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Text 4 "There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they are 18, and ...
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在横线上填上运算符号或括号使等式成立．4444=144+44=24444=34444=4．
化简下列各式﹣﹣4=+﹣4=﹣|﹣4|=+|﹣4|=．
推理填空如图EF∥AD∠1＝∠2∠BAC＝80°．求∠AGD． 解∵EF∥AD ∴∠2＝ ∵
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4.04从右边起第一个4在位上表示4个第二个4在位上表示4个它比4.004．
上面计数器上的数位最高位是位左边的4表示4个中间的4表示4个右边的4表示4个．
0.424中最左边的4表示4个0.1最右边的4表示4个0.01．．判断对错
例4在下面添上运算符号和小括号组成3个不同的等式使得数都是2．4444=24444=24444=2
下列等式成立的是
-|-4|-|4|=0
-4-4=0
|-4|-|4|=0
-4-|-4|=0
24.04是位小数左边的4在位上表示4个右边的4在位上表示4个．
5.00分在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍．
下列式子可以用=连接的是
5+4
12-5
7+（-4）
7-（+4）
2+4（-2）
-12
2（3-4）
23-4
有一组数据44346410这组数据的平均数是中位数是众数是．
有一个VBA计算程序的功能如下该程序用户界面由4个文本框和3个按钮组成4个文本框的名称分别为Text
4是5的%4比5少%5比4多%．
在4.04中左边的4在位它表示右边的4在位它表示左边的4是右边的4的倍．
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立．4444=14444=54444=24444=9．
找规律在横线上填入适当的数.145494134．
一个比的后项是4比值是4前项是假如这个比的前项是4比值是4后项是．
巧填+﹣×÷使等式成立．4444=14444=54444=24444=94444=34444=15．
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Amultinationalcorporationisacorporateenterprisewhichthoughheadquarteredinonecountryconductsitsoperationsthroughbranchesthatitownsorcontrolsaroundtheworld.TheorganizationsmostlybasedintheUnitedStatesWesternEuropeandJapanhavebecomemajoractorsontheinternationalstageforsomeofthemarewealthierthanmanyofthecountriestheyoperatein.Thelessdevelopedcountriesoftenwelcomethemultinationalsbecausetheyareasourceofinvestmentandjobs.Yettheirpresencehasitsdrawbacksfortheseorganizationssoondevelopimmensepoliticalandeconomicinfluenceinthehostcountries.Developmentbecomesconcentratedinafewindustriesthatareorientedtotheneedsoftheoutsiders;profitsarefrequentlyexportedratherthanreinvested;andlocalbenefitsgomainlytoasmallrulinggroupwhoseinterestsaretiedtothoseoftheforeignersratherthantothoseoftheirownpeople.Theeffectistofurtherincreaseexportdependencyandtolimitthelessdevelopedcountries’controloftheirowneconomies.Itseemsthatboththemodernizationandworld-systemapproachesmaybevalidincertainrespects.Themodernizationmodeldoeshelpusmakesenseofthehistoricalfactofindustrializationandofthevariousinternaladjustmentsthatsocietiesundergoduringthisprocess.Theworld-systemmodelremindsusthatcountriesdonotdevelopinisolation.Theydosoinacontextoffierceinternationalpoliticalandeconomiccompetitionacompetitionwhoseoutcomefavorsthestrongerparties.Todaythelessdevelopedcountriesarestrugglingtoachieveinthecourseofafewyearsthematerialadvantagesthattheolderindustrializednationshavetakengenerationstogain.Theresultisoftenatug-of-warbetweentheforcesofmodernizationandthesentimentsoftraditionwithserioussocialdisturbanceastheresult.Theresponseshavetakenmanydifferentforms:militaryoverthrowbyarmyofficersdeterminedtoimposesocialorder;fundamentalistreligiousmovementsurgingareturntoabsolutemoralitiesandcertaintiesofthepast;nationalismasanewideologytounitethepeopleforthechallengeofmodernization.Andsometimessocialchangetakesplaceinawaythatisnotevolutionarybutrevolutionary.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheproblemsbroughtbymultinationals
[A]Nonethelessthe1997-1998ElNinoWasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforseasurfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997-1998thepreviousrecordsettingElNinooccurredin1982-1983.Thesetwo"superElNinos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30-40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforElNino.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997-1998ElNinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused$33billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide. [C]TherewerewarningsofacomingElNinobeforeitoccurredButalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasoninadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience.ElNinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarmingsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime.NowElNinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystrongerthannormaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothEl"NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorElNino/SouthernOscillation. [D]Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997-1998ElNino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherChaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell. [E]ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrength’durationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongElNinooccurseverysooften. [F]In1997-1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongElNinosimplydudtotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheclimatesystem. [G]JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997-1998ElNino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventOfthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord. 41
