthyEnglishBaronFitzgeraldhadonlyonechil
.第三节阅读理解共20小题每小题2分满分40分TheverywealthyEnglishBaronF
BornonSeptember241896F.ScottFitzgeraldanAmericanno
TheverywealthyEnglishBaronFitzgeraldhadonlyonechil
TheverywealthyEnglishBaronFitzgeraldhadonlyonechil
Text4NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnilev
is an incompetent leader.
will retire with great honor.
will become Patrick's predecessor.
is one of Unilever's founders.
NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverinabla
is an incompetent leader.
will retire with great honor.
will become Patrick’s predecessor.
is one of Unilever’s founders.
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Text1 AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandre-insurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcessriskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. SettingsomethingupwilltaketimeSotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Howdoesthewriterfeelaboutthepresentsituation
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up.thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmakeupthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecordbreakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasubtwohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 42
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
A.Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayin160-200words B.Youressayshouldcoverthesetwopoints: 1problemsariseoutoftheincreaseoftheprivatecars 2giveyourcounter-measure. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Text2 Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhyarelatedexplosionof19921993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis"theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHOtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHO.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHOandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothetext
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Text2 Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhyarelatedexplosionof19921993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis"theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHOtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHO.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHOandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya. TowardstheissueofHindu-Muslimrelationsthewriter'sattitudecanbesaidtobe
Text2 Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore. Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhyarelatedexplosionof19921993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainstthe"appeasing"ofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitis"theirowncountry"atall. Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthe"familyoforganizations".Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHOtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalist"youthwing"oftheVHO.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHOandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya. WhatdoesthewriterwantstoillustratewithaMuslimattackonHindusonatraininGujarat
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. ThatthisIdeaorReasonistheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhich
Text3 Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitsetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynew-ageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform. InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy. IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol. ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations. Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield. AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement.
Text1 AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandre-insurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcessriskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. SettingsomethingupwilltaketimeSotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Intheeyesofthewriterthecurrentinsuranceindustryalone
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text4 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.Mr.Blairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.Mr.Blairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. Mr.Blairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivatelyfundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublic-serviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawaywithitMr.Blair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonthenextelection--willbeafailure. Whenmentioningthesomething-for-nothingdaysParagraph2thewriteristalkingabout
Text4 America’scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisinthefuture. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Andsinceconsumerspendingheldupsowellduringthe"recession"itisunlikelytojumpnow. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.Thatcautionisallthemorenecessarygiventhelackofinflationarypressure.AlthoughAmerica’sconsumerpriceshavestoppedfallingonamonthlybasisthelatestfiguresshowfewsignsofnascentpricepressure.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. TheAmericancentralbankwasreluctanttoraiseinterestratesbecause
ThemostgeneraldefinitionthatcanbegivenisthatthePhilosophyofHistorymeansnothingbutthethoughtfulconsiderationofit.Thoughtisindeedessentialtohumanity.46Itisthisthatdistinguishesusfromthebrutes.Insensationcognitionandintellection;inourinstinctsandwillsasfarastheyaretrulyhumanThoughtisaninvariableelement. TheonlyThoughtwhichPhilosophybringswithittothecontemplationofHistoryisthesimpleconceptionofReason;thatReasonistheSovereignoftheWorld;47thatthehistoryoftheworldthereforepresentsuswitharationalprocess.Thisconvictionandintuitionisahypothesisinthedomainofhistoryassuch.InthatofPhilosophyitisnohypothesis.ItisthereprovedbyspeculativecognitionthatReason--andthistermmayheresufficeuswithoutinvestigatingtherelationsustainedbytheUniversetotheDivineBeingisSubstanceaswellasInfinitePower;itsownInfiniteMaterialunderlyingallthenaturalandspirituallifewhichitoriginatesasalsotheInfiniteForm--thatwhichsetsthisMaterialinmotion.OntheonehandReasonisthesubstanceoftheUniverse;viz.thatbywhichandinwhichallrealityhasitsbeingandsubsistence.48OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention--havingitsplaceoutsiderealitynobodyknowswhere;somethingseparateandabstractintheheadsofcertainhumanbeings.ItistheinfinitecomplexofthingstheirentireEssenceandTruth.49ItisitsownmaterialwhichitcommitstoitsownActiveEnergytoworkup;notneedingasfiniteactiondoestheconditionsofanexternalmaterialofgivenmeansfromwhichitmayobtainitssupportandtheobjectsofitsactivity.Itsuppliesitsownnourishmentandistheobjectofitsownoperations.Whileitisexclusivelyitsownbasisofexistenceandabsolutefinalaimitisalsotheenergizingpowerrealizingthisaim;developingitnotonlyinthephenomenaoftheNaturalbutalsooftheSpiritualUniverse--theHistoryoftheWorld.50Thatthis"Idea"or"Reason"istheTruetheEternaltheabsolutelypowerfulessence;thatitrevealsitselfintheWorldandthatinthatWorldnothingelseisrevealedbutthisanditshonorandglory--isthethesiswhichaswehavesaidhasbeenprovedinPhilosophyandishereregardedasdemonstrated. OntheotherhanditistheInfiniteEnergyoftheUniverse;sinceReasonisnotsopowerlessastobeincapableofproducinganythingbutamereidealamereintention
