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唐律规定死刑斩刑减一等,是减为绞刑。
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下列关于古代刑等的表述正确的是
唐朝的封建制五刑一共二十五等
宋朝的臀杖和脊杖各十等
元朝的笞杖刑分为笞刑五等和杖刑六等
明朝的法定死刑包括绞、斩和凌迟三等
凌迟刑成为法定刑与绞刑斩刑并用成为死刑一种是在时期
明朝
南宋
北宋
五代
关于唐律中五刑下列哪一选项是正确的
笞刑,徒刑,流放刑,株连刑,死刑
笞刑,杖刑,徒刑,流刑,死刑
笞刑,羞辱刑,流放刑,经济刑,死刑
杖刑,徒刑,流刑,肉刑,死刑
按照唐律中有关共犯罪的规定对共同犯罪中从犯的一般处罚标准是
与首犯同等处罚
减首犯一等处罚
减首犯二等处罚
减首犯三等处罚
唐律所规定的五刑包括
笞刑
杖刑
徒刑
流刑
死刑
关于唐律中五刑下列哪—选项是正确的
笞刑、羞辱刑、流放刑、经济刑、死刑
笞刑,徒刑、流放刑、株连刑、死刑
笞刑、杖刑、徒刑、流刑、死刑
杖刑、徒刑、流刑、肉刑、死刑
据旧唐书记载兴平县上官兴因醉酒杀人畏罪潜逃官府将其父亲抓获入狱上官兴不忍心父亲替他受刑于是自首依据当
本案符合《唐律》中关于自首的规定,上官兴救父是发扬孝道,应当罪减一等,处以流配刑
本案符合《唐律》中关于自首的规定,应当免除对上官兴的刑罚
本案不适用自首的规定,应以死刑论处
虽然本案不符合自首的规定,但上官兴救父是发扬孝道,应处以流配刑
唐律规定死刑犯人在执行前京师和地方的覆奏制度有
一覆奏
二覆奏
三覆奏
四覆奏
五覆奏
唐律疏议·贼盗律规定诸谋杀人者徒三年已伤者绞已杀者斩诸谋杀制使若本属府主刺史县令及吏卒谋杀本部五品以
唐律疏议·贼盗律规定诸谋杀人者徒三年已伤者绞已杀者斩诸谋杀制使若本属府主刺史县令及吏卒谋杀本部五品以
唐太宗制定贞观律时将武德年间宽待死刑犯人的斩右趾改为加 役流作为流刑与死刑之间的中间刑
一切官民诸色人等户户有此一本若犯笞杖徒流罪名每减一等无者每加一等此规定针对的中国古代法律是
唐律
大明律
大诰
大清律例
在南宋庆元条法事类中与绞斩并行且为第一等生命刑的是
腰斩
刺配
凌迟
具五刑
正式确定凌迟刑作为法定死刑的法律是
《唐律疏议》
《淳熙条法事类》
《宋刑统》
《庆元条法事类》
大清现行刑律的立法变化体现之一是废除了一些传统刑罚具体而言不包括以下哪几种
绞刑
凌迟
斩刑
徒刑
下列有关我国古代立法的表述正确的是
《秦律》是我国第一部以律命名的封建成文法典
《汉律》是我国第一部法律儒家化的封建成文法典
《唐律疏议》首次区分了公罪和私罪
《大明律》首次使凌迟刑成为法定死刑
唐律疏议·贼盗律规定诸谋杀人者徒三年已伤者绞已杀者斩诸谋杀制使若本属府主刺史县令及吏卒谋杀本部五品以
唐律杂律规定受寄人将寄存人寄存之财物消费掉要以坐赃罪减一等 处罚
2007年关于唐律中五刑下列哪一选项是正确的
笞刑、羞辱刑、流放刑、经济刑、死刑
笞刑、徒刑、流放刑、株连刑、死刑
笞刑、杖刑、徒刑、流刑、死刑
杖刑、徒刑、流刑、肉刑、死刑
唐律疏议中说诸谋杀期亲尊长外祖父母夫夫之祖父母父母者皆斩谋杀缌麻以上尊长者流二千里已伤者绞已杀者皆斩
该规定体现了“准五服以制罪”的量刑原则
该规定体现了儒家“亲亲”思想
该规定所称“谋杀”,是指有预谋的杀人
“流二千里”,是指流放二千里,并在流放地服劳役三年
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Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points 41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 41
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
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Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points TheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber. SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastswarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobarislands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.