[A]Nonethelessthe1997-1998ElNinoWasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforseasurfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997-1998thepreviousrecordsettingElNinooccurredin1982-1983.Thesetwo"superElNinos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30-40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforElNino.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997-1998ElNinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused$33billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide. [C]TherewerewarningsofacomingElNinobeforeitoccurredButalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasoninadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience.ElNinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarmingsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime.NowElNinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystrongerthannormaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothEl"NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorElNino/SouthernOscillation. [D]Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997-1998ElNino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherChaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell. [E]ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrength’durationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongElNinooccurseverysooften. [F]In1997-1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongElNinosimplydudtotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheclimatesystem. [G]JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997-1998ElNino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventOfthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord. 43
Forestsremovecarbondioxidefromtheairconservesoilandwaterandarehometoavarietyofspecies.46Theyarealsorepositoriesofpotentiallyvaluablenewproductssuchaspharmaceuticalsandasasourceofbuildingmaterialandfirewoodtheyprovideemploymentformillionsworldwide. In1990foreststookupaboutaquarteroftheplanet’slandsurfacenotincludinganadditional13percentofotherwoodyvegetationsuchassparselycoveredwoodlandandbrushland.Russiaaccountsforperhapsafifthoftheglobe’sforest.BrazilforaboutaseventhandCanadaandtheU.S.eachfor6to7percent.47Historicallyvirtuallyallcountrieshaveexperienceddeforestationmostlybecauseoftheneedfornewfarmlandpasturefuelwoodandtimber.IntheU.S.forestsnowcover22percentofthelandareaadeclineofperhaps40percentsinceEuropeancolonizationbegan.48Forestacreagehoweverhasremainedaboutthesamesince1920asrisingagriculturalproductivitymoderatedtheneedfornewcropland.AmongthemostpressingconcernstodayintheU.S.aredecliningbiodiversityofforestsandstagnantordecliningproductivityofcommercialtimberland.InEuropewestoftheformerU.S.S.R.forestscoverabout30percentofthelandroughlyhalfitsoriginalextent.AmajorproblemthereparticularlyinEasternEuropeisdefoliationapparentlycausedmostlybyairpollution.ForestsintheformerU.S.S.R.onceblanketedabouthalfthelandbutnowcoveraboutathird.49Forestdegradationismostserioustherenotonlybecauseofairpollutionbutalsobecauseofalackofeffectiveconservationpoliciessuchasreplanting. AmongothertemperateregionsNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEastin1990hadlessthan2Percentforestcoveradeclinesince1980.IncontrastChinathroughamassivetree-plantingprogramrecentlyincreasedforestareawhichnowtakesup14percentofitsland. 50Thebiggestchangeshavebeeninthetropicswherethenaturalforestdroppedbyafifthfrom1960to1990asaresultofpopulationpressurelarge-scalegovernmentdevelopmentprojectsandcommerciallogging.ThegreatestdeclinewasintropicalAsiawhichlostathirdofitsforest.Almostalltropicalcountrieslostgroundinthe1980sexceptIndiawhoseforestexpandedby5percent.Brazilwhichaccountsforalmostathirdoftheglobaltropicalcoversuffereda5percentdeclineinthe1980s.Therewasalossof137millionhectares338millionacresoftropicalforestworldwideequaltothetotallandareaofSpainFranceandGermany.Agriculturalexpansionaccountedforsomewhatlessthanhalfthetropicalcontraction. 49
ThePakistanipresidentGen.PervezMusharrafannouncedheretodaythatadelegationofPakistaniofficialswouldflytotheTaliban~sheadquartersinthesouthernAfghancityofKandaharMondaytorenewdemandsthatthemilitiasurrenderSaudifugitiveOsamaBinLaden.U.S.officialshavenamedBinLadenwhohasbeengivenshelterbytheTalibanrulersinAfghanistanastheprimesuspectinTuesday’sterroristattacksinWashingtonandNewYork.WeareawareofthegravityofthesituationandknowthatinthelivesofnationssuchsituationsdoarisethatrequiremakingimportantdecisionsMusharrafsaidatameetingwithPakistaninewspapereditors.TheTaliban’sleaderMohammadOmarhasrefusedtogiveupBinLadenclaimingheisnotresponsiblefortheU.S.attacks.ThePakistangovernmentisleaningontheTalibangovernmenttohandoverOsamatosavethisentireregionfromcatastrophesaidNajamSethieditoroftheweeklynewspaperFridayTimeswhoparticipatedinthemeetingwithMusharraf.IamnotsurewhetherthereismuchchanceofthathappeningbutthepressureisonfromthePakistangovernment.PakistanhasbeenakeysupporteroftheTalibanwhichcontrolsmorethan90percentofAfghanistanandhasenforcedastrictinterpretationofIslamiclawinthecountry.OmartheTalibanleadertodayconvenedanemergencymeetingofclerics圣职人员intheAfghancapitalKabul.AsregardsthepossibleattackbyAmericaonthesacredsoilofAfghanistanveteranhonorableclericsshouldcometoKabulforashariadecisionOmarsaidinastatementbroadcastontheTaliban’sRadioShariattoday.ShariaisIslamiclaw.OmarwhoreportedlyleftMs.KandaharheadquartersseveraldaysagoinanticipationofaU.S.attackaskedAfghanstoprayandreadtheKorantomeetwhathecalledatestaccordingtothestatement.Heindicatedhewouldnotattendthemeetingofclericsthoughhereportedlymetwithasmallgroupofseniorclericstoday.ThePakistan-basedAfghanIslamicPressreportedtodayithadreceivedastatementfromBinLadendispatchedbyanaidefromanundisclosedlocationinAfghanistaninwhichhedeniedinvolvementinlastweek’sattacksontheWorldTradeCenterandthePentagon.IamresidinginAfghanistanthestatementsaidIhavetakenanoathofallegiancetoOmarwhichdoesnotallowmetodosuchthingsfromAfghanistan.Wehavebeenblamedinthepastbutwewerenotinvolved./AccordingtothetextallthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT______.