Text3 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderoneswillquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMr.Bovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. Itseemsthattheauthorisverycriticalof
Text4 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.Mr.Blairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.Mr.Blairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. Mr.Blairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivatelyfundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublic-serviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawaywithitMr.Blair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonthenextelection--willbeafailure. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
Text4 America’scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisinthefuture. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Andsinceconsumerspendingheldupsowellduringthe"recession"itisunlikelytojumpnow. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.Thatcautionisallthemorenecessarygiventhelackofinflationarypressure.AlthoughAmerica’sconsumerpriceshavestoppedfallingonamonthlybasisthelatestfiguresshowfewsignsofnascentpricepressure.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextisto
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.Howwouldyou1Unlesstherewas2definitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutitto3theleast.Itisallthe4surprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuch5conditions6theirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute! Anydiscussionofthistopicis7toquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeis8beingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationisto9futurecitizenswithalltheyrequireto10theirplaceinadultsociety.Nowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschool11offertherightkindofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinfora12. Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothing13atrue14ofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventhe15togettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachother16academicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextracurricularactivitieswhichare17ofschoollife.Whata18advantageitistogivejustanexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!What19co-educationmakesoftheargumentthatboysareclevererthangirlsorvice-versa.Whensegregatedboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.20betweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text4 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.Mr.Blairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.Mr.Blairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. Mr.Blairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivatelyfundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof￡1billion$1.4billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublic-serviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawaywithitMr.Blair’sdomesticpolicy--whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonthenextelection--willbeafailure. TheconclusioncanbedrawnfromthetextthatBritain'spublicservicesmaybe
Text4 America’scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshort-terminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisinthefuture. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001short-terminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Andsinceconsumerspendingheldupsowellduringthe"recession"itisunlikelytojumpnow. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.Thatcautionisallthemorenecessarygiventhelackofinflationarypressure.AlthoughAmerica’sconsumerpriceshavestoppedfallingonamonthlybasisthelatestfiguresshowfewsignsofnascentpricepressure.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. WecanlearnfromthetextthattheAmerica'scentralbank
Text3 WhenitcomestosuingdoctorsPhiladelphiaishardlythecityofbrotherlylove.AcombinationofsprightlylawyersandsympatheticjurieshasmadePhiladelphiaahotspotformedical-malpracticelawsuits.Since1995Pennsylvaniastatecourtshaveawardedanaverageof$2minsuchcasesaccordingtoJuryVerdictResearchasurveyfirm.Somemedicalspecialistshaveseentheirmalpracticeinsurancepremiumsnearlydoubleoverthepastyear.Obstetriciansarenowpayingupto$104000ayeartoprotectthemselves. Theinsuranceindustryislargelytoblame.CarolGolintheMonitor’seditorarguesthatinthe1990sinsurerstriedtograbmarketsharebyofferingartificiallylowratesbettingthatanylosseswouldbecoveredbygainsontheirinvestments.Thestock-marketcorrectioncoupledwiththelargelegalawardshaserodedtheinsurers’reserves.ThreeinPennsylvaniaalonehavegonebust. Afewdoctors--particularlyolderoneswillquit.Therestareadapting.Someareabandoninglitigation-proneproceduressuchasdeliveringbabies.Othersaremovingpartsoftheirpracticetoneighboringstateswhereinsuranceratesarelower.SomefromPennsylvaniahaveopenedofficesinNewJersey.Newdoctorsmayalsobedeterredfromsettingupshopinlitigationhavenshoweverprestigious. DespiteaRepublicanpresidenttortreformhasgotnowhereatthefederallevel.IndeeddoctorscouldgetclobberedindirectlybyaPatients’BillofRightswhichwouldfurtherexposemanagedcarecompaniestolawsuits.ThisprospecthasfuelledinterestamongdoctorsinPennsylvania’snewmedicalmalpracticereformbillwhichwassignedintolawonMarch20th.Itwillamongotherthingsgivedoctors$40mofstatefundstooffsettheirinsurancepremiumsspreadthepaymentofawardsoutovertimeandprohibitindividualsfromdoubledippingthatissuingadoctorfordamagesthathavealreadybeenpaidbytheirhealthinsurer. ButwillitreallyhelpRandallBovbjergahealthpolicyexpertattheUrbanInstitutearguesthattheonlyproperwaytoslowdownthelitigationmachinewouldbetolimitthecompensationforpainandsufferingso-called"non-monetarydamages".Needlesstosayafixedcaponsuchawardsisresistedbymosttriallawyers.ButMr.Bovbjergreckonsamorenuancedapproachwithaslidingscaleofpaymentsbasedonwell-definedmeasuresofinjuryisabetterwayforward.Inthemeantimedoctorsandinsurersarebracingthemselvesforacouplemoreroughyearsbeforetheinsurancecycleturns. Nobodydisputesthathospitalstaffmakemistakes:a1999InstituteofMedicinereportclaimedthaterrorskillatleast44000patientsayear.Butthereislittleevidencethatmalpracticelawsuitsontheirownwillsolvetheproblem. WecanlearnfromthetextthatanewlawinPennsylvanian
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up.thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmakeupthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecordbreakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasubtwohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 44
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