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Text 1 As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching the surprising thin...
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ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.WhatabouttheconstitutionalbanonreligioustestsforpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralpersonfindingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexerciseEvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasisonJudeo-Christianvalues.ItwashewhowroteWehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart.GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.ThewallofseparationtheFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-ChristiantraditionasthemostbloodyreligionthateverexistedandthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross.Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.JeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewtoquestionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod.JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace.Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethatgovernmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyaretolimitedgovernmentoughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
AccordingtocomScoreFacebookistheleadingsocialnetworkingsitebasedonmonthlyuniquevisitorshavingovertakenmaincompetitorMySpaceinApril2008.AccordingtoAlexathewebsite’srankingamongallwebsitesincreasedfrom60thto7thintermsofworldwidetrafficfromSeptember2006toSeptember2007andiscurrently5th.Quantcastranksthewebsite15thinU.S.intermsoftrafficandCompete.comranksit14thinU.S.TheInternetphenomenonwhichboasts80millionusersworldwideexplodedinpopularityoverthepastyearasaconvenientwayforWebuserstocommunicateandsharepersonaldetailswithselectedgroupsoffriendsoracquaintances.ButgrammaticalerrorsintheautomatedmessagesFacebookusestopersonalizepronounswhenmembersshareinformationwiththeirfriendshaveproliferatedsincethesiteexpandedfromEnglish-onlyinto15newlanguagesinrecentmonths.AndnowFacebookwillpressmemberstodeclarewhethertheyaremaleorfemaleseekingtoendthegrammaticaldevicethatleadsthesitetorefertoindividualusersastheyorthemself.We’vegottenfeedbackfromtranslatorsandusersinothercountriesthattranslationswindupbeingtooconfusingwhenpeoplehavenotspecifiedasexontheirprofilesFacebookproductmanagerNaomiGleitsaidinacompanystatement.InEnglishwhenusersfailtospecifywhatgendertheyareFacebookdefaultstosomeformofthegenderneutralpluralpronounthey.Thatoptionisunavailablewhenthepluralisalwaysmasculineorfeminineinotherlanguages.Peoplewhohaven’tselectedwhatsextheyarefrequentlygetdefaultedtothewrongsexGleitwrote.UnlessthegenderoftheuserisclearFacebookdoesnotknowwhichpronountousetonotifyothermembersaddinformationtothesite.ThiscommonEnglishproblemismultipliedinlanguageswheremasculineandfemininedistinctionsaregrammaticallyingrained.Thesitewillnowaskuserstospecifywhethertheyaremaleorfemaleontheirbasicmember-shipprofile.Itwillpromptexistinguserstodefinethemselves.Facebookhasanopt-outoptionformemberswhochoosenottospecifytheirgenderordonotconsidergendertobeclearcut.Memberscanremovementionofgenderfrommessagesabouttheiractivities.We’vereceivedpushbackinthepastfromgroupsthatfindthemale/femaledistinctiontoolimitingGleitsaid.WhichoneofthefollowingistrueunderthenewregulationsofFacebook
AccordingtocomScoreFacebookistheleadingsocialnetworkingsitebasedonmonthlyuniquevisitorshavingovertakenmaincompetitorMySpaceinApril2008.AccordingtoAlexathewebsite’srankingamongallwebsitesincreasedfrom60thto7thintermsofworldwidetrafficfromSeptember2006toSeptember2007andiscurrently5th.Quantcastranksthewebsite15thinU.S.intermsoftrafficandCompete.comranksit14thinU.S.TheInternetphenomenonwhichboasts80millionusersworldwideexplodedinpopularityoverthepastyearasaconvenientwayforWebuserstocommunicateandsharepersonaldetailswithselectedgroupsoffriendsoracquaintances.ButgrammaticalerrorsintheautomatedmessagesFacebookusestopersonalizepronounswhenmembersshareinformationwiththeirfriendshaveproliferatedsincethesiteexpandedfromEnglish-onlyinto15newlanguagesinrecentmonths.AndnowFacebookwillpressmemberstodeclarewhethertheyaremaleorfemaleseekingtoendthegrammaticaldevicethatleadsthesitetorefertoindividualusersastheyorthemself.We’vegottenfeedbackfromtranslatorsandusersinothercountriesthattranslationswindupbeingtooconfusingwhenpeoplehavenotspecifiedasexontheirprofilesFacebookproductmanagerNaomiGleitsaidinacompanystatement.InEnglishwhenusersfailtospecifywhatgendertheyareFacebookdefaultstosomeformofthegenderneutralpluralpronounthey.Thatoptionisunavailablewhenthepluralisalwaysmasculineorfeminineinotherlanguages.Peoplewhohaven’tselectedwhatsextheyarefrequentlygetdefaultedtothewrongsexGleitwrote.UnlessthegenderoftheuserisclearFacebookdoesnotknowwhichpronountousetonotifyothermembersaddinformationtothesite.ThiscommonEnglishproblemismultipliedinlanguageswheremasculineandfemininedistinctionsaregrammaticallyingrained.Thesitewillnowaskuserstospecifywhethertheyaremaleorfemaleontheirbasicmember-shipprofile.Itwillpromptexistinguserstodefinethemselves.Facebookhasanopt-outoptionformemberswhochoosenottospecifytheirgenderordonotconsidergendertobeclearcut.Memberscanremovementionofgenderfrommessagesabouttheiractivities.We’vereceivedpushbackinthepastfromgroupsthatfindthemale/femaledistinctiontoolimitingGleitsaid.WhatdoesthewordtrafficLine3Paragraph1mostprobablymean
Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.NomorenastysurpriseslikesicklecellorDownsyndrome--justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeandgeneticallyspeakingimmortaloffspring!ButrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasifsomeonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenlyperfectlysecularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraargumentsagainsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestakebutthepoorfellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghisreverenceforhumanlifeinavoicethismagazinereportedchokingwithemotion.Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfurororifnothypocrisysuperstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulationofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatentedwhichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsoldandpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-formsandthereisnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnowonthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatchdolls.Infactanyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainaboutamarketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople’sgeneticmaterialisworthmorethanothers’anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millionsoflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableillslikedysenterywhileheroiceffortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisisthedreadnightmareofeugenicsinfamiliarmarketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthebest-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofinvitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitrowithitspotentiallyhazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemaleyoumightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat’sproduced.Andonceyou’vegotthebackuporgancopieswhynotkeepafewinthefreezerincaseJunioreverneedsanewkidneyorcorneaThecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe’regettingintowithallitsOrwellianimplications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloningweshouldunderstandtheimplicationsofthat.Wewouldbesayingineffectthatweprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrapshootingofnaturedespitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherestbecauseultimatelywedon’ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardestthingofalltoacknowledge:thatitisn’tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefearaswhatwillhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism.Accordingtothetextwhatconcernstheauthormostisthe______withrespecttocloningtechnique.
Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.NomorenastysurpriseslikesicklecellorDownsyndrome--justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeandgeneticallyspeakingimmortaloffspring!ButrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasifsomeonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenlyperfectlysecularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraargumentsagainsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestakebutthepoorfellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghisreverenceforhumanlifeinavoicethismagazinereportedchokingwithemotion.Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfurororifnothypocrisysuperstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulationofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatentedwhichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsoldandpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-formsandthereisnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnowonthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatchdolls.Infactanyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainaboutamarketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople’sgeneticmaterialisworthmorethanothers’anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millionsoflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableillslikedysenterywhileheroiceffortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisisthedreadnightmareofeugenicsinfamiliarmarketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthebest-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofinvitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitrowithitspotentiallyhazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemaleyoumightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat’sproduced.Andonceyou’vegotthebackuporgancopieswhynotkeepafewinthefreezerincaseJunioreverneedsanewkidneyorcorneaThecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe’regettingintowithallitsOrwellianimplications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloningweshouldunderstandtheimplicationsofthat.Wewouldbesayingineffectthatweprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrapshootingofnaturedespitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherestbecauseultimatelywedon’ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardestthingofalltoacknowledge:thatitisn’tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefearaswhatwillhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism.Itisimpliedinthe3rdparagraphthatitis