Hawaii’snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereigntyoveritsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago’spoliticalestablishmentwhichincludestheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntiltheSecondWorldWarandpeopleofJapaneseChineseandFilipinooriginisopposedtotheidea.TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii’snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60percentofthestate’shomelesssufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespanisfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorUSnativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy.ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii’sfirstnativegovernorJohnWaiheehasgiventhenatives’causeamajorboostbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertore-establishasovereignHawaiiannation.HowevertheHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.Somejustwantgreaterautonomywiththestate—asenjoyedbymanyAmericanIndiannativesovermatterssuchaseducation.ThisisapositionsupportedbytheOfficeofHawaiianAffairsOHAastateagencysetupin1978torepresenttonatives’interestsandwhichhasnowbecomethemoderatefaceofthenativesovereigntymovement.MoreambitiousintheKaLahuigroupwhichdeclareditselfanewnationin1987andwantsfullofficialindependencefromtheUS.ButifHawaiiannativesaregivengreaterautonomyitisfarfromclearhowmanypeoplethiswillapplyto.Thestateauthoritiesonlycountthosepeoplewithmorethan50percentHawaiianbloodasnative.Nativedemandsarenotjustbasedonpoliticalgrievancesthough.Theyalsowanttheirclaimon660000hectaresofHawaiiancrownlandtobeaccepted.Itisonthisissuethatnativegroupsarefacingmostoppositionfromthestateauthorities.In1933thestategovernmentpaidtheOHAUS$136millioninbackrentonthecrownlandandmanyofficialssaythatbyacceptingthispaymenttheagencyhasgivenupitsclaimstolegallyowntheland.TheOHAhasvigorouslydisputedthis.Hawaii’snativeminorityrefersto______.
[A]Nonethelessthe1997-1998ElNinoWasanunusualone.ItdevelopedsorapidlythateverymonthbetweenJuneandDecember1997setanewmonthlyrecordhighforseasurfacetemperaturesintheeasternequatorialPacific.AnomaliesthatisdeviationsfromnormalinDecember1997werethehighesteverrecordedalongtheEquatorintheeasternPacific.Moreoverbefore1997-1998thepreviousrecordsettingElNinooccurredin1982-1983.Thesetwo"superElNinos"wereseparatedbyonly15yearscomparedwithatypical30-40yeargapbetweensucheventsearlierinthe20thcentury. [B]IdentifyingwhyitwassostrongchallengesourunderstandingofthephysicalmechanismsresponsibleforElNino.Thisismorethansimplyanacademicquestion:the1997-1998ElNinoseverelydisruptedglobalweatherpatternsandPacificmarineecosystemsandbyoneestimatecaused$33billionindamageandcost23000livesworldwide. [C]TherewerewarningsofacomingElNinobeforeitoccurredButalthoughmanycomputerforecastmodelspredictedthat1997wouldbewarminthetropicalPacificuptothreeseasoninadvancenonepredictedtherapiddevelopmentorultimateintensityoftheeventbeforeitbegan.Clearlywehavemuchtolearnfromthisexperience.ElNinoSpanishfor"thechild"andspecificallytheChristchildisthenamePeruvianfishermangavetocoastalsea-temperaturewarmingsthatfirstappearedaroundChristmastime.NowElNinomoregenerallyreferstoawarmingofthetropicalPacificbasinthatoccursroughlyeverythreetosevenyearsinassociationwithaweakeningofthetradewinds.TheoppositesideofElNinoLaNinaischaracterizedbystrongerthannormaltradewindsandunusuallycoldsea-surfacetemperaturesinthetropicalPacific.BothEl"NinoandLaNinaareaccompaniedbyswingsinatmosphericpressurebetweentheeasternandwesternPacific.TheseswingsareknownastheSouthernOscillation.ThesephenomenaarecollectivelyreferredtoasENSOorElNino/SouthernOscillation. [D]Severalfactorsmayhavecontributedtothestrengthofthe1997-1998ElNino.OneischaoswhichsometheoriesinvoketoaccountfortheirregularityoftheENSOcycle.NonlinearresonancesinvolvingENSOandtheseasonalcyclehavereceivedspecialattentionbutotherChaoticinteractionsmayaffectENSOaswell. [E]ThegeneralmechanismsunderlyingtheENSOinvolvelarge-scaleocean-atmosphereinteractionsandequatorialoceandynamics.ButeachElNinoandLaNinaisuniqueinthecombinationofitsstrength’durationandpatternofdevelopment.IrregularityintheENSOcyclecanbeseenbothintherecorddatingbacktothemiddleofthe19thcenturyandinothersupportingdatasuchaslakesedimentscoralgrowthringsandtreeringsgoingbackhundredsoreventhousandsofyears.SoinprincipleitshouldnotbesurprisingthatanunusuallystrongElNinooccurseverysooften. [F]In1997-1998eventspossiblyactedtogethertoproduceanextraordinarilystrongElNinosimplydudtotheunderlyingtendencytowardschaosintheclimatesystem. [G]JustunderayearagoasharpdropinequatorialPacificsea-surfacetemperatureindicatedtheendofthe1997-1998ElNino.Calledbysomeone"theclimateeventOfthecentury"itwasbyseveralmeasuresthestrongestonrecord. 46
Hawaii’snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereigntyoveritsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago’spoliticalestablishmentwhichincludestheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntiltheSecondWorldWarandpeopleofJapaneseChineseandFilipinooriginisopposedtotheidea.TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii’snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60percentofthestate’shomelesssufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespanisfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorUSnativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy.ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii’sfirstnativegovernorJohnWaiheehasgiventhenatives’causeamajorboostbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertore-establishasovereignHawaiiannation.HowevertheHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.Somejustwantgreaterautonomywiththestate—asenjoyedbymanyAmericanIndiannativesovermatterssuchaseducation.ThisisapositionsupportedbytheOfficeofHawaiianAffairsOHAastateagencysetupin1978torepresenttonatives’interestsandwhichhasnowbecomethemoderatefaceofthenativesovereigntymovement.MoreambitiousintheKaLahuigroupwhichdeclareditselfanewnationin1987andwantsfullofficialindependencefromtheUS.ButifHawaiiannativesaregivengreaterautonomyitisfarfromclearhowmanypeoplethiswillapplyto.Thestateauthoritiesonlycountthosepeoplewithmorethan50percentHawaiianbloodasnative.Nativedemandsarenotjustbasedonpoliticalgrievancesthough.Theyalsowanttheirclaimon660000hectaresofHawaiiancrownlandtobeaccepted.Itisonthisissuethatnativegroupsarefacingmostoppositionfromthestateauthorities.In1933thestategovernmentpaidtheOHAUS$136millioninbackrentonthecrownlandandmanyofficialssaythatbyacceptingthispaymenttheagencyhasgivenupitsclaimstolegallyowntheland.TheOHAhasvigorouslydisputedthis.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofJohnWaihee
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Thefoodyoueatdoesmorethanprovideenergy.Itcanhaveadramaticeffectonyourbody’sabilitytofightoffheartdiseasecancerdiabeteshighbloodpressurestrokeandweakbones.Withremarkableconsistencyrecentresearchhasfoundthatadiethighinplant-basedfoods—fruitsvegetablesdriedpeasandbeansgrainsandstarchystaplessuchaspotatoes—isthebody’sbestweaponinthwartingmanyhealth-relatedproblems.Thesefoodsworkagainstsomanydiseasesthatthesamehealthyingredientsyoumightusetoprotectyourheartorwardoffcancerwillalsobenefityourintestinaltractandbones.Scientistshaverecentlyestimatedthatapproximately30to40percentofallcancerscouldbeavertedifpeopleatemorefruitsvegetablesandplant-basedfoodsandminimizedhigh-fathigh-calorieediblesthathavescantnutritionalvalue.Upto70percent’ofcancersmightbeeliminatedifpeoplealsostoppedsmokingexercisedregularlyandcontrolledtheirweight.Inthepastresearchershadlinkedfatconsumptionwiththedevelopmentofcancersbuttheycurrentlybelievethateatingfruitsvegetablesandgrainsmaybemoreimportantinpreventingthediseasethannoteatingfat.Theevidenceaboutahigh-fatdietandcancerseemedalotstrongerseveralyearsagothanitdoesnowsaysMelaniePolkaregistereddietitiananddirectorofnutritioneducationattheAmericanInstituteforCancerResearch.Theroadtostrongbonesispavedwithcalcium-richfood.Leafygreenvegetablesandlow-fatdairyproductsareexcellentsourcesofcalciumthemineralthatputsstiffnessintoyourskeletalsystemandkeepsyourbonesfromturningrubberyandfragile.Yourbodyusescalciumformorethankeepingyourbonesstrong.Calciumpermitscellstodivideregulatesmusclecontractionandrelaxationandplaysanimportantroleinthemovementofproteinandnutrientsinsidecells.Ifyoudon’tabsorbenoughfromwhatyoueattosatisfytheserequirementsyourbodywilltakeitfromyourbones.Becauseyourbodydoesn’tproducethisessentialmineralyoumustcontinuallyreplenishthesupply.Eventhoughtherecommendeddailyamountis1200mgmostadultsdon’teatmorethan500mg.Onereasonmayhavebeentheperceptionthatcalcium-richdairyproductswerealsoloadedwithcalories.InthepastwomeninparticularworriedthatdairyproductswerehighincaloriessaysLethaY.GriffinM.D.ofPeachtreeOrthopaedicsinAtlanta.Buttodayyoucangetcalciumwithouteatinganyhigh-fatorhigh-caloriefoodsbychoosingskimmilkorlow-fatyogurt.Alsolow-fatdairyproductscontainphosphorousandmagnesiumandaregenerallyfortifiedwithvitaminDallofwhichhelpyourbodyabsorbandusecalcium.Ifyoufinditdifficulttoincludeenoughcalciuminyourdietaskyourdoctoraboutsupplements.They’reapotentwaytogetcalciumaswellasvitaminDandotherminerals.Butifyourelyonpillsinsteadofacalcium-richdietyouwon’tbenefitfromtheothernutrientsthatfoodprovides.GettingtherecommendedvitaminDmaybeeasysinceyourbodymakesthevitaminwhenyourskinisexposedtothesun’srays.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
Text4 OnthemorningofApril1538500worshippersfromallovertheworldwilldescenduponthetinytownofHopkintonMassachusetts.Inabizarreritetheywillshedmostoftheirclothesspreadpetroleumjellyoverthemoresensitivepartsoftheirbodiesandaffixlittletime-keeperstotheirshoelaces.Thenastheappointedhourofnoonapproachestheywilleitherstandinlineatoneofthe750portabletoiletsormuchtothechagrinofHopkinton’s10000regularresidentsgonatural.Atthereportfromaguntheywilltrytorace26miles385yds.allthewaytoBoston.Inotherwordstheywill"runBoston."Andnotjustany"Boston."Thiswillbethe100thBostonMarathon. ThesigninHopkintonGreenthatcommemoratesthemarathonreadsWELCOMETOHOPKINTON.ITALLSTARTSHERE.ActualyitallstarteddowntheroadinAshlandonPatriots’DayApril191897when15menfromtheBostonareaandNewYorkCityenteredthefirstBostonAthleticAssociationMarathon.A22-year-oldlithographerfromNewYorknamedJohnMcDermottwontheracethoughnoteasily.AfewmilesfromthefinishMcDermotthadtostopbecauseofintenselegcramps.FortunatelyhehadanattendantwhoansweredMcDermott’scommand"Rub!"andhecrossedthefinishlinein2:55:10--whichwouldhavebeengoodenoughfor683rdplaceinlastyear’sBostonMarathon. Timeshavechangedofcourse.TheroadtoBostonisnowpaved.TheleathershoesthatMcDermottworegavewaytocanvassneakersthatgavewaytoleathershoes.ThestartwasmovedfromAshlandtoHopkintonin1924inordertolengthenthecoursetotheclassicmarathondistance.Andinrecentyearsthetraditionalpost-marathonbeefstewservedbytheBAAhasbeen’replacedbyapre-marathonpastapartysponsoredbyRonzoni.ButfromthebeginningBostonhasbeenimmenselypopular:theseventhrunningofthemarathonin1903attracted200000spectators.Thisyearanestimated1.5millionwillcheertherunnersonastheymovefromHopkintontoAshlandtoFraminghamtoNaticktoWellesleyto..."Itsobviousstrengthis100yearsofthebestrunnersintheworld"saysBillRodgersthefolkherowhohaswonBostonfourtimes."Butitisalsothebestcourseanywhere.YourunthroughsmalltownsonyourwaytoBoston.Youreallyhaveasenseofmakingprogress." IfBostonhasapatronsaintitisJohnA.Kelleywhofirstrantheracein1928whenhewas20andlastrantheracein1992whenhawas84.In1935KelleywhowasthenafloralassistantoutdueledtoolmakerPatDengiselicitingthisresponsefromDengis:"Wouldyouimaginethisafloristruns26milesforalaurelwreath!"Thoughhereceivedapoliceescort.hometoArlingtonMassachusettsandatelegramfromtheGovernorKelleywasbackatworkthenextdaypreparingEasterliliesatAnderson’sFloristShop.Healsowonin1945attheadvancedageof37andtoldareporter"Lifemerelybeginsat40andIhavethreeyearstogo.’KelleynolongerrunsinthemarathonbutrunnerscanstillpasshimonHeartbreakHillinNewtonwheretherearetwinstatuesofKelley--asheraninhisfirstvictoryandasheraninhis61stBoston. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutJohnMcDermott
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Forestsremovecarbondioxidefromtheairconservesoilandwaterandarehometoavarietyofspecies.46Theyarealsorepositoriesofpotentiallyvaluablenewproductssuchaspharmaceuticalsandasasourceofbuildingmaterialandfirewoodtheyprovideemploymentformillionsworldwide. In1990foreststookupaboutaquarteroftheplanet’slandsurfacenotincludinganadditional13percentofotherwoodyvegetationsuchassparselycoveredwoodlandandbrushland.Russiaaccountsforperhapsafifthoftheglobe’sforest.BrazilforaboutaseventhandCanadaandtheU.S.eachfor6to7percent.47Historicallyvirtuallyallcountrieshaveexperienceddeforestationmostlybecauseoftheneedfornewfarmlandpasturefuelwoodandtimber.IntheU.S.forestsnowcover22percentofthelandareaadeclineofperhaps40percentsinceEuropeancolonizationbegan.48Forestacreagehoweverhasremainedaboutthesamesince1920asrisingagriculturalproductivitymoderatedtheneedfornewcropland.AmongthemostpressingconcernstodayintheU.S.aredecliningbiodiversityofforestsandstagnantordecliningproductivityofcommercialtimberland.InEuropewestoftheformerU.S.S.R.forestscoverabout30percentofthelandroughlyhalfitsoriginalextent.AmajorproblemthereparticularlyinEasternEuropeisdefoliationapparentlycausedmostlybyairpollution.ForestsintheformerU.S.S.R.onceblanketedabouthalfthelandbutnowcoveraboutathird.49Forestdegradationismostserioustherenotonlybecauseofairpollutionbutalsobecauseofalackofeffectiveconservationpoliciessuchasreplanting. AmongothertemperateregionsNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEastin1990hadlessthan2Percentforestcoveradeclinesince1980.IncontrastChinathroughamassivetree-plantingprogramrecentlyincreasedforestareawhichnowtakesup14percentofitsland. 50Thebiggestchangeshavebeeninthetropicswherethenaturalforestdroppedbyafifthfrom1960to1990asaresultofpopulationpressurelarge-scalegovernmentdevelopmentprojectsandcommerciallogging.ThegreatestdeclinewasintropicalAsiawhichlostathirdofitsforest.Almostalltropicalcountrieslostgroundinthe1980sexceptIndiawhoseforestexpandedby5percent.Brazilwhichaccountsforalmostathirdoftheglobaltropicalcoversuffereda5percentdeclineinthe1980s.Therewasalossof137millionhectares338millionacresoftropicalforestworldwideequaltothetotallandareaofSpainFranceandGermany.Agriculturalexpansionaccountedforsomewhatlessthanhalfthetropicalcontraction. 47
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Thefoodyoueatdoesmorethanprovideenergy.Itcanhaveadramaticeffectonyourbody’sabilitytofightoffheartdiseasecancerdiabeteshighbloodpressurestrokeandweakbones.Withremarkableconsistencyrecentresearchhasfoundthatadiethighinplant-basedfoods—fruitsvegetablesdriedpeasandbeansgrainsandstarchystaplessuchaspotatoes—isthebody’sbestweaponinthwartingmanyhealth-relatedproblems.Thesefoodsworkagainstsomanydiseasesthatthesamehealthyingredientsyoumightusetoprotectyourheartorwardoffcancerwillalsobenefityourintestinaltractandbones.Scientistshaverecentlyestimatedthatapproximately30to40percentofallcancerscouldbeavertedifpeopleatemorefruitsvegetablesandplant-basedfoodsandminimizedhigh-fathigh-calorieediblesthathavescantnutritionalvalue.Upto70percent’ofcancersmightbeeliminatedifpeoplealsostoppedsmokingexercisedregularlyandcontrolledtheirweight.Inthepastresearchershadlinkedfatconsumptionwiththedevelopmentofcancersbuttheycurrentlybelievethateatingfruitsvegetablesandgrainsmaybemoreimportantinpreventingthediseasethannoteatingfat.Theevidenceaboutahigh-fatdietandcancerseemedalotstrongerseveralyearsagothanitdoesnowsaysMelaniePolkaregistereddietitiananddirectorofnutritioneducationattheAmericanInstituteforCancerResearch.Theroadtostrongbonesispavedwithcalcium-richfood.Leafygreenvegetablesandlow-fatdairyproductsareexcellentsourcesofcalciumthemineralthatputsstiffnessintoyourskeletalsystemandkeepsyourbonesfromturningrubberyandfragile.Yourbodyusescalciumformorethankeepingyourbonesstrong.Calciumpermitscellstodivideregulatesmusclecontractionandrelaxationandplaysanimportantroleinthemovementofproteinandnutrientsinsidecells.Ifyoudon’tabsorbenoughfromwhatyoueattosatisfytheserequirementsyourbodywilltakeitfromyourbones.Becauseyourbodydoesn’tproducethisessentialmineralyoumustcontinuallyreplenishthesupply.Eventhoughtherecommendeddailyamountis1200mgmostadultsdon’teatmorethan500mg.Onereasonmayhavebeentheperceptionthatcalcium-richdairyproductswerealsoloadedwithcalories.InthepastwomeninparticularworriedthatdairyproductswerehighincaloriessaysLethaY.GriffinM.D.ofPeachtreeOrthopaedicsinAtlanta.Buttodayyoucangetcalciumwithouteatinganyhigh-fatorhigh-caloriefoodsbychoosingskimmilkorlow-fatyogurt.Alsolow-fatdairyproductscontainphosphorousandmagnesiumandaregenerallyfortifiedwithvitaminDallofwhichhelpyourbodyabsorbandusecalcium.Ifyoufinditdifficulttoincludeenoughcalciuminyourdietaskyourdoctoraboutsupplements.They’reapotentwaytogetcalciumaswellasvitaminDandotherminerals.Butifyourelyonpillsinsteadofacalcium-richdietyouwon’tbenefitfromtheothernutrientsthatfoodprovides.GettingtherecommendedvitaminDmaybeeasysinceyourbodymakesthevitaminwhenyourskinisexposedtothesun’srays.Whichkindoffoodisrecommendedtopreventheartdiseasecancerdiabeteshighbloodpressurestrokeandweakbones