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Directions: Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthenwriteasummarybasedonit. Yourshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.10points Increasinglyoverthepasttenyearspeople--especiallyyoungpeople--havebecomeawareoftheneedtochangetheireatinghabitsbecausemuchofthefoodtheyeatparticularlyprocessedfoodisnotgoodforthehealth.Consequentlytherehasbeenagrowinginterestinnaturalfoods:foodswhichdonotcontainchemicaladditivesandwhichhavenotbeenaffectedbychemicalfertilizerswidelyusedinfarmingtoday. Naturalfoodsforexamplearevegetablesfruitandgrainwhichhavebeengrowninsoilthatisrichinorganicmatter.Insimpletermsthismeansthatthesoilhasbeennourishedbyunusedvegetablematterwhichprovidesitwithessentialvitaminsandminerals.Thisinitselfisanaturalprocesscomparedwiththeuseofchemicalsandfertilizersthemainpurposeofwhichistoincreasetheamount--butnotthequality--offoodsgrownincommercialfarmingareas. Naturalfoodsalsoincludeanimalswhichhavebeenallowedtofeedandmovefreelyinhealthypastures.Comparethiswithwhathappensinthemassproductionofpoultrytherearebatteryfarmsforexamplewherethousandsofchickenslivecrowdedtogetherinonebuildingandarefedonfoodwhichislittlebetterthanrubbish.Chickenskeptinthiswayarenotonlytastelessasfoodtheyalsoproduceeggswhichlackimportantvitamins. Thereareotheraspectsofhealthyeatingwhicharenowreceivingincreasingattentionfromexpertsondiet.Takeforexamplethequestionof’sugar.Thisisactuallyanonessentialfood!Althoughanaturalalternativesuchashoneycanbeusedtosweetenfoodifthisisnecessarywecaninfactdowithoutit. ItistruethatsugarhasgrownsteadilyoverthelasttwocenturiesandinBritaintodayeachpersonConsumesanaverageof200pounds90kgayear!Yetallitdoesistoprovideuswithenergyintheformofcalories.Therearenovitaminsinitnomineralsandnofiber. Itissignificantthatnowadaysfiberisconsideredtobeanimportantpartofahealthydiet.Inwhitebreadforexamplethefiberhasbeenremoved.Butitispresentinunrefinedflourandofcourseinvegetables.Itisinterestingtonotethatincountrieswherethenationaldietcontainslargequantitiesofunrefinedflourandvegetablescertaindiseasesarecomparativelyrare.Hencetheemphasisisplacedontheeatingofwhole-mealbreadandmorevegetablesbymodernexpertson"healthyeating".
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points 41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 43
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points 41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 45
Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006. HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130. Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable. Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendfor"good-enoughcomputing"wherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers. MittRomneyismentionedinthetextsoasto
IfsoldieringwasforthemoneytheSpecialAirServiceSASandtheSpecialBoatServiceSBSwouldhavedisintegratedinrecentyears.SuchhasbeentheexplosioninprivatemilitarycompaniesPMCsthattheyemployanestimated30000inIraqalone--andnogovernmentcanmatchtheirfatsalaries.AyoungSAStrooperearnsabout£2000$3500amonth;onthe"circuit"assoldierscalltheprivateworldhecouldget£15000.Whywouldhenot Forreasonsbothwarm-heartedandcool-headed.Firstforloveofregimentandcomradesbondsthattendtobetightestinthemostselectunits.Secondfortheoperationalsupportnotablyfieldmedicineandthesecurityincludinglifeassuranceandpensionthatcomewiththequeen’spaltryshilling. AlthoughtherehasbeennohaemorrhagingofspecialforceSFfighterstotheprivatesectortherehasbeenenoughofatrickletocauseofficialunease.AmemorecentlycirculatedintheMinistryofDefencedetailedthelossof24SFseniornon-commissionedofficerstoprivatecompaniesinthepastyear.Allhadcompleted22yearsofserviceandsowereeligibleforafullpensionandneartheendoftheircareers.Yetthereisnowashortageofhard-bittenveteranstofilltrainingandotherjobsearmarkedforthemunderasystemforretainingthemknownas"continuance." Americahasrespondedtotheproblembythrowingcashatitofferingincentivesofupto$150000tosignnewcontracts.TheMinistryofDefencehasfoundacheaperploy.IthasspreadthestoryoftwoBritishPMCemployeesrecentlykilledinIraqwhosebodieswereleftrottinginthesun; Paragraph2iswrittento