HereintheU.S.aprojectofmovingthegovernmentafewhundredmilestothesouthwestproceedsapaceunderthesupervisionofSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia.ApartfromtheusualhighwaysandparksByrdhastakenaspecialinterestintransplantingpiecesoffederalagenciesfrommetropolitanWashingtontohishomestate.StrangelyByrd’slittleexperimentinde-WashingtonizationhasbecomethefocusofoutrageamongtheverypeoplewhoareotherwisemostcriticalofWashingtonanditsways.Tothesecriticsitistheverysymbolofcongressionalarroganceofpowerisolationfromrealitycontemptforthevotersandsoonanddemonstratestheneedfortermlimitsifnotlynching.Considerthegood-governmentadvantagesoflet’scallittheByrdMigration.WhatbetterwaytosymbolizeanendtotheoldwaysandcommitmenttoreformthanphysicallymovingthegovernmentWhatbetterwaytobreakupoldbureaucraciesthantouprootandtransplantthemfilesandallSecondspreadingthegovernmentaroundabitoughttoreducethatself-feedingandselfregardingBeltwayculturethatWashington-phobesclaimtodislikesomuch.Ofcoursethereisagooddealofhypocrisyinthisanti-Washingtonchatter.MuchofitcomesfrompoliticiansandjournalistswhohavespentmostoftheiradultlivesinWashingtonandwouldn’tcaretoliveanywhereelse.TheyarenotrushingtoWestVirginiathemselvesexceptfortheoccasionalquaintrusticweekend.ButtheycantakecomfortthatpublicservantsattheBureauofthePublicDebtatleasthaveescapedtheperilsofinside-the-Beltwayinsularity.ThirdisSenatorByrd’srawspread-the-wealthphilosophy’completelyillegitimateTheFederalGovernmentandgovernment-relatedprivateenterpriseshavemademetropolitanWashingtononeoftherichestareasofthecountry.BycontrastWestVirginiaisthesecondpooreststateafterMississippi.Theentirecountry’staxessupportthegovernment.Whyshouldn’tmoreofthecountrygetapieceofitAsprivatebusinessesarediscoveringtheelectronicrevolutionismakingitlessandlessnecessaryforworktobecentralizedatheadquarters.There’snoreasonthegovernmentshouldn’ttakemoreadvantageofthistrendaswell.ItishardlyenoughthoughtoexpelafewthousandmidlevelbureaucratsfromtheallegedEdeninsidetheWashingtonBeltway.ReallypurgingtheWashingtonCultureenoughtosatisfyitsnoisiestcriticswillrequireamassexodusontheorderofwhattheKhmerRougeinstitutedwhentheytookoverPhnomPenhin1975.UntiltheverymembersoftheTIMEWashingtonbureauitselfaretraipsingsouthalong1-95theirwordprocessorsstrappedtotheirbacksthenationcannotresteasy.ButAmerica’swould-beKhmerRougeshouldgiveSenatorByrdmorecreditforshowingtheway.Itcaninferredfromthetextthatgovernmentbureaus
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike.IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness.Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon.HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners.ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas.U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood.StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof
Thetermmassagetherapyalsocalledmassageforshort;massagealsoreferstoanindividualtreatmentsessioncoversagroupofpracticesandtechniques.Thereareover80typesofmassagetherapy.Inallofthemtherapistspressrubandotherwisemanipulatethemusclesandothersofttissuesofthebodyoftenvaryingpressureandmovement.Theymostoftenusetheirhandsandfingersbutmayusetheirforearmselbowsorfeet.Typicallytheintentistorelaxthesofttissuesincreasedeliveryofbloodandoxygentothemassagedareaswarmthemanddecreasepain.Massagetherapydatesbackthousandsofyears.ReferencestomassagehavebeenfoundinancientwritingsfrommanyculturesincludingthoseofAncientGreeceAncientRomeJapanChinaEgyptandtheIndiansubcontinent.IntheUnitedStatesmassagetherapyfirstbecamepopularandwaspromotedforavarietyofhealthpurposesstartinginthemid-1800s.Inthe1930sand1940showevermassagefelloutoffavormostlybecauseofscientificandtechnologicaladvancesinmedicaltreatments.Interestinmassagerevivedinthe1970sespeciallyamongathletes.Morerecentlya2002nationalsurveyonAmericans’useofCAMpublishedin2004foundthat5percentofthe31000participantshadusedmassagetherapyinthepreceding12monthsand9.3percenthadeverusedit.Accordingtorecentreviewspeopleusemassageforawidevarietyofhealth-relatedintents:forexampletorelievepainoftenfrommusculoskeletalconditionsbutfromotherconditionsaswell;rehabilitatesportsinjuries;reducestress;increaserelaxation;addressfeelingsofanxietyanddepression;andaidgeneralwellness.Massagetherapyappearstohavefewseriousrisksifappropriatecautionsarefollowed.Averysmallnumberofseriousinjurieshavebeenreportedandtheyappeartohaveoccurredmostlybecausecautionswerenotfollowedoramassagewasgivenbyapersonwhowasnotproperlytrained.Healthcareprovidersrecommendthatpatientsnothavemassagetherapybeforetheyconsulttheirdoctorsabouttheirownhealthconditions.Scientistsarestudyingmassagetounderstandwhateffectsmassagetherapyhasonpatientshowithasthoseeffectsandwhy.Someaspectsofthisarebetterunderstoodthanothers.Therearemanymoreaspectsthatarenotyetknownorwellunderstoodscientifically.Morewell-designedstudiesareneededtounderstandandconfirmthesetheoriesandotherscientificaspectsofmassage.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutthehistoryofmassage
HereintheU.S.aprojectofmovingthegovernmentafewhundredmilestothesouthwestproceedsapaceunderthesupervisionofSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia.ApartfromtheusualhighwaysandparksByrdhastakenaspecialinterestintransplantingpiecesoffederalagenciesfrommetropolitanWashingtontohishomestate.StrangelyByrd’slittleexperimentinde-WashingtonizationhasbecomethefocusofoutrageamongtheverypeoplewhoareotherwisemostcriticalofWashingtonanditsways.Tothesecriticsitistheverysymbolofcongressionalarroganceofpowerisolationfromrealitycontemptforthevotersandsoonanddemonstratestheneedfortermlimitsifnotlynching.Considerthegood-governmentadvantagesoflet’scallittheByrdMigration.WhatbetterwaytosymbolizeanendtotheoldwaysandcommitmenttoreformthanphysicallymovingthegovernmentWhatbetterwaytobreakupoldbureaucraciesthantouprootandtransplantthemfilesandallSecondspreadingthegovernmentaroundabitoughttoreducethatself-feedingandselfregardingBeltwayculturethatWashington-phobesclaimtodislikesomuch.Ofcoursethereisagooddealofhypocrisyinthisanti-Washingtonchatter.MuchofitcomesfrompoliticiansandjournalistswhohavespentmostoftheiradultlivesinWashingtonandwouldn’tcaretoliveanywhereelse.TheyarenotrushingtoWestVirginiathemselvesexceptfortheoccasionalquaintrusticweekend.ButtheycantakecomfortthatpublicservantsattheBureauofthePublicDebtatleasthaveescapedtheperilsofinside-the-Beltwayinsularity.ThirdisSenatorByrd’srawspread-the-wealthphilosophy’completelyillegitimateTheFederalGovernmentandgovernment-relatedprivateenterpriseshavemademetropolitanWashingtononeoftherichestareasofthecountry.BycontrastWestVirginiaisthesecondpooreststateafterMississippi.Theentirecountry’staxessupportthegovernment.Whyshouldn’tmoreofthecountrygetapieceofitAsprivatebusinessesarediscoveringtheelectronicrevolutionismakingitlessandlessnecessaryforworktobecentralizedatheadquarters.There’snoreasonthegovernmentshouldn’ttakemoreadvantageofthistrendaswell.ItishardlyenoughthoughtoexpelafewthousandmidlevelbureaucratsfromtheallegedEdeninsidetheWashingtonBeltway.ReallypurgingtheWashingtonCultureenoughtosatisfyitsnoisiestcriticswillrequireamassexodusontheorderofwhattheKhmerRougeinstitutedwhentheytookoverPhnomPenhin1975.UntiltheverymembersoftheTIMEWashingtonbureauitselfaretraipsingsouthalong1-95theirwordprocessorsstrappedtotheirbacksthenationcannotresteasy.ButAmerica’swould-beKhmerRougeshouldgiveSenatorByrdmorecreditforshowingtheway.Itisimpliedinthe4thparagraphthatsomepoliticiansandjournalists
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
[A]Yetthievesstillreaparichharvest.InadequateprotectionofU.S.patentstrademarksandcopyrightscoststheU.S.economy$80billioninsaleslosttopiratesand250000jobseveryyearaccordingtoGaryHoffmananintellectualpropertyattorneyatDicksteinShapiro&MorininWashington.Thecomputerindustrylosesupwardsof$4billionofrevenuesayeartoillegalcopyingofsoftwareprograms.Piracyofmoviesbooksandrecordingscoststheentertainmentbusinessatleast$4billionannually. [B]Withintellectualpropertynowaccountingformorethan25%ofU.S.exportscomparedwithjust12%eightyearsagoprotectionagainstinternationalpiracyrankshighontheBushAdministration’stradeagenda.TheU.S.InternationalTradeCommissionthefederalagencythatdealswithunfair-tradecomplaintsbyAmericancompaniesishandlingarecordnumberofcases38lastyearSaysITCChairmanAnneBrunsdale:"Conceptualpropertyhasreplacedproduceandheavymachineryasthehotbedoftradedisputes." [C]Thebattleiswidening--U.S.companiesfiledmorethan5700intellectual-propertylawsuitslastyearincontrastto3800in1980--andthestakescanbeenormous.Inthebiggestpatent-infringementcasetodateEastmanKodakwasorderedlastOctobertopay$900millionforinfringingonSevenPolaroidinstant-photographypatents.Inafar-reachingcopyrightcasebookpublishersscoredanimportantvictoryinMarchwhenafederalcourtinNewYorkCityfinedtheKinko’sGraphicsnationalchainofcopyingstores$510000forillegallyphotocopyingandsellingexcerptsofbookstocollegestudents. [D]Althoughtheverdictissubjecttoappealtheawardunderscoresthegrowingimportanceofprotectingintellectualproperty.ThatphrasemayseementirelytoograndtoapplytoasonglikeIfYouDon’tWantMyPeachesYou’dBetterStopShakingMyTreebutitactuallyencompassesthewholevastrangeofcreativeideasthatturnouttohavevalue--andmanyofthemhavemorevaluethanever.FromWaltDisney’sMickeyMousetoUpjohn’sformulaforitsanti-baldnesspotionpatentstrademarksandcopyrightshavebecomecorporatetreasuresthattheirownerswilldoalmostanythingtoprotect. [E]Inaneconomyincreasinglybasedoninformationandtechnologyideasandcreativityoftenembodymostofacompany’swealth.Thatiswhyinnovationsarebeingpatentedtrademarkedandcopyrightedinrecordnumbers.Itisalsowhytoday’scleverthiefdoesn’trobbanksmanyofwhicharebrokeanyway;hemakesunauthorizedcopiesofKevinCostner’slatestfilmsellsfakeCartierwatchesandstealstheformulaforMerck’snewestpharmaceutical.That’swherethemoneyis. [F]Onereasonisthatanycountriesofferonlyfeebleprotectiontointellectualproperty.Realizingthatsuchlaxnesswillexcludethemfrommuchworldtradeaswellashobblenativeindustriesnationseverywherearerevisinglawscoveringpatentscopyrightsandtradenames.MalaysiaEgyptChinaturkeyBrazilandeventheSovietUnionhaveallrecentlyannouncedplanseithertoenactnewlawsorbeefupexistingsafeguards.InanefforttowinU.S.congressionalsupportforaproposedfree-tradepactMexicolastmonthrevealedplanstodoublethelifeoftrademarklicensesto10yearsandextendpatentprotectionforthefirsttimetosuchproductsaspharmaceuticalsandfood. [G]Companiesarecrackingdownonpirateswhostealdesignsmoviesandcomputerprograms.Thebattleisgettinghotter--andmoreimportant.WhenJohnson&Johnsonintroducedanewfiber-glasscastingtapeforbrokenbonesseveralyearsagoexecutivesatMinnesotaMining&Manufacturingflewintoarage.Thetapewhichsetsfracturesfasterthanplasterwasremarkablysimilarindesignandfunctiontoacastingtapedevelopedby3Mscientists.TheSt.Paul-basedcompanyquicklysuedchargingJ&Jwithviolatingfourofitspatents.Lastmonthafederalcourtbacked3MandorderedJ&Jtopay$116millionindamagesandinterest--thefourthlargestpatent-infringementjudgmentinhistory. Order: 43
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.WhatabouttheconstitutionalbanonreligioustestsforpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralpersonfindingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexerciseEvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasisonJudeo-Christianvalues.ItwashewhowroteWehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart.GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.ThewallofseparationtheFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-ChristiantraditionasthemostbloodyreligionthateverexistedandthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross.Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.JeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewtoquestionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod.JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace.Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethatgovernmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyaretolimitedgovernmentoughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth.WhenmentioningQuakerwomenPara.2theauthoristalkingabout
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Thetermmassagetherapyalsocalledmassageforshort;massagealsoreferstoanindividualtreatmentsessioncoversagroupofpracticesandtechniques.Thereareover80typesofmassagetherapy.Inallofthemtherapistspressrubandotherwisemanipulatethemusclesandothersofttissuesofthebodyoftenvaryingpressureandmovement.Theymostoftenusetheirhandsandfingersbutmayusetheirforearmselbowsorfeet.Typicallytheintentistorelaxthesofttissuesincreasedeliveryofbloodandoxygentothemassagedareaswarmthemanddecreasepain.Massagetherapydatesbackthousandsofyears.ReferencestomassagehavebeenfoundinancientwritingsfrommanyculturesincludingthoseofAncientGreeceAncientRomeJapanChinaEgyptandtheIndiansubcontinent.IntheUnitedStatesmassagetherapyfirstbecamepopularandwaspromotedforavarietyofhealthpurposesstartinginthemid-1800s.Inthe1930sand1940showevermassagefelloutoffavormostlybecauseofscientificandtechnologicaladvancesinmedicaltreatments.Interestinmassagerevivedinthe1970sespeciallyamongathletes.Morerecentlya2002nationalsurveyonAmericans’useofCAMpublishedin2004foundthat5percentofthe31000participantshadusedmassagetherapyinthepreceding12monthsand9.3percenthadeverusedit.Accordingtorecentreviewspeopleusemassageforawidevarietyofhealth-relatedintents:forexampletorelievepainoftenfrommusculoskeletalconditionsbutfromotherconditionsaswell;rehabilitatesportsinjuries;reducestress;increaserelaxation;addressfeelingsofanxietyanddepression;andaidgeneralwellness.Massagetherapyappearstohavefewseriousrisksifappropriatecautionsarefollowed.Averysmallnumberofseriousinjurieshavebeenreportedandtheyappeartohaveoccurredmostlybecausecautionswerenotfollowedoramassagewasgivenbyapersonwhowasnotproperlytrained.Healthcareprovidersrecommendthatpatientsnothavemassagetherapybeforetheyconsulttheirdoctorsabouttheirownhealthconditions.Scientistsarestudyingmassagetounderstandwhateffectsmassagetherapyhasonpatientshowithasthoseeffectsandwhy.Someaspectsofthisarebetterunderstoodthanothers.Therearemanymoreaspectsthatarenotyetknownorwellunderstoodscientifically.Morewell-designedstudiesareneededtounderstandandconfirmthesetheoriesandotherscientificaspectsofmassage.Paragraph4ismainlyconcernedabout______.