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Amultinationalcorporationisacorporateenterprisewhichthoughheadquarteredinonecountryconductsitsoperationsthroughbranchesthatitownsorcontrolsaroundtheworld.TheorganizationsmostlybasedintheUnitedStatesWesternEuropeandJapanhavebecomemajoractorsontheinternationalstageforsomeofthemarewealthierthanmanyofthecountriestheyoperatein.Thelessdevelopedcountriesoftenwelcomethemultinationalsbecausetheyareasourceofinvestmentandjobs.Yettheirpresencehasitsdrawbacksfortheseorganizationssoondevelopimmensepoliticalandeconomicinfluenceinthehostcountries.Developmentbecomesconcentratedinafewindustriesthatareorientedtotheneedsoftheoutsiders;profitsarefrequentlyexportedratherthanreinvested;andlocalbenefitsgomainlytoasmallrulinggroupwhoseinterestsaretiedtothoseoftheforeignersratherthantothoseoftheirownpeople.Theeffectistofurtherincreaseexportdependencyandtolimitthelessdevelopedcountries’controloftheirowneconomies.Itseemsthatboththemodernizationandworld-systemapproachesmaybevalidincertainrespects.Themodernizationmodeldoeshelpusmakesenseofthehistoricalfactofindustrializationandofthevariousinternaladjustmentsthatsocietiesundergoduringthisprocess.Theworld-systemmodelremindsusthatcountriesdonotdevelopinisolation.Theydosoinacontextoffierceinternationalpoliticalandeconomiccompetitionacompetitionwhoseoutcomefavorsthestrongerparties.Todaythelessdevelopedcountriesarestrugglingtoachieveinthecourseofafewyearsthematerialadvantagesthattheolderindustrializednationshavetakengenerationstogain.Theresultisoftenatug-of-warbetweentheforcesofmodernizationandthesentimentsoftraditionwithserioussocialdisturbanceastheresult.Theresponseshavetakenmanydifferentforms:militaryoverthrowbyarmyofficersdeterminedtoimposesocialorder;fundamentalistreligiousmovementsurgingareturntoabsolutemoralitiesandcertaintiesofthepast;nationalismasanewideologytounitethepeopleforthechallengeofmodernization.Andsometimessocialchangetakesplaceinawaythatisnotevolutionarybutrevolutionary.Whatdoesthewordtug-of-warprobablyreferto
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text3 Islanguagelikefoodabasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged.’JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcenturyitmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertonguehetoldthenursestokeepsilent. Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmotheringinthefirstyearoflifeespeciallythecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected. TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Neverthelesssomechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfantwhosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglectedtheidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttimebuttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed. ExpertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantagebuttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1000wordswhichhecanputintosentencesandatfourheknowshislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar. Recentevidencesuggests’thataninfantisbornwiththecapacityofspeaking.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbraincomparedwiththatofthemonkeyistheComplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelofsayatoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".Andevenmoreincredibleisyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhimtoanalyzetocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways. Butspeechhastobeinducedandthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechildwherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabblinggraspingandsmilingandrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild.’snonverbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage. Somechildrenarebackwardinspeakingprobablybecause
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text4 OnthemorningofApril1538500worshippersfromallovertheworldwilldescenduponthetinytownofHopkintonMassachusetts.Inabizarreritetheywillshedmostoftheirclothesspreadpetroleumjellyoverthemoresensitivepartsoftheirbodiesandaffixlittletime-keeperstotheirshoelaces.Thenastheappointedhourofnoonapproachestheywilleitherstandinlineatoneofthe750portabletoiletsormuchtothechagrinofHopkinton’s10000regularresidentsgonatural.Atthereportfromaguntheywilltrytorace26miles385yds.allthewaytoBoston.Inotherwordstheywill"runBoston."Andnotjustany"Boston."Thiswillbethe100thBostonMarathon. ThesigninHopkintonGreenthatcommemoratesthemarathonreadsWELCOMETOHOPKINTON.ITALLSTARTSHERE.ActualyitallstarteddowntheroadinAshlandonPatriots’DayApril191897when15menfromtheBostonareaandNewYorkCityenteredthefirstBostonAthleticAssociationMarathon.A22-year-oldlithographerfromNewYorknamedJohnMcDermottwontheracethoughnoteasily.AfewmilesfromthefinishMcDermotthadtostopbecauseofintenselegcramps.FortunatelyhehadanattendantwhoansweredMcDermott’scommand"Rub!"andhecrossedthefinishlinein2:55:10--whichwouldhavebeengoodenoughfor683rdplaceinlastyear’sBostonMarathon. Timeshavechangedofcourse.TheroadtoBostonisnowpaved.TheleathershoesthatMcDermottworegavewaytocanvassneakersthatgavewaytoleathershoes.ThestartwasmovedfromAshlandtoHopkintonin1924inordertolengthenthecoursetotheclassicmarathondistance.Andinrecentyearsthetraditionalpost-marathonbeefstewservedbytheBAAhasbeen’replacedbyapre-marathonpastapartysponsoredbyRonzoni.ButfromthebeginningBostonhasbeenimmenselypopular:theseventhrunningofthemarathonin1903attracted200000spectators.Thisyearanestimated1.5millionwillcheertherunnersonastheymovefromHopkintontoAshlandtoFraminghamtoNaticktoWellesleyto..."Itsobviousstrengthis100yearsofthebestrunnersintheworld"saysBillRodgersthefolkherowhohaswonBostonfourtimes."Butitisalsothebestcourseanywhere.YourunthroughsmalltownsonyourwaytoBoston.Youreallyhaveasenseofmakingprogress." IfBostonhasapatronsaintitisJohnA.Kelleywhofirstrantheracein1928whenhewas20andlastrantheracein1992whenhawas84.In1935KelleywhowasthenafloralassistantoutdueledtoolmakerPatDengiselicitingthisresponsefromDengis:"Wouldyouimaginethisafloristruns26milesforalaurelwreath!"Thoughhereceivedapoliceescort.hometoArlingtonMassachusettsandatelegramfromtheGovernorKelleywasbackatworkthenextdaypreparingEasterliliesatAnderson’sFloristShop.Healsowonin1945attheadvancedageof37andtoldareporter"Lifemerelybeginsat40andIhavethreeyearstogo.’KelleynolongerrunsinthemarathonbutrunnerscanstillpasshimonHeartbreakHillinNewtonwheretherearetwinstatuesofKelley--asheraninhisfirstvictoryandasheraninhis61stBoston. Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage
[A]"Customersdon’tbuyproducts"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo. [B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany’sproducts.WhenpeopleaskherwhatshedoesMarysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold." [C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow. [D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteveJohnHelenandothersalespeople.WhenshegetstheordersMarytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary’sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany’sproducts.Marytellscustomers"I’mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey’reused." [E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany’scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary’scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers. [F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany’sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.WhenthishappensMarylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused. [G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.InherfilesMaryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany’sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem. [H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany’scustomers.WhenshereceivescopiesofordersMarychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.AnytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbeforeMarycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany’sproducts. Order: 41
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
1detailsaboutwhatyouaregoingtodo;2whenandwhereyouwillgoout.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseWangLinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Thefoodyoueatdoesmorethanprovideenergy.Itcanhaveadramaticeffectonyourbody’sabilitytofightoffheartdiseasecancerdiabeteshighbloodpressurestrokeandweakbones.Withremarkableconsistencyrecentresearchhasfoundthatadiethighinplant-basedfoods—fruitsvegetablesdriedpeasandbeansgrainsandstarchystaplessuchaspotatoes—isthebody’sbestweaponinthwartingmanyhealth-relatedproblems.Thesefoodsworkagainstsomanydiseasesthatthesamehealthyingredientsyoumightusetoprotectyourheartorwardoffcancerwillalsobenefityourintestinaltractandbones.Scientistshaverecentlyestimatedthatapproximately30to40percentofallcancerscouldbeavertedifpeopleatemorefruitsvegetablesandplant-basedfoodsandminimizedhigh-fathigh-calorieediblesthathavescantnutritionalvalue.Upto70percent’ofcancersmightbeeliminatedifpeoplealsostoppedsmokingexercisedregularlyandcontrolledtheirweight.Inthepastresearchershadlinkedfatconsumptionwiththedevelopmentofcancersbuttheycurrentlybelievethateatingfruitsvegetablesandgrainsmaybemoreimportantinpreventingthediseasethannoteatingfat.Theevidenceaboutahigh-fatdietandcancerseemedalotstrongerseveralyearsagothanitdoesnowsaysMelaniePolkaregistereddietitiananddirectorofnutritioneducationattheAmericanInstituteforCancerResearch.Theroadtostrongbonesispavedwithcalcium-richfood.Leafygreenvegetablesandlow-fatdairyproductsareexcellentsourcesofcalciumthemineralthatputsstiffnessintoyourskeletalsystemandkeepsyourbonesfromturningrubberyandfragile.Yourbodyusescalciumformorethankeepingyourbonesstrong.Calciumpermitscellstodivideregulatesmusclecontractionandrelaxationandplaysanimportantroleinthemovementofproteinandnutrientsinsidecells.Ifyoudon’tabsorbenoughfromwhatyoueattosatisfytheserequirementsyourbodywilltakeitfromyourbones.Becauseyourbodydoesn’tproducethisessentialmineralyoumustcontinuallyreplenishthesupply.Eventhoughtherecommendeddailyamountis1200mgmostadultsdon’teatmorethan500mg.Onereasonmayhavebeentheperceptionthatcalcium-richdairyproductswerealsoloadedwithcalories.InthepastwomeninparticularworriedthatdairyproductswerehighincaloriessaysLethaY.GriffinM.D.ofPeachtreeOrthopaedicsinAtlanta.Buttodayyoucangetcalciumwithouteatinganyhigh-fatorhigh-caloriefoodsbychoosingskimmilkorlow-fatyogurt.Alsolow-fatdairyproductscontainphosphorousandmagnesiumandaregenerallyfortifiedwithvitaminDallofwhichhelpyourbodyabsorbandusecalcium.Ifyoufinditdifficulttoincludeenoughcalciuminyourdietaskyourdoctoraboutsupplements.They’reapotentwaytogetcalciumaswellasvitaminDandotherminerals.Butifyourelyonpillsinsteadofacalcium-richdietyouwon’tbenefitfromtheothernutrientsthatfoodprovides.GettingtherecommendedvitaminDmaybeeasysinceyourbodymakesthevitaminwhenyourskinisexposedtothesun’srays.______percentofallcancerscouldbeavertedifpeopleatemorefruitsvegetablesandplant-basedfoodsandminimizedhigh-fathigh-calorieedibles.