AsanydiplomatfromBritainAustriaorTurkeycantellyouhandlingthelegacyofavanishedfar-flungempireisatrickybusiness.ButforGeorgiathegapbetweenoldgloryandpresentvulnerabilityisespeciallywide. Today’sGeorgiaisdiminishedbywarbuffetedbygeopoliticsandrecoveringfrompost-Sovietchaos.But800yearsagothecountrywasamightymilitaryculturalandecclesiasticalforce.ItsgreatestmonarchQueenTamaradefeatedmanyfoesincludingherfirsthusbandandbuiltfinemonuments.InhertimeGeorgiaalsohadabigstakeintheChristianlifeoftheHolyLand.FromJerusalemtotheBalkansGeorgia’spriestsartistsandchurch-builderswereactiveandrespected.SotoowereitspoetslikeShotaRustavelithenationalbardwhodedicatedanepictohisbelovedqueen. InbetweenseekingwesternaidandcopingwithpowercutsmodernGeorgiahaspledgedtokeepawaryeyeoneveryplacewherechurchesinscriptionsandfrescoestestifytoitsgoldenage.ThatincludesGreeceTurkeyBulgariaRomaniaandaboveallIsrael.LastyearGeorgianswereenragedwhenafrescoofRustaveliinaJerusalemchurchunderthecareoftheGreekOrthodoxPatriarchatewasdefacedthenbadlyrestored.ThisyearabetterrestorationwasdonebutGeorgiansnowwantapromisethatinallfuturerestorationtheirownexpertscantakepart.TheyalsowanttostoptheseepageofGeorgianfrescoesandiconssupposedlyunderthePatriarchate’scareontotheartmarket.SeveraltimesGeorgiahashadtouseitsmeagreresourcestobuybackpiecesofthenationalheritage.ThehopeisthatthingswillimprovewiththerecentelectionofanewJerusalemPatriarchafterhispredecessorwasoustedunderacloudofscandal. Georgia’stieswithIsraelaregoodthankstoathrivingGeorgian-Jewishcommunitywithhappymemoriesofitshomeland.GeorgiaalsogetsalongwithGreeceamidafugofsentimentalityoverlegendsabouttheArgonautsthatlinkthetwonations.ButcanthesewarmfuzzyfeelingstranslateintobetterprotectionforanancientcultureThatwillbeachallengeforGeldBezhuashviliwhosucceedsSalomeZourabichvilitheFrench-borndiplomatwhowassackedafterapowerstruggleasGeorgianforeignministeronOctober19th. ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheprospectofGeorgia’sheritageprotection
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Fearseemstobethedominantmoodofthemoment.Hurricanestidalwavesfloodsearthquakesandterrorismthisyearhaveallbroughtwiththemnotonlyappallingscenesofdevastationdeathandsufferingbutalsooutrageatthelackofpreparationstoavoidorcopewiththesedisasters.Noweventhebirdsoftheairareathreatwearetold.ThatmigratingflockvisibleOnthehorizonatsunsetonceaconsolingreminderoftheeternalrhythmsofnaturecouldbecarryingtheviruswhichmightsoonkilltensofmillionsofpeople. Giventhemanyfingerspointedatgovernmentsinthewakeofotherdisastersthisyearitishardlysurprisingthattheyarescramblingtorespondtothethreatposedbyavianinfluenza.AfterconfirmationthisweekthattheHSN1strainofbirdfluwhichhasbeenspreadingquicklyinAsiahadbeendiscoveredinRomaniaandperhapsGreeceEuropeanUnionforeignministersconvenedanemergencymeeting.PresidentGeorgeBushstillsmartingfromatorrentofcriticismofhisgovernment’sclumsyresponsetoHurricaneKatrinahaspromisedtorushoutemergencyplansfordealingwithanoutbreakofpandemicfluwhichhavebeenstalledforyears.CountriesaroundtheworldarehurryingtostockpiletheonlycurrentantiviraldrugTamiflnwhichmightbeeffectiveinsavinglivesinanypandemicorcurbingitsspread.TheWorldHealthOrganisationiscallingforaninternationallycoordinatedeffort.HealthministersfromaroundtheglobeareduetomeetnextweekinCanadatodiscusswhatstepstotake. Isanyofthiseff6rtjustifiedOrarepoliticianssimplyhelpingtofeedpublicpanicandthencoveringthemselvesbypromisingtospendlavishlyagainstathreatwhichmaynevermaterializeandtoreduceariskwhichtheydonotunderstandToaskthesequestionsisnottocounselcomplacencybuttoapplythekindoftestwhichisrequiredinanykindofdisasterplanningnotleastbecausetheworldisaninherentlydangerousplaceanditisimpossibletoplanagainsteverypossibledisaster.Withthemediafullofwarningsofimpendingmassdeathanoverreactionisalltoopossible. Whichofthefollowingremarksonouravailableantiviralmedicationwouldtheauthormake
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points TheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber. SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastswarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobarislands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber.
IfsoldieringwasforthemoneytheSpecialAirServiceSASandtheSpecialBoatServiceSBSwouldhavedisintegratedinrecentyears.SuchhasbeentheexplosioninprivatemilitarycompaniesPMCsthattheyemployanestimated30000inIraqalone--andnogovernmentcanmatchtheirfatsalaries.AyoungSAStrooperearnsabout£2000$3500amonth;onthe"circuit"assoldierscalltheprivateworldhecouldget£15000.Whywouldhenot Forreasonsbothwarm-heartedandcool-headed.Firstforloveofregimentandcomradesbondsthattendtobetightestinthemostselectunits.Secondfortheoperationalsupportnotablyfieldmedicineandthesecurityincludinglifeassuranceandpensionthatcomewiththequeen’spaltryshilling. AlthoughtherehasbeennohaemorrhagingofspecialforceSFfighterstotheprivatesectortherehasbeenenoughofatrickletocauseofficialunease.AmemorecentlycirculatedintheMinistryofDefencedetailedthelossof24SFseniornon-commissionedofficerstoprivatecompaniesinthepastyear.Allhadcompleted22yearsofserviceandsowereeligibleforafullpensionandneartheendoftheircareers.Yetthereisnowashortageofhard-bittenveteranstofilltrainingandotherjobsearmarkedforthemunderasystemforretainingthemknownas"continuance." Americahasrespondedtotheproblembythrowingcashatitofferingincentivesofupto$150000tosignnewcontracts.TheMinistryofDefencehasfoundacheaperploy.IthasspreadthestoryoftwoBritishPMCemployeesrecentlykilledinIraqwhosebodieswereleftrottinginthesun; Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat
IfsoldieringwasforthemoneytheSpecialAirServiceSASandtheSpecialBoatServiceSBSwouldhavedisintegratedinrecentyears.SuchhasbeentheexplosioninprivatemilitarycompaniesPMCsthattheyemployanestimated30000inIraqalone--andnogovernmentcanmatchtheirfatsalaries.AyoungSAStrooperearnsabout£2000$3500amonth;onthe"circuit"assoldierscalltheprivateworldhecouldget£15000.Whywouldhenot Forreasonsbothwarm-heartedandcool-headed.Firstforloveofregimentandcomradesbondsthattendtobetightestinthemostselectunits.Secondfortheoperationalsupportnotablyfieldmedicineandthesecurityincludinglifeassuranceandpensionthatcomewiththequeen’spaltryshilling. AlthoughtherehasbeennohaemorrhagingofspecialforceSFfighterstotheprivatesectortherehasbeenenoughofatrickletocauseofficialunease.AmemorecentlycirculatedintheMinistryofDefencedetailedthelossof24SFseniornon-commissionedofficerstoprivatecompaniesinthepastyear.Allhadcompleted22yearsofserviceandsowereeligibleforafullpensionandneartheendoftheircareers.Yetthereisnowashortageofhard-bittenveteranstofilltrainingandotherjobsearmarkedforthemunderasystemforretainingthemknownas"continuance." Americahasrespondedtotheproblembythrowingcashatitofferingincentivesofupto$150000tosignnewcontracts.TheMinistryofDefencehasfoundacheaperploy.IthasspreadthestoryoftwoBritishPMCemployeesrecentlykilledinIraqwhosebodieswereleftrottinginthesun; Inthelastparagraphofthetexttheauthorhas
Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006. HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130. Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable. Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendfor"good-enoughcomputing"wherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers. ThecreationOfthecheaplaptopmentionedinthetextrelieson