HereintheU.S.aprojectofmovingthegovernmentafewhundredmilestothesouthwestproceedsapaceunderthesupervisionofSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia.ApartfromtheusualhighwaysandparksByrdhastakenaspecialinterestintransplantingpiecesoffederalagenciesfrommetropolitanWashingtontohishomestate.StrangelyByrd’slittleexperimentinde-WashingtonizationhasbecomethefocusofoutrageamongtheverypeoplewhoareotherwisemostcriticalofWashingtonanditsways.Tothesecriticsitistheverysymbolofcongressionalarroganceofpowerisolationfromrealitycontemptforthevotersandsoonanddemonstratestheneedfortermlimitsifnotlynching.Considerthegood-governmentadvantagesoflet’scallittheByrdMigration.WhatbetterwaytosymbolizeanendtotheoldwaysandcommitmenttoreformthanphysicallymovingthegovernmentWhatbetterwaytobreakupoldbureaucraciesthantouprootandtransplantthemfilesandallSecondspreadingthegovernmentaroundabitoughttoreducethatself-feedingandselfregardingBeltwayculturethatWashington-phobesclaimtodislikesomuch.Ofcoursethereisagooddealofhypocrisyinthisanti-Washingtonchatter.MuchofitcomesfrompoliticiansandjournalistswhohavespentmostoftheiradultlivesinWashingtonandwouldn’tcaretoliveanywhereelse.TheyarenotrushingtoWestVirginiathemselvesexceptfortheoccasionalquaintrusticweekend.ButtheycantakecomfortthatpublicservantsattheBureauofthePublicDebtatleasthaveescapedtheperilsofinside-the-Beltwayinsularity.ThirdisSenatorByrd’srawspread-the-wealthphilosophy’completelyillegitimateTheFederalGovernmentandgovernment-relatedprivateenterpriseshavemademetropolitanWashingtononeoftherichestareasofthecountry.BycontrastWestVirginiaisthesecondpooreststateafterMississippi.Theentirecountry’staxessupportthegovernment.Whyshouldn’tmoreofthecountrygetapieceofitAsprivatebusinessesarediscoveringtheelectronicrevolutionismakingitlessandlessnecessaryforworktobecentralizedatheadquarters.There’snoreasonthegovernmentshouldn’ttakemoreadvantageofthistrendaswell.ItishardlyenoughthoughtoexpelafewthousandmidlevelbureaucratsfromtheallegedEdeninsidetheWashingtonBeltway.ReallypurgingtheWashingtonCultureenoughtosatisfyitsnoisiestcriticswillrequireamassexodusontheorderofwhattheKhmerRougeinstitutedwhentheytookoverPhnomPenhin1975.UntiltheverymembersoftheTIMEWashingtonbureauitselfaretraipsingsouthalong1-95theirwordprocessorsstrappedtotheirbacksthenationcannotresteasy.ButAmerica’swould-beKhmerRougeshouldgiveSenatorByrdmorecreditforshowingtheway.AccordingtothetextamassexodusPara.6mostprobablymeans
AccordingtocomScoreFacebookistheleadingsocialnetworkingsitebasedonmonthlyuniquevisitorshavingovertakenmaincompetitorMySpaceinApril2008.AccordingtoAlexathewebsite’srankingamongallwebsitesincreasedfrom60thto7thintermsofworldwidetrafficfromSeptember2006toSeptember2007andiscurrently5th.Quantcastranksthewebsite15thinU.S.intermsoftrafficandCompete.comranksit14thinU.S.TheInternetphenomenonwhichboasts80millionusersworldwideexplodedinpopularityoverthepastyearasaconvenientwayforWebuserstocommunicateandsharepersonaldetailswithselectedgroupsoffriendsoracquaintances.ButgrammaticalerrorsintheautomatedmessagesFacebookusestopersonalizepronounswhenmembersshareinformationwiththeirfriendshaveproliferatedsincethesiteexpandedfromEnglish-onlyinto15newlanguagesinrecentmonths.AndnowFacebookwillpressmemberstodeclarewhethertheyaremaleorfemaleseekingtoendthegrammaticaldevicethatleadsthesitetorefertoindividualusersastheyorthemself.We’vegottenfeedbackfromtranslatorsandusersinothercountriesthattranslationswindupbeingtooconfusingwhenpeoplehavenotspecifiedasexontheirprofilesFacebookproductmanagerNaomiGleitsaidinacompanystatement