Hawaii’snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereigntyoveritsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago’spoliticalestablishmentwhichincludestheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntiltheSecondWorldWarandpeopleofJapaneseChineseandFilipinooriginisopposedtotheidea.TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii’snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60percentofthestate’shomelesssufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespanisfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorUSnativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy.ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii’sfirstnativegovernorJohnWaiheehasgiventhenatives’causeamajorboostbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertore-establishasovereignHawaiiannation.HowevertheHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.Somejustwantgreaterautonomywiththestate—asenjoyedbymanyAmericanIndiannativesovermatterssuchaseducation.ThisisapositionsupportedbytheOfficeofHawaiianAffairsOHAastateagencysetupin1978torepresenttonatives’interestsandwhichhasnowbecomethemoderatefaceofthenativesovereigntymovement.MoreambitiousintheKaLahuigroupwhichdeclareditselfanewnationin1987andwantsfullofficialindependencefromtheUS.ButifHawaiiannativesaregivengreaterautonomyitisfarfromclearhowmanypeoplethiswillapplyto.Thestateauthoritiesonlycountthosepeoplewithmorethan50percentHawaiianbloodasnative.Nativedemandsarenotjustbasedonpoliticalgrievancesthough.Theyalsowanttheirclaimon660000hectaresofHawaiiancrownlandtobeaccepted.Itisonthisissuethatnativegroupsarefacingmostoppositionfromthestateauthorities.In1933thestategovernmentpaidtheOHAUS$136millioninbackrentonthecrownlandandmanyofficialssaythatbyacceptingthispaymenttheagencyhasgivenupitsclaimstolegallyowntheland.TheOHAhasvigorouslydisputedthis.VariousnativeHawaiiansdemandallthefollowingEXCEPT______.
ThePakistanipresidentGen.PervezMusharrafannouncedheretodaythatadelegationofPakistaniofficialswouldflytotheTaliban~sheadquartersinthesouthernAfghancityofKandaharMondaytorenewdemandsthatthemilitiasurrenderSaudifugitiveOsamaBinLaden.U.S.officialshavenamedBinLadenwhohasbeengivenshelterbytheTalibanrulersinAfghanistanastheprimesuspectinTuesday’sterroristattacksinWashingtonandNewYork.WeareawareofthegravityofthesituationandknowthatinthelivesofnationssuchsituationsdoarisethatrequiremakingimportantdecisionsMusharrafsaidatameetingwithPakistaninewspapereditors.TheTaliban’sleaderMohammadOmarhasrefusedtogiveupBinLadenclaimingheisnotresponsiblefortheU.S.attacks.ThePakistangovernmentisleaningontheTalibangovernmenttohandoverOsamatosavethisentireregionfromcatastrophesaidNajamSethieditoroftheweeklynewspaperFridayTimeswhoparticipatedinthemeetingwithMusharraf.IamnotsurewhetherthereismuchchanceofthathappeningbutthepressureisonfromthePakistangovernment.PakistanhasbeenakeysupporteroftheTalibanwhichcontrolsmorethan90percentofAfghanistanandhasenforcedastrictinterpretationofIslamiclawinthecountry.OmartheTalibanleadertodayconvenedanemergencymeetingofclerics圣职人员intheAfghancapitalKabul.AsregardsthepossibleattackbyAmericaonthesacredsoilofAfghanistanveteranhonorableclericsshouldcometoKabulforashariadecisionOmarsaidinastatementbroadcastontheTaliban’sRadioShariattoday.ShariaisIslamiclaw.OmarwhoreportedlyleftMs.KandaharheadquartersseveraldaysagoinanticipationofaU.S.attackaskedAfghanstoprayandreadtheKorantomeetwhathecalledatestaccordingtothestatement.Heindicatedhewouldnotattendthemeetingofclericsthoughhereportedlymetwithasmallgroupofseniorclericstoday.ThePakistan-basedAfghanIslamicPressreportedtodayithadreceivedastatementfromBinLadendispatchedbyanaidefromanundisclosedlocationinAfghanistaninwhichhedeniedinvolvementinlastweek’sattacksontheWorldTradeCenterandthePentagon.IamresidinginAfghanistanthestatementsaidIhavetakenanoathofallegiancetoOmarwhichdoesnotallowmetodosuchthingsfromAfghanistan.Wehavebeenblamedinthepastbutwewerenotinvolved./Thephrasethegravityofthesituationinthecontextcanbestmean______.
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