Fearseemstobethedominantmoodofthemoment.Hurricanestidalwavesfloodsearthquakesandterrorismthisyearhaveallbroughtwiththemnotonlyappallingscenesofdevastationdeathandsufferingbutalsooutrageatthelackofpreparationstoavoidorcopewiththesedisasters.Noweventhebirdsoftheairareathreatwearetold.ThatmigratingflockvisibleOnthehorizonatsunsetonceaconsolingreminderoftheeternalrhythmsofnaturecouldbecarryingtheviruswhichmightsoonkilltensofmillionsofpeople. Giventhemanyfingerspointedatgovernmentsinthewakeofotherdisastersthisyearitishardlysurprisingthattheyarescramblingtorespondtothethreatposedbyavianinfluenza.AfterconfirmationthisweekthattheHSN1strainofbirdfluwhichhasbeenspreadingquicklyinAsiahadbeendiscoveredinRomaniaandperhapsGreeceEuropeanUnionforeignministersconvenedanemergencymeeting.PresidentGeorgeBushstillsmartingfromatorrentofcriticismofhisgovernment’sclumsyresponsetoHurricaneKatrinahaspromisedtorushoutemergencyplansfordealingwithanoutbreakofpandemicfluwhichhavebeenstalledforyears.CountriesaroundtheworldarehurryingtostockpiletheonlycurrentantiviraldrugTamiflnwhichmightbeeffectiveinsavinglivesinanypandemicorcurbingitsspread.TheWorldHealthOrganisationiscallingforaninternationallycoordinatedeffort.HealthministersfromaroundtheglobeareduetomeetnextweekinCanadatodiscusswhatstepstotake. Isanyofthiseff6rtjustifiedOrarepoliticianssimplyhelpingtofeedpublicpanicandthencoveringthemselvesbypromisingtospendlavishlyagainstathreatwhichmaynevermaterializeandtoreduceariskwhichtheydonotunderstandToaskthesequestionsisnottocounselcomplacencybuttoapplythekindoftestwhichisrequiredinanykindofdisasterplanningnotleastbecausetheworldisaninherentlydangerousplaceanditisimpossibletoplanagainsteverypossibledisaster.Withthemediafullofwarningsofimpendingmassdeathanoverreactionisalltoopossible. Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat
AsanydiplomatfromBritainAustriaorTurkeycantellyouhandlingthelegacyofavanishedfar-flungempireisatrickybusiness.ButforGeorgiathegapbetweenoldgloryandpresentvulnerabilityisespeciallywide. Today’sGeorgiaisdiminishedbywarbuffetedbygeopoliticsandrecoveringfrompost-Sovietchaos.But800yearsagothecountrywasamightymilitaryculturalandecclesiasticalforce.ItsgreatestmonarchQueenTamaradefeatedmanyfoesincludingherfirsthusbandandbuiltfinemonuments.InhertimeGeorgiaalsohadabigstakeintheChristianlifeoftheHolyLand.FromJerusalemtotheBalkansGeorgia’spriestsartistsandchurch-builderswereactiveandrespected.SotoowereitspoetslikeShotaRustavelithenationalbardwhodedicatedanepictohisbelovedqueen. InbetweenseekingwesternaidandcopingwithpowercutsmodernGeorgiahaspledgedtokeepawaryeyeoneveryplacewherechurchesinscriptionsandfrescoestestifytoitsgoldenage.ThatincludesGreeceTurkeyBulgariaRomaniaandaboveallIsrael.LastyearGeorgianswereenragedwhenafrescoofRustaveliinaJerusalemchurchunderthecareoftheGreekOrthodoxPatriarchatewasdefacedthenbadlyrestored.ThisyearabetterrestorationwasdonebutGeorgiansnowwantapromisethatinallfuturerestorationtheirownexpertscantakepart.TheyalsowanttostoptheseepageofGeorgianfrescoesandiconssupposedlyunderthePatriarchate’scareontotheartmarket.SeveraltimesGeorgiahashadtouseitsmeagreresourcestobuybackpiecesofthenationalheritage.ThehopeisthatthingswillimprovewiththerecentelectionofanewJerusalemPatriarchafterhispredecessorwasoustedunderacloudofscandal. Georgia’stieswithIsraelaregoodthankstoathrivingGeorgian-Jewishcommunitywithhappymemoriesofitshomeland.GeorgiaalsogetsalongwithGreeceamidafugofsentimentalityoverlegendsabouttheArgonautsthatlinkthetwonations.ButcanthesewarmfuzzyfeelingstranslateintobetterprotectionforanancientcultureThatwillbeachallengeforGeldBezhuashviliwhosucceedsSalomeZourabichvilitheFrench-borndiplomatwhowassackedafterapowerstruggleasGeorgianforeignministeronOctober19th. AccordingtothetextGeorgiausedtobeinfluentialin
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