.InEnglishwhenusersfailtospecifywhatgendertheyareFacebookdefaultstosomeformofthegenderneutralpluralpronounthey.Thatoptionisunavailablewhenthepluralisalwaysmasculineorfeminineinotherlanguages.Peoplewhohaven’tselectedwhatsextheyarefrequentlygetdefaultedtothewrongsexGleitwrote.UnlessthegenderoftheuserisclearFacebookdoesnotknowwhichpronountousetonotifyothermembersaddinformationtothesite.ThiscommonEnglishproblemismultipliedinlanguageswheremasculineandfemininedistinctionsaregrammaticallyingrained.Thesitewillnowaskuserstospecifywhethertheyaremaleorfemaleontheirbasicmember-shipprofile.Itwillpromptexistinguserstodefinethemselves.Facebookhasanopt-outoptionformemberswhochoosenottospecifytheirgenderordonotconsidergendertobeclearcut.Memberscanremovementionofgenderfrommessagesabouttheiractivities.We’vereceivedpushbackinthepastfromgroupsthatfindthemale/femaledistinctiontoolimitingGleitsaid.FromthepassageweknowthatFacebookisnowfacedwiththeproblemthat______.
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Oncetheexclusivedomainofexecutiveswithexpenseaccountsmobilephonesaresettobecomeoneofthecentraltechnologiesofthe21stcentury.46Withinafewyearsthemobilephonewillevolvefromavoice-onlydevicetoamulti-functionalcommunicatorcapableoftransmittingandreceivingnotonlysoundbutvideostillimagesdataandtext.Awholeneweraofpersonalcommunicationisontheway. Thanksinparttothegrowthofwirelessnetworksthetelephoneisconvergingwiththepersonalcomputerandthetelevision.47Soonlight-weightphonesoutfittedwithhighresolutionscreens--whichcanbeembeddedineverythingfromwristwatchestopalm-heldunitswillbeconnectedtoseriesofloworbitsatellitesenablingpeopletotalksendandreceiveE-mailortakepartinvideoconferencesanytimeanywhere.Thesephonesmightalsoabsorbmanyofthekeyfunctionsofthedesktopcomputer.MobiledevicesareexpectedtobeidealforsomeofthenewpersonalizedservicesthatarebecomingavailableviatheInternet. Thecommunicationsrevolutionisalreadytakingshapearoundtheglobe.InEuropemall-scaletrialsareunderwayusingmobilephonesforelectroniccommerce.ForexamplemostphonescontainasubscriberidentificationmoduleSIMcardthatservesprimarilytoidentifyausertothephonenetwork.SomemanufacturersplantoupgradetheSIMcardtoanall-in-onepersonalidentificationandcreditcard.Anotherapproachistoaddaslottomobilephonesforasecondsmartcarddesignedspecificallyformobileecommerce.48ThesecardscouldbeusedtomakepaymentsovertheInternetorremovedfromthephoneforuseinpointof-saleterminalstopayforthingslikepublictransportationmovieticketsoraroundofdrinksatthebar. InFranceMotorolaiscurrentlytestingadualslotphonetheStarTACDinatrialwithFranceTelecomwhileinFinlandNokiaistestingaphonethatusesaspecialpluginreaderforatinysmartcard.Siemensispursuingadifferentapproach.49Sinceitisnotveryclearwhetherit’sbesttodoeverythingwithasingledeviceSiemensisdevelopingdualslotphonesandEinsteinadeviceequippedwithasmartcardreaderandkeypadthatcanbelinkedtothephoneviainfraredwirelesstechnology. 50Forthosewhowanttothoughitwillbepossibletoreceivealmostallformsofelectroniccommunicationthroughasingledevicemostlikelyathree-in-onephonethatservesasacordlessathomeacellphoneontheroadandanintercomatwork."Themobilephonewillbecomeincreasinglymultifunctional"saysBurghardtSchallenbergervicepresidentfortechnologyandinnovationatSiemensInformationandConsumerProducts. 47
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Oncetheexclusivedomainofexecutiveswithexpenseaccountsmobilephonesaresettobecomeoneofthecentraltechnologiesofthe21stcentury.46Withinafewyearsthemobilephonewillevolvefromavoice-onlydevicetoamulti-functionalcommunicatorcapableoftransmittingandreceivingnotonlysoundbutvideostillimagesdataandtext.Awholeneweraofpersonalcommunicationisontheway. Thanksinparttothegrowthofwirelessnetworksthetelephoneisconvergingwiththepersonalcomputerandthetelevision.47Soonlight-weightphonesoutfittedwithhighresolutionscreens--whichcanbeembeddedineverythingfromwristwatchestopalm-heldunitswillbeconnectedtoseriesofloworbitsatellitesenablingpeopletotalksendandreceiveE-mailortakepartinvideoconferencesanytimeanywhere.Thesephonesmightalsoabsorbmanyofthekeyfunctionsofthedesktopcomputer.MobiledevicesareexpectedtobeidealforsomeofthenewpersonalizedservicesthatarebecomingavailableviatheInternet. Thecommunicationsrevolutionisalreadytakingshapearoundtheglobe.InEuropemall-scaletrialsareunderwayusingmobilephonesforelectroniccommerce.ForexamplemostphonescontainasubscriberidentificationmoduleSIMcardthatservesprimarilytoidentifyausertothephonenetwork.SomemanufacturersplantoupgradetheSIMcardtoanall-in-onepersonalidentificationandcreditcard.Anotherapproachistoaddaslottomobilephonesforasecondsmartcarddesignedspecificallyformobileecommerce.48ThesecardscouldbeusedtomakepaymentsovertheInternetorremovedfromthephoneforuseinpointof-saleterminalstopayforthingslikepublictransportationmovieticketsoraroundofdrinksatthebar. InFranceMotorolaiscurrentlytestingadualslotphonetheStarTACDinatrialwithFranceTelecomwhileinFinlandNokiaistestingaphonethatusesaspecialpluginreaderforatinysmartcard.Siemensispursuingadifferentapproach.49Sinceitisnotveryclearwhetherit’sbesttodoeverythingwithasingledeviceSiemensisdevelopingdualslotphonesandEinsteinadeviceequippedwithasmartcardreaderandkeypadthatcanbelinkedtothephoneviainfraredwirelesstechnology. 50Forthosewhowanttothoughitwillbepossibletoreceivealmostallformsofelectroniccommunicationthroughasingledevicemostlikelyathree-in-onephonethatservesasacordlessathomeacellphoneontheroadandanintercomatwork."Themobilephonewillbecomeincreasinglymultifunctional"saysBurghardtSchallenbergervicepresidentfortechnologyandinnovationatSiemensInformationandConsumerProducts. 49
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Directions.Arecruitmentdrivefor100000OlympicvolunteerswhichaimstohelptheChineseandforeignersgetinvolvedinthe2008GameswasofficiallylaunchedinBeijinglastmonth.Youintendtoapplyforcertainpositionsandnowwritealettertherecruitmentofficeshowingyourmotivationandstatingyoureligibilityfortherequirements.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
[A]Yetthievesstillreaparichharvest.InadequateprotectionofU.S.patentstrademarksandcopyrightscoststheU.S.economy$80billioninsaleslosttopiratesand250000jobseveryyearaccordingtoGaryHoffmananintellectualpropertyattorneyatDicksteinShapiro&MorininWashington.Thecomputerindustrylosesupwardsof$4billionofrevenuesayeartoillegalcopyingofsoftwareprograms.Piracyofmoviesbooksandrecordingscoststheentertainmentbusinessatleast$4billionannually. [B]Withintellectualpropertynowaccountingformorethan25%ofU.S.exportscomparedwithjust12%eightyearsagoprotectionagainstinternationalpiracyrankshighontheBushAdministration’stradeagenda.TheU.S.InternationalTradeCommissionthefederalagencythatdealswithunfair-tradecomplaintsbyAmericancompaniesishandlingarecordnumberofcases38lastyearSaysITCChairmanAnneBrunsdale:"Conceptualpropertyhasreplacedproduceandheavymachineryasthehotbedoftradedisputes." [C]Thebattleiswidening--U.S.companiesfiledmorethan5700intellectual-propertylawsuitslastyearincontrastto3800in1980--andthestakescanbeenormous.Inthebiggestpatent-infringementcasetodateEastmanKodakwasorderedlastOctobertopay$900millionforinfringingonSