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关于胸腔积液病因的描述，哪项是正确的
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关于急性呼吸衰竭的病因下述哪项是错误的
化学中毒
大量胸腔积液
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气胸
关于胸腔积液病因的描述哪一项是正确的
肾病综合征的胸腔积液是渗出液
恶性肿瘤产生的胸腔积液可为渗出液，也可为漏出液
老年患者胸腔积液的病因多为结缔组织病所致
胸膜毛细血管静水压增高、毛细血管内胶体渗透压降低、胸膜通透性增加，以及壁层胸膜淋巴引流障碍产生的胸腔积液为漏出液
肺栓塞产生的胸腔积液为漏出液
关于胸腔积液病因的描述哪一项是正确的
肾病综合征的胸腔积液是渗出液
老年患者胸腔积液的病因多为结缔组织病所致
恶性肿瘤产生的胸腔积液可为渗出液，也可为漏出液
胸膜毛细血管静水压增高、毛细血管内胶体渗透压降低、胸膜通透性增加，以及壁层胸膜淋巴引流障碍产生的胸腔积液为漏出液
肺栓塞产生的胸腔积液为漏出液
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EveryyearNewZealanderslivinginLondoncanbeseenloadingupKombivansandheadingofftoexperiencethe"classicEuropeanholiday".ThetripusuallystartsinthenorthofFranceaftercrossingthechannelfromDoverinEnglandtoCalaisdrivingdownthroughFranceoverthePyreneesintoSpainwestintoPortugalandthenacrosstheContinenttoItalyandoftenbeyond. TherearenumerousreasonsyoungNewZealanderstakethisriteofpassage—aswellasseeingallthefantasticsightsandtastingthedelightsofEurope’sfoodandwineit’srelativelyinexpensive.TheKombiistransportandaccommodationallinonecuttingdownsignificantlyoncosts. Thereisjustoneproblem.AstheKombisbecome"antique"thesetripsareusuallypunctuatedwithnumerousroadsidesessionsasthevansitsidleinnohurrytostartwhileyouswelterinthehotsun.Butdonotletthisdeteryou.TravellingEuropeinyourownvehiclemeansnopublictransportschedulestocrampyourstyletheabilitytoexplorethequaintoff-the-beaten-trackvillageswherethe"real"localslivefreedomtonothavetobookaccommodationinadvance—youcannearlyalwaysgetacampsiteandcanloadyourvehiclewithcheapfantasticregionalwinesandsouvenirs.WiththesebonusesinmindherearesomesuggestionsforplanningthegreatEuroperoadadventure.Thekeytoapleasurabledrivingexperienceisagoodnavigatorandadriverwithacoolhead.Ifyoudonotfeelrelaxeddriving’aroundNewZealand’scitiesandhighwaysthenyouprobablywillnotenjoydrivingaroundEurope.Asco-pilottothedriveryouneedtoreadandunderstandmapslookoutforturn-offs--andkeepthemusicplaying.Languageisnotabigproblemonceafewessentialtermsaremastered.Thebiggestchallengeisinthecitieswheretrafficcanbechaoticandelaborateone-waysystemsandnarrowcobbledalleywayscanmakefindingyourdestinationhardwork.Itcanbeeasiertoleavethevehicleontheoutskirtsoftownorinacampinggroundandusepublictransport.Thisalsoavoidspayingforcostlyparking. Inthesentenceit’srelativelyinexpensivePara.2itmostprobablyrefersto
[A]Lookandlistenandthinkaboutwhattheotherpersonsayshowtheysayitandwhattheydo.BeawareofyourselfaswellIfyourecognizeapauseinthewrongplaceoraphrasingthatimpliesweaknessthenimmediatelylookforawaytocountertheimpressionproduced.Thegameisnotlostuntiltheencounterisover.Manyofthesesignalsdonotrequireadeepstudyofpsychology.Theyrequireawarenesssomecommonsensetorecognizemeaningandareadinesstodosomethingaboutthesignalsthataresentandreceived. [B]Recognitionofbodylanguagealsohelpstounderstandourownfeelings.IfwefeelirritatedbysomeonecoulditbebecausetheyareleaningbackintheirchairwithheadslightlytiltedbacklookingdowntheirnosesatusperhapswithhandstogethermakingashapelikeachurchsteepleorwithhandsbehindtheirheadWemaybothbestandingupandtheotherpersonisholdingtheirjacketlapelswagglingtheirthumbsatus.Theseareallgesturesofsuperiorityandmightexplainourannoyance.Understandingthiswemaybeabletohandleitbetter. [C]Ifwecaninterpretthisinvoluntarycommentarythenournegotiatingpositionwillbestronger.Wecouldrecognizealiewhetherourargumentswerebeingacceptedorwhethertheotherpartywasunreceptiveandadjustourbehaviouraccordingly. [D]Manystudiesclaimtoshowthatover50percentofthemessagesweconveyarethroughgestureexpressionandposture.Thisisinadditiontothemessagesconveyedthroughtoneofvoice.Whetheritbebangingthetablewithourfistsdirectinganangrystareorlookingpuzzleditishardtodenytheimportanceofthissideofcommunication.Theastutedealerisalwaysalivetobodylanguagebutdon’tconcentratesomuchonitthatyoudon’tpayattentiontowhatisactuallysaid. [E]Signalsdon’tappearsinglybutinclustersofseveralthatreinforceeachother.Don’trelyuponjustonegesturethatmaybemisinterpretedbuttakethewiderevidenceavailable.Wefrequentlysaythingswedon’tmeanandmeanthingswedon’tsay.Howeasyitistoimplythingswedon’tmean!Interpretationofthe"sub-text"ofcommunicationisinaccurate.Don’trelyuponwhatyouthinkisgoingonunderthesurfacewithoutcheckingyouinterpretation. [F]Someexpressionsandgesturesareparticulartospecificcultureswhileothersarecommontotheentirehumanracesuchassmilingorthebaredteethofanger.Asmilecanbefakeditcanmaskangerandaggression.Howeverthewaywestandandwhatwedowithourhandsishardertocontrol.Thereisanotherlayerofbodysignalsofgreatersubtletysuchasthenarrowingofeyestheshapeofthesmileandeventhecontractionofthepupilsoftheeyewhichmayalsobetraytherealfeelingsofthesmilingnegotiator.Mostofthosegesturesareuniversal. [G]Typicallysomeonewhoislyingwillavoidyoureyeandmaylookdownwards.Theymaytouchtheirfacesaroundthemouthandhavethepalmsoftheirhandshiddenfromyou.Theotherpartymayadoptatoneofvoiceofgreatsincerityandlookyousteadilyintheeyeinordertoreinforcethedeceptionoftheirwords.Ifyoulookawayfromthatgazeyoumayseesignalstheyareunabletocontrolwhichgivethegameaway. [H]Weallrecognizealotunconsciouslywhichishowwegetafeelingthatsomeoneislyingorthattheyarebored.Inlyingpeople’sexpressionsposturesandgesturesconveycontrarymessagestotheirwordsandweintuitivelyrecognizethedisparity.Tonegotiatemoreeffectivelybesensitivetothesesignalswhetherbypayingmoreattentiontoyourfeelingsorbyconsciouslyobservingandthinkingaboutthegesturesandexpressionswesee. Order: 42
StandardEnglishisthevarietyofEnglishwhichisusuallyusedinprintandwhichisnormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguage.Itisalsothevarietywhichisnormally1byeducatedpeopleandusedinnewsbroadcastsandother2situations.Thedifferencebetweenstandardandnonstandarditshouldbenotedhas3inprincipletodowithdifferencesbetweenformalandcolloquial4;standardEnglishhascolloquialaswellasformalvariants. 5thestandardvarietyofEnglishisbasedontheLondon6ofEnglishthatdevelopedaftertheNormanConquestresultedintheremovaloftheCourtfromWinchestertoLondon.Thisdialectbecametheone7bytheeducatedanditwasdevelopedandpromoted8amodelornormforwiderandwidersegmentsofsociety.Itwasalsothe9thatwascarriedoverseasbutnotoneunaffectedbysuchexport.Today10EnglishisarrangedtotheextentthattilegrammarandvocabularyofEnglishare11thesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishisused;12amonglocalstandardsisreallyquiteminor13theSingaporeSouthAfricaandIrishvarietiesarereallyvery14differentfromoneanothersofarasgrammarandvocabularyare15.IndeedStandardEnglishissopowerfulthatitexertsatremendous16onalllocalvarietiestotheextentthatmanyoflong-establisheddialectsofEnglandhave17muchoftheirvigorandthereisconsiderablepressureonthemtobe18.Thislattersituationisnotunique19English:itisalsotrueinothercountrieswhereprocessesofstandardizationare20.Butitsometimescreatesproblemsforspeakerswhotrytostrikesomekindofcompromisebetweenlocalnormsandnationalevensupranationalones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
ArecenthistoryoftheChicagomeat-packingindustryanditsworkersexamineshowtheindustrygrewfromitsappearanceinthe1830’sthroughtheearly1890’s.Meatpackerstheauthorargueshadgoodwagesworkingconditionsandprospectsforadvancementwithinthepackinghousesanddidnotcooperatewithlaboragitatorssincelaborrelationsweresoharmonious.Becausethehistorymaintainsthatconditionswereabovestandardfortheerathefrequencyoflabordisputesespeciallyinthemid-1880’sisnotaccountedfor.Theworkignoresthefactthatthe1880’swerecrucialyearsinAmericanlaborhistoryandthatthe’packinghouseworkers’effortswerepartofthenationalmovementforlaborreform. Infactotherhistoricalsourcesforthelatenineteenthcenturyrecorddeterioratinghousingandhighdiseaseandinfantmortalityratesintheindustrialcommunityduetolowwagesandunhealthyworkingconditions.AdditionaldatafromtheUniversityofChicagosuggestthatthepackinghousesweredangerousplacestowork.ThegovernmentinvestigationcommissionedbyPresidentTheodoreRooseveltwhicheventuallyledtotheadoptionofthe1906MeatInspectionActfoundthepackinghousesunsanitarywhilesocialworkersobservedthatmostoftheworkerswerepoorlypaidandoverworked.Thehistorymaybetoooptimisticbecausemostofitsdatadatefromthe1880’satthelatestandtheinformationprovidedfromthatdecadeisinsufficientlyanalyzed.Conditionsactuallydeclinedinthe1880’sandcontinuedtodeclineafterthe1880’sduetoareorganizationofthepackingprocessandamassiveinfluxofunskilledworkers.The’deteriorationinworkerstatuspartlyaresultofthenewavailabilityofunskilledandhencecheaplaborisnotdiscussed.Thoughadetailedaccountofworkinthepackinghousesisattemptedtheauthorfailstodistinguishbetweenthewagesandconditionsforskilledworkersandforthoseunskilledlaborerswhocomprisedthemajorityoftheindustry’sworkersfromthe1880’son.Whileconditionsfortheformerwerearguablytolerableduetothestrategicimportanceofskilledworkersinthecomplicatedslaughteringcuttingandpackingprocessthoughworkercomplaintsabouttherateandconditionsofworkwerefrequentpayandconditionsforthelatterwerewretched. Theauthor’smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelingsthemeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmayaccountforthehistory’sfaultygeneralizations.Theprideandcontentmenttheauthorremarksuponwerearguablylesstheproductsoftheindustrialworldofthepackers—thegiantyardsandtheintricateplants—thanoftheunityandvibrancyoftheethnicculturesthatformedaviablecommunityonChicago’sSouthSide.Indeedthestrengthofthiscommunitysucceededingeneratingasocialmovementthateffectivelyconfrontedtheproblemsoftheindustrythatprovideditslivelihood. TheauthorofthepassagementionsthesocialmovementgeneratedbyChicago’sSouthSidecommunityprimarilyinorderto
Thefirstbig-namehackersincludeSteveWozniakBillGatesandLinusTorvaldsallnowhighlyrecognizablenamesbehindmanyofthecomputertechnologiesusedtoday.Theseearlyhackershadaloveoftechnologyandacompellingneedtoknowhowitallworkedandtheirgoalwastopushprogramsbeyondwhattheyweredesignedtodo.Backthentheword"hacker"didn’thavethenegativeconnotationithastoday.Theoriginalhackerethicrootedoutofsimplecuriosityandaneedtobechallengedappearstobedead. Theobjectivesofearlyhackersareafarcryfromthegoalsoftoday’shacker.Themotivationofthenewbreedofhackersappearsnottobecuriosityorahungerforknowledgeasitusedtobe.Insteadmostoftoday’shackersaredrivenbygreedpowerrevengeorsomeothermaliciousintenttreatinghackingasagameorsportemployingthetoolsthatarereadilyavailableviatheInternet. TherateofsecurityattacksisactuallyoutpacingthegrowthoftheInternet.ThismeansthatsomethingbesidesthegrowthoftheInternetisdrivingtheriseinsecurityattacks.Herearesomerealitiesyoushouldknowabout:Operatingsystemsandapplicationswillneverbesecure.Newvulnerabilitieswillbeintroducedintoyourenvironmenteveryday.Andevenifyoueverdogetoneoperatingsystemsecuretherewillbenewoperatingsystemswithnewvulnerabilities—phoneswirelessdevicesandnetworkappliances.Employeeswillneverkeepupwithsecuritypolicesandawareness.Itdoesn’tmatterhowmuchyoutrainandeducateyouremployees.IfyouremployeesdisregardwarningsaboutthehazardsofopeningquestionableemailattachmentshowareyougoingtoeducatethemaboutproperlyconfiguringfirewallsandintrusiondetectionsystemsfortheirPCsManagershavemoreresponsibilitythanever.Andontopoftherealitieslistedabovesecuritymanagersarebeingaskedtosupportincreasingdegreesofnetworkavailabilityandaccess. Therearesomegoodsecuritymeasuresyoucantake:Employalayer7full-inspectionfirewall.Automaticallyupdateyouranti-virusatthegatewayserverandclient.Keepallofyoursystemsandapplicationsupdated.HackerscommonlybreakintoaWebsitethroughknownsecurityholessomakesureyourserversandapplicationsarepatchedanduptodate.Turnoffunnecessarynetworkservices.Eliminateallunneededprograms.Scannetworkforcommonbackdoorservices--Useintrusiondetectionsystemsvulnerabilityscansantivirusprotection. Whatisthemostimportantoneamongtherealitieslisted
StandardEnglishisthevarietyofEnglishwhichisusuallyusedinprintandwhichisnormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguage.Itisalsothevarietywhichisnormally1byeducatedpeopleandusedinnewsbroadcastsandother2situations.Thedifferencebetweenstandardandnonstandarditshouldbenotedhas3inprincipletodowithdifferencesbetweenformalandcolloquial4;standardEnglishhascolloquialaswellasformalvariants. 5thestandardvarietyofEnglishisbasedontheLondon6ofEnglishthatdevelopedaftertheNormanConquestresultedintheremovaloftheCourtfromWinchestertoLondon.Thisdialectbecametheone7bytheeducatedanditwasdevelopedandpromoted8amodelornormforwiderandwidersegmentsofsociety.Itwasalsothe9thatwascarriedoverseasbutnotoneunaffectedbysuchexport.Today10EnglishisarrangedtotheextentthattilegrammarandvocabularyofEnglishare11thesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishisused;12amonglocalstandardsisreallyquiteminor13theSingaporeSouthAfricaandIrishvarietiesarereallyvery14differentfromoneanothersofarasgrammarandvocabularyare15.IndeedStandardEnglishissopowerfulthatitexertsatremendous16onalllocalvarietiestotheextentthatmanyoflong-establisheddialectsofEnglandhave17muchoftheirvigorandthereisconsiderablepressureonthemtobe18.Thislattersituationisnotunique19English:itisalsotrueinothercountrieswhereprocessesofstandardizationare20.Butitsometimescreatesproblemsforspeakerswhotrytostrikesomekindofcompromisebetweenlocalnormsandnationalevensupranationalones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
StandardEnglishisthevarietyofEnglishwhichisusuallyusedinprintandwhichisnormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguage.Itisalsothevarietywhichisnormally1byeducatedpeopleandusedinnewsbroadcastsandother2situations.Thedifferencebetweenstandardandnonstandarditshouldbenotedhas3inprincipletodowithdifferencesbetweenformalandcolloquial4;standardEnglishhascolloquialaswellasformalvariants. 5thestandardvarietyofEnglishisbasedontheLondon6ofEnglishthatdevelopedaftertheNormanConquestresultedintheremovaloftheCourtfromWinchestertoLondon.Thisdialectbecametheone7bytheeducatedanditwasdevelopedandpromoted8amodelornormforwiderandwidersegmentsofsociety.Itwasalsothe9thatwascarriedoverseasbutnotoneunaffectedbysuchexport.Today10EnglishisarrangedtotheextentthattilegrammarandvocabularyofEnglishare11thesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishisused;12amonglocalstandardsisreallyquiteminor13theSingaporeSouthAfricaandIrishvarietiesarereallyvery14differentfromoneanothersofarasgrammarandvocabularyare15.IndeedStandardEnglishissopowerfulthatitexertsatremendous16onalllocalvarietiestotheextentthatmanyoflong-establisheddialectsofEnglandhave17muchoftheirvigorandthereisconsiderablepressureonthemtobe18.Thislattersituationisnotunique19English:itisalsotrueinothercountrieswhereprocessesofstandardizationare20.Butitsometimescreatesproblemsforspeakerswhotrytostrikesomekindofcompromisebetweenlocalnormsandnationalevensupranationalones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Thefirstbig-namehackersincludeSteveWozniakBillGatesandLinusTorvaldsallnowhighlyrecognizablenamesbehindmanyofthecomputertechnologiesusedtoday.Theseearlyhackershadaloveoftechnologyandacompellingneedtoknowhowitallworkedandtheirgoalwastopushprogramsbeyondwhattheyweredesignedtodo.Backthentheword"hacker"didn’thavethenegativeconnotationithastoday.Theoriginalhackerethicrootedoutofsimplecuriosityandaneedtobechallengedappearstobedead. Theobjectivesofearlyhackersareafarcryfromthegoalsoftoday’shacker.Themotivationofthenewbreedofhackersappearsnottobecuriosityorahungerforknowledgeasitusedtobe.Insteadmostoftoday’shackersaredrivenbygreedpowerrevengeorsomeothermaliciousintenttreatinghackingasagameorsportemployingthetoolsthatarereadilyavailableviatheInternet. TherateofsecurityattacksisactuallyoutpacingthegrowthoftheInternet.ThismeansthatsomethingbesidesthegrowthoftheInternetisdrivingtheriseinsecurityattacks.Herearesomerealitiesyoushouldknowabout:Operatingsystemsandapplicationswillneverbesecure.Newvulnerabilitieswillbeintroducedintoyourenvironmenteveryday.Andevenifyoueverdogetoneoperatingsystemsecuretherewillbenewoperatingsystemswithnewvulnerabilities—phoneswirelessdevicesandnetworkappliances.Employeeswillneverkeepupwithsecuritypolicesandawareness.Itdoesn’tmatterhowmuchyoutrainandeducateyouremployees.IfyouremployeesdisregardwarningsaboutthehazardsofopeningquestionableemailattachmentshowareyougoingtoeducatethemaboutproperlyconfiguringfirewallsandintrusiondetectionsystemsfortheirPCsManagershavemoreresponsibilitythanever.Andontopoftherealitieslistedabovesecuritymanagersarebeingaskedtosupportincreasingdegreesofnetworkavailabilityandaccess. Therearesomegoodsecuritymeasuresyoucantake:Employalayer7full-inspectionfirewall.Automaticallyupdateyouranti-virusatthegatewayserverandclient.Keepallofyoursystemsandapplicationsupdated.HackerscommonlybreakintoaWebsitethroughknownsecurityholessomakesureyourserversandapplicationsarepatchedanduptodate.Turnoffunnecessarynetworkservices.Eliminateallunneededprograms.Scannetworkforcommonbackdoorservices--Useintrusiondetectionsystemsvulnerabilityscansantivirusprotection. TheunderlinedwordhackerPara.1mostprobablymeans.
AsEleanorRooseveltoncesaid"Universalhumanrightsbegininsmallplacesclosetohome."AndTolerance.orgaWebsitefromtheSouthernPovertyLawCenterishelpingparentsacrossthecountrycreatehomesinwhichtoleranceandunderstandingareguidingthemes."Thegoalofnurturingopen-mindedempatheticchildrenisachallengingone"saysJenniferHolladaydirectorofTolerance.org."Tocultivatetoleranceparentshavetoinstillinchildrenasenseofempathyrespectandresponsibility—tooneselfandtoothers—aswellastherecognitionthateverypersononearthisatreasure."Holladayoffersseveralwaysparentscanpromotetolerance: Talkabouttolerance.Toleranceeducationisanongoingprocess;itcannotbecapturedinasinglemoment.Establishahighcomfortlevelforopendialogueaboutsocialissues.Letchildrenknowthatnosubjectistaboo.Identifyintolerancewhenchildrenareexposedtoit.PointoutstereotypesandculturalmisinformationdepictedinmoviesTVshowscomputergamesandothermedia.Challengebiaswhenitcomesfromfriendsandfamilymembers.Donotletthemomentpass.Beginwithaqualifiedstatement:"AndrewjustcalledpeopleofXYZfaith’lunatics.’WhatdoyouthinkaboutthatZoe"Letchildrendomostofthetalking.Challengeintolerancewhenitcomesfromyourchildren.Whenachildsaysordoessomethingthatreflectsbiasesorembracesstereotypesconfrontthechild:"WhatmakesthatjokefunnyJerome"Guidetheconversationtowardinternalizationofempathyandrespect—"Mimiusesawalkerhoney.Howdoyouthinkshewouldfeelaboutthatjoke"or"HowdidyoufeelwhenRobbiemadefunofyourglasseslastweek"Supportyourchildrenwhentheyarethevictimsofintolerance.Respectchildren’stroublesbyacknowledgingwhentheybecometargetsofbias. Don’tminimizetheexperience.Provideemotionalsupportandthenbrainstormconstructiveresponses.Forexampledevelopasetofcomebackstousewhenchildrenarethevictimsofname-calling.Createopportunitiesforchildrentointeractwithpeoplewhoaredifferentfromthem.Lookcriticallyathowachilddefines"normal."Expandthedefinition.Visitplaygroundswhereavarietyofchildrenarepresent—peopleofdifferentracessocioeconomicbackgroundsfamilystructuresetc.Encourageachildtospendtimewithelders—grandparentsforexample.Encouragechildrentocalluponcommunityresources.Achildwhoisconcernedaboutworldhungercanvolunteeratalocalsoupkitchenorhomelessshelter.Theearlierchildreninteractwiththecommunitythebetter.Thiswillhelpconveythelessonthatwearenotislandsuntoourselves.Modelthebehavioryouwouldliketosee.Asaparentandasyourchild’sprimaryrolemodelbeconsistentinhowyoutreatothers.Rememberyoumaysay"DoasIsaynotasIdo"butactionsreallydospeaklouderthanwords Accordingtothepassagechildrenareencouragedtojoininmanyactivitiesotherthan
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmaybethattheseaccomplishments.couldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseases’arebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshort-termtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillbefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillbeadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120.years.Withcontinuing Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.
StandardEnglishisthevarietyofEnglishwhichisusuallyusedinprintandwhichisnormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguage.Itisalsothevarietywhichisnormally1byeducatedpeopleandusedinnewsbroadcastsandother2situations.Thedifferencebetweenstandardandnonstandarditshouldbenotedhas3inprincipletodowithdifferencesbetweenformalandcolloquial4;standardEnglishhascolloquialaswellasformalvariants. 5thestandardvarietyofEnglishisbasedontheLondon6ofEnglishthatdevelopedaftertheNormanConquestresultedintheremovaloftheCourtfromWinchestertoLondon.Thisdialectbecametheone7bytheeducatedanditwasdevelopedandpromoted8amodelornormforwiderandwidersegmentsofsociety.Itwasalsothe9thatwascarriedoverseasbutnotoneunaffectedbysuchexport.Today10EnglishisarrangedtotheextentthattilegrammarandvocabularyofEnglishare11thesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishisused;12amonglocalstandardsisreallyquiteminor13theSingaporeSouthAfricaandIrishvarietiesarereallyvery14differentfromoneanothersofarasgrammarandvocabularyare15.IndeedStandardEnglishissopowerfulthatitexertsatremendous16onalllocalvarietiestotheextentthatmanyoflong-establisheddialectsofEnglandhave17muchoftheirvigorandthereisconsiderablepressureonthemtobe18.Thislattersituationisnotunique19English:itisalsotrueinothercountrieswhereprocessesofstandardizationare20.Butitsometimescreatesproblemsforspeakerswhotrytostrikesomekindofcompromisebetweenlocalnormsandnationalevensupranationalones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmaybethattheseaccomplishments.couldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseases’arebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshort-termtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillbefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillbeadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120.years.Withcontinuing AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120.years
StandardEnglishisthevarietyofEnglishwhichisusuallyusedinprintandwhichisnormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguage.Itisalsothevarietywhichisnormally1byeducatedpeopleandusedinnewsbroadcastsandother2situations.Thedifferencebetweenstandardandnonstandarditshouldbenotedhas3inprincipletodowithdifferencesbetweenformalandcolloquial4;standardEnglishhascolloquialaswellasformalvariants. 5thestandardvarietyofEnglishisbasedontheLondon6ofEnglishthatdevelopedaftertheNormanConquestresultedintheremovaloftheCourtfromWinchestertoLondon.Thisdialectbecametheone7bytheeducatedanditwasdevelopedandpromoted8amodelornormforwiderandwidersegmentsofsociety.Itwasalsothe9thatwascarriedoverseasbutnotoneunaffectedbysuchexport.Today10EnglishisarrangedtotheextentthattilegrammarandvocabularyofEnglishare11thesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishisused;12amonglocalstandardsisreallyquiteminor13theSingaporeSouthAfricaandIrishvarietiesarereallyvery14differentfromoneanothersofarasgrammarandvocabularyare15.IndeedStandardEnglishissopowerfulthatitexertsatremendous16onalllocalvarietiestotheextentthatmanyoflong-establisheddialectsofEnglandhave17muchoftheirvigorandthereisconsiderablepressureonthemtobe18.Thislattersituationisnotunique19English:itisalsotrueinothercountrieswhereprocessesofstandardizationare20.Butitsometimescreatesproblemsforspeakerswhotrytostrikesomekindofcompromisebetweenlocalnormsandnationalevensupranationalones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Directions: Writeareportforauniversitylecturerto 1.describethepictureandshowyourunderstanding 2.giveyourcommentand 3.presentyousuggestions Youshouldneatlywrite160--200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmaybethattheseaccomplishments.couldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseases’arebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshort-termtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillbefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillbeadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120.years.Withcontinuing Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease.
ArecenthistoryoftheChicagomeat-packingindustryanditsworkersexamineshowtheindustrygrewfromitsappearanceinthe1830’sthroughtheearly1890’s.Meatpackerstheauthorargueshadgoodwagesworkingconditionsandprospectsforadvancementwithinthepackinghousesanddidnotcooperatewithlaboragitatorssincelaborrelationsweresoharmonious.Becausethehistorymaintainsthatconditionswereabovestandardfortheerathefrequencyoflabordisputesespeciallyinthemid-1880’sisnotaccountedfor.Theworkignoresthefactthatthe1880’swerecrucialyearsinAmericanlaborhistoryandthatthe’packinghouseworkers’effortswerepartofthenationalmovementforlaborreform. Infactotherhistoricalsourcesforthelatenineteenthcenturyrecorddeterioratinghousingandhighdiseaseandinfantmortalityratesintheindustrialcommunityduetolowwagesandunhealthyworkingconditions.AdditionaldatafromtheUniversityofChicagosuggestthatthepackinghousesweredangerousplacestowork.ThegovernmentinvestigationcommissionedbyPresidentTheodoreRooseveltwhicheventuallyledtotheadoptionofthe1906MeatInspectionActfoundthepackinghousesunsanitarywhilesocialworkersobservedthatmostoftheworkerswerepoorlypaidandoverworked.Thehistorymaybetoooptimisticbecausemostofitsdatadatefromthe1880’satthelatestandtheinformationprovidedfromthatdecadeisinsufficientlyanalyzed.Conditionsactuallydeclinedinthe1880’sandcontinuedtodeclineafterthe1880’sduetoareorganizationofthepackingprocessandamassiveinfluxofunskilledworkers.The’deteriorationinworkerstatuspartlyaresultofthenewavailabilityofunskilledandhencecheaplaborisnotdiscussed.Thoughadetailedaccountofworkinthepackinghousesisattemptedtheauthorfailstodistinguishbetweenthewagesandconditionsforskilledworkersandforthoseunskilledlaborerswhocomprisedthemajorityoftheindustry’sworkersfromthe1880’son.Whileconditionsfortheformerwerearguablytolerableduetothestrategicimportanceofskilledworkersinthecomplicatedslaughteringcuttingandpackingprocessthoughworkercomplaintsabouttherateandconditionsofworkwerefrequentpayandconditionsforthelatterwerewretched. Theauthor’smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelingsthemeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmayaccountforthehistory’sfaultygeneralizations.Theprideandcontentmenttheauthorremarksuponwerearguablylesstheproductsoftheindustrialworldofthepackers—thegiantyardsandtheintricateplants—thanoftheunityandvibrancyoftheethnicculturesthatformedaviablecommunityonChicago’sSouthSide.Indeedthestrengthofthiscommunitysucceededingeneratingasocialmovementthateffectivelyconfrontedtheproblemsoftheindustrythatprovideditslivelihood. Thetoneoftheauthorofthepassageindiscussingthemeat-packercommunityonChicago’sSouthSidecanbestbedescribedasoneof
AsEleanorRooseveltoncesaid"Universalhumanrightsbegininsmallplacesclosetohome."AndTolerance.orgaWebsitefromtheSouthernPovertyLawCenterishelpingparentsacrossthecountrycreatehomesinwhichtoleranceandunderstandingareguidingthemes."Thegoalofnurturingopen-mindedempatheticchildrenisachallengingone"saysJenniferHolladaydirectorofTolerance.org."Tocultivatetoleranceparentshavetoinstillinchildrenasenseofempathyrespectandresponsibility—tooneselfandtoothers—aswellastherecognitionthateverypersononearthisatreasure."Holladayoffersseveralwaysparentscanpromotetolerance: Talkabouttolerance.Toleranceeducationisanongoingprocess;itcannotbecapturedinasinglemoment.Establishahighcomfortlevelforopendialogueaboutsocialissues.Letchildrenknowthatnosubjectistaboo.Identifyintolerancewhenchildrenareexposedtoit.PointoutstereotypesandculturalmisinformationdepictedinmoviesTVshowscomputergamesandothermedia.Challengebiaswhenitcomesfromfriendsandfamilymembers.Donotletthemomentpass.Beginwithaqualifiedstatement:"AndrewjustcalledpeopleofXYZfaith’lunatics.’WhatdoyouthinkaboutthatZoe"Letchildrendomostofthetalking.Challengeintolerancewhenitcomesfromyourchildren.Whenachildsaysordoessomethingthatreflectsbiasesorembracesstereotypesconfrontthechild:"WhatmakesthatjokefunnyJerome"Guidetheconversationtowardinternalizationofempathyandrespect—"Mimiusesawalkerhoney.Howdoyouthinkshewouldfeelaboutthatjoke"or"HowdidyoufeelwhenRobbiemadefunofyourglasseslastweek"Supportyourchildrenwhentheyarethevictimsofintolerance.Respectchildren’stroublesbyacknowledgingwhentheybecometargetsofbias. Don’tminimizetheexperience.Provideemotionalsupportandthenbrainstormconstructiveresponses.Forexampledevelopasetofcomebackstousewhenchildrenarethevictimsofname-calling.Createopportunitiesforchildrentointeractwithpeoplewhoaredifferentfromthem.Lookcriticallyathowachilddefines"normal."Expandthedefinition.Visitplaygroundswhereavarietyofchildrenarepresent—peopleofdifferentracessocioeconomicbackgroundsfamilystructuresetc.Encourageachildtospendtimewithelders—grandparentsforexample.Encouragechildrentocalluponcommunityresources.Achildwhoisconcernedaboutworldhungercanvolunteeratalocalsoupkitchenorhomelessshelter.Theearlierchildreninteractwiththecommunitythebetter.Thiswillhelpconveythelessonthatwearenotislandsuntoourselves.Modelthebehavioryouwouldliketosee.Asaparentandasyourchild’sprimaryrolemodelbeconsistentinhowyoutreatothers.Rememberyoumaysay"DoasIsaynotasIdo"butactionsreallydospeaklouderthanwords TheunderlinedwordtabooPara.2mostprobablymeans.
EveryyearNewZealanderslivinginLondoncanbeseenloadingupKombivansandheadingofftoexperiencethe"classicEuropeanholiday".ThetripusuallystartsinthenorthofFranceaftercrossingthechannelfromDoverinEnglandtoCalaisdrivingdownthroughFranceoverthePyreneesintoSpainwestintoPortugalandthenacrosstheContinenttoItalyandoftenbeyond. TherearenumerousreasonsyoungNewZealanderstakethisriteofpassage—aswellasseeingallthefantasticsightsandtastingthedelightsofEurope’sfoodandwineit’srelativelyinexpensive.TheKombiistransportandaccommodationallinonecuttingdownsignificantlyoncosts. Thereisjustoneproblem.AstheKombisbecome"antique"thesetripsareusuallypunctuatedwithnumerousroadsidesessionsasthevansitsidleinnohurrytostartwhileyouswelterinthehotsun.Butdonotletthisdeteryou.TravellingEuropeinyourownvehiclemeansnopublictransportschedulestocrampyourstyletheabilitytoexplorethequaintoff-the-beaten-trackvillageswherethe"real"localslivefreedomtonothavetobookaccommodationinadvance—youcannearlyalwaysgetacampsiteandcanloadyourvehiclewithcheapfantasticregionalwinesandsouvenirs.WiththesebonusesinmindherearesomesuggestionsforplanningthegreatEuroperoadadventure.Thekeytoapleasurabledrivingexperienceisagoodnavigatorandadriverwithacoolhead.Ifyoudonotfeelrelaxeddriving’aroundNewZealand’scitiesandhighwaysthenyouprobablywillnotenjoydrivingaroundEurope.Asco-pilottothedriveryouneedtoreadandunderstandmapslookoutforturn-offs--andkeepthemusicplaying.Languageisnotabigproblemonceafewessentialtermsaremastered.Thebiggestchallengeisinthecitieswheretrafficcanbechaoticandelaborateone-waysystemsandnarrowcobbledalleywayscanmakefindingyourdestinationhardwork.Itcanbeeasiertoleavethevehicleontheoutskirtsoftownorinacampinggroundandusepublictransport.Thisalsoavoidspayingforcostlyparking. Whatisthenationalityofthetargetreaders
EveryyearNewZealanderslivinginLondoncanbeseenloadingupKombivansandheadingofftoexperiencethe"classicEuropeanholiday".ThetripusuallystartsinthenorthofFranceaftercrossingthechannelfromDoverinEnglandtoCalaisdrivingdownthroughFranceoverthePyreneesintoSpainwestintoPortugalandthenacrosstheContinenttoItalyandoftenbeyond. TherearenumerousreasonsyoungNewZealanderstakethisriteofpassage—aswellasseeingallthefantasticsightsandtastingthedelightsofEurope’sfoodandwineit’srelativelyinexpensive.TheKombiistransportandaccommodationallinonecuttingdownsignificantlyoncosts. Thereisjustoneproblem.AstheKombisbecome"antique"thesetripsareusuallypunctuatedwithnumerousroadsidesessionsasthevansitsidleinnohurrytostartwhileyouswelterinthehotsun.Butdonotletthisdeteryou.TravellingEuropeinyourownvehiclemeansnopublictransportschedulestocrampyourstyletheabilitytoexplorethequaintoff-the-beaten-trackvillageswherethe"real"localslivefreedomtonothavetobookaccommodationinadvance—youcannearlyalwaysgetacampsiteandcanloadyourvehiclewithcheapfantasticregionalwinesandsouvenirs.WiththesebonusesinmindherearesomesuggestionsforplanningthegreatEuroperoadadventure.Thekeytoapleasurabledrivingexperienceisagoodnavigatorandadriverwithacoolhead.Ifyoudonotfeelrelaxeddriving’aroundNewZealand’scitiesandhighwaysthenyouprobablywillnotenjoydrivingaroundEurope.Asco-pilottothedriveryouneedtoreadandunderstandmapslookoutforturn-offs--andkeepthemusicplaying.Languageisnotabigproblemonceafewessentialtermsaremastered.Thebiggestchallengeisinthecitieswheretrafficcanbechaoticandelaborateone-waysystemsandnarrowcobbledalleywayscanmakefindingyourdestinationhardwork.Itcanbeeasiertoleavethevehicleontheoutskirtsoftownorinacampinggroundandusepublictransport.Thisalsoavoidspayingforcostlyparking. Accordingtothepassagethetripusuallystartsin
[A]Lookandlistenandthinkaboutwhattheotherpersonsayshowtheysayitandwhattheydo.BeawareofyourselfaswellIfyourecognizeapauseinthewrongplaceoraphrasingthatimpliesweaknessthenimmediatelylookforawaytocountertheimpressionproduced.Thegameisnotlostuntiltheencounterisover.Manyofthesesignalsdonotrequireadeepstudyofpsychology.Theyrequireawarenesssomecommonsensetorecognizemeaningandareadinesstodosomethingaboutthesignalsthataresentandreceived. [B]Recognitionofbodylanguagealsohelpstounderstandourownfeelings.IfwefeelirritatedbysomeonecoulditbebecausetheyareleaningbackintheirchairwithheadslightlytiltedbacklookingdowntheirnosesatusperhapswithhandstogethermakingashapelikeachurchsteepleorwithhandsbehindtheirheadWemaybothbestandingupandtheotherpersonisholdingtheirjacketlapelswagglingtheirthumbsatus.Theseareallgesturesofsuperiorityandmightexplainourannoyance.Understandingthiswemaybeabletohandleitbetter. [C]Ifwecaninterpretthisinvoluntarycommentarythenournegotiatingpositionwillbestronger.Wecouldrecognizealiewhetherourargumentswerebeingacceptedorwhethertheotherpartywasunreceptiveandadjustourbehaviouraccordingly. [D]Manystudiesclaimtoshowthatover50percentofthemessagesweconveyarethroughgestureexpressionandposture.Thisisinadditiontothemessagesconveyedthroughtoneofvoice.Whetheritbebangingthetablewithourfistsdirectinganangrystareorlookingpuzzleditishardtodenytheimportanceofthissideofcommunication.Theastutedealerisalwaysalivetobodylanguagebutdon’tconcentratesomuchonitthatyoudon’tpayattentiontowhatisactuallysaid. [E]Signalsdon’tappearsinglybutinclustersofseveralthatreinforceeachother.Don’trelyuponjustonegesturethatmaybemisinterpretedbuttakethewiderevidenceavailable.Wefrequentlysaythingswedon’tmeanandmeanthingswedon’tsay.Howeasyitistoimplythingswedon’tmean!Interpretationofthe"sub-text"ofcommunicationisinaccurate.Don’trelyuponwhatyouthinkisgoingonunderthesurfacewithoutcheckingyouinterpretation. [F]Someexpressionsandgesturesareparticulartospecificcultureswhileothersarecommontotheentirehumanracesuchassmilingorthebaredteethofanger.Asmilecanbefakeditcanmaskangerandaggression.Howeverthewaywestandandwhatwedowithourhandsishardertocontrol.Thereisanotherlayerofbodysignalsofgreatersubtletysuchasthenarrowingofeyestheshapeofthesmileandeventhecontractionofthepupilsoftheeyewhichmayalsobetraytherealfeelingsofthesmilingnegotiator.Mostofthosegesturesareuniversal. [G]Typicallysomeonewhoislyingwillavoidyoureyeandmaylookdownwards.Theymaytouchtheirfacesaroundthemouthandhavethepalmsoftheirhandshiddenfromyou.Theotherpartymayadoptatoneofvoiceofgreatsincerityandlookyousteadilyintheeyeinordertoreinforcethedeceptionoftheirwords.Ifyoulookawayfromthatgazeyoumayseesignalstheyareunabletocontrolwhichgivethegameaway. [H]Weallrecognizealotunconsciouslywhichishowwegetafeelingthatsomeoneislyingorthattheyarebored.Inlyingpeople’sexpressionsposturesandgesturesconveycontrarymessagestotheirwordsandweintuitivelyrecognizethedisparity.Tonegotiatemoreeffectivelybesensitivetothesesignalswhetherbypayingmoreattentiontoyourfeelingsorbyconsciouslyobservingandthinkingaboutthegesturesandexpressionswesee. Order: 44
ArecenthistoryoftheChicagomeat-packingindustryanditsworkersexamineshowtheindustrygrewfromitsappearanceinthe1830’sthroughtheearly1890’s.Meatpackerstheauthorargueshadgoodwagesworkingconditionsandprospectsforadvancementwithinthepackinghousesanddidnotcooperatewithlaboragitatorssincelaborrelationsweresoharmonious.Becausethehistorymaintainsthatconditionswereabovestandardfortheerathefrequencyoflabordisputesespeciallyinthemid-1880’sisnotaccountedfor.Theworkignoresthefactthatthe1880’swerecrucialyearsinAmericanlaborhistoryandthatthe’packinghouseworkers’effortswerepartofthenationalmovementforlaborreform. Infactotherhistoricalsourcesforthelatenineteenthcenturyrecorddeterioratinghousingandhighdiseaseandinfantmortalityratesintheindustrialcommunityduetolowwagesandunhealthyworkingconditions.AdditionaldatafromtheUniversityofChicagosuggestthatthepackinghousesweredangerousplacestowork.ThegovernmentinvestigationcommissionedbyPresidentTheodoreRooseveltwhicheventuallyledtotheadoptionofthe1906MeatInspectionActfoundthepackinghousesunsanitarywhilesocialworkersobservedthatmostoftheworkerswerepoorlypaidandoverworked.Thehistorymaybetoooptimisticbecausemostofitsdatadatefromthe1880’satthelatestandtheinformationprovidedfromthatdecadeisinsufficientlyanalyzed.Conditionsactuallydeclinedinthe1880’sandcontinuedtodeclineafterthe1880’sduetoareorganizationofthepackingprocessandamassiveinfluxofunskilledworkers.The’deteriorationinworkerstatuspartlyaresultofthenewavailabilityofunskilledandhencecheaplaborisnotdiscussed.Thoughadetailedaccountofworkinthepackinghousesisattemptedtheauthorfailstodistinguishbetweenthewagesandconditionsforskilledworkersandforthoseunskilledlaborerswhocomprisedthemajorityoftheindustry’sworkersfromthe1880’son.Whileconditionsfortheformerwerearguablytolerableduetothestrategicimportanceofskilledworkersinthecomplicatedslaughteringcuttingandpackingprocessthoughworkercomplaintsabouttherateandconditionsofworkwerefrequentpayandconditionsforthelatterwerewretched. Theauthor’smisinterpretationoftheoriginsofthefeelingsthemeat-packershadfortheirindustrialneighborhoodmayaccountforthehistory’sfaultygeneralizations.Theprideandcontentmenttheauthorremarksuponwerearguablylesstheproductsoftheindustrialworldofthepackers—thegiantyardsandtheintricateplants—thanoftheunityandvibrancyoftheethnicculturesthatformedaviablecommunityonChicago’sSouthSide.Indeedthestrengthofthiscommunitysucceededingeneratingasocialmovementthateffectivelyconfrontedtheproblemsoftheindustrythatprovideditslivelihood. Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussing
StandardEnglishisthevarietyofEnglishwhichisusuallyusedinprintandwhichisnormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguage.Itisalsothevarietywhichisnormally1byeducatedpeopleandusedinnewsbroadcastsandother2situations.Thedifferencebetweenstandardandnonstandarditshouldbenotedhas3inprincipletodowithdifferencesbetweenformalandcolloquial4;standardEnglishhascolloquialaswellasformalvariants. 5thestandardvarietyofEnglishisbasedontheLondon6ofEnglishthatdevelopedaftertheNormanConquestresultedintheremovaloftheCourtfromWinchestertoLondon.Thisdialectbecametheone7bytheeducatedanditwasdevelopedandpromoted8amodelornormforwiderandwidersegmentsofsociety.Itwasalsothe9thatwascarriedoverseasbutnotoneunaffectedbysuchexport.Today10EnglishisarrangedtotheextentthattilegrammarandvocabularyofEnglishare11thesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishisused;12amonglocalstandardsisreallyquiteminor13theSingaporeSouthAfricaandIrishvarietiesarereallyvery14differentfromoneanothersofarasgrammarandvocabularyare15.IndeedStandardEnglishissopowerfulthatitexertsatremendous16onalllocalvarietiestotheextentthatmanyoflong-establisheddialectsofEnglandhave17muchoftheirvigorandthereisconsiderablepressureonthemtobe18.Thislattersituationisnotunique19English:itisalsotrueinothercountrieswhereprocessesofstandardizationare20.Butitsometimescreatesproblemsforspeakerswhotrytostrikesomekindofcompromisebetweenlocalnormsandnationalevensupranationalones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
StandardEnglishisthevarietyofEnglishwhichisusuallyusedinprintandwhichisnormallytaughtinschoolsandtonon-nativespeakerslearningthelanguage.Itisalsothevarietywhichisnormally1byeducatedpeopleandusedinnewsbroadcastsandother2situations.Thedifferencebetweenstandardandnonstandarditshouldbenotedhas3inprincipletodowithdifferencesbetweenformalandcolloquial4;standardEnglishhascolloquialaswellasformalvariants. 5thestandardvarietyofEnglishisbasedontheLondon6ofEnglishthatdevelopedaftertheNormanConquestresultedintheremovaloftheCourtfromWinchestertoLondon.Thisdialectbecametheone7bytheeducatedanditwasdevelopedandpromoted8amodelornormforwiderandwidersegmentsofsociety.Itwasalsothe9thatwascarriedoverseasbutnotoneunaffectedbysuchexport.Today10EnglishisarrangedtotheextentthattilegrammarandvocabularyofEnglishare11thesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishisused;12amonglocalstandardsisreallyquiteminor13theSingaporeSouthAfricaandIrishvarietiesarereallyvery14differentfromoneanothersofarasgrammarandvocabularyare15.IndeedStandardEnglishissopowerfulthatitexertsatremendous16onalllocalvarietiestotheextentthatmanyoflong-establisheddialectsofEnglandhave17muchoftheirvigorandthereisconsiderablepressureonthemtobe18.Thislattersituationisnotunique19English:itisalsotrueinothercountrieswhereprocessesofstandardizationare20.Butitsometimescreatesproblemsforspeakerswhotrytostrikesomekindofcompromisebetweenlocalnormsandnationalevensupranationalones. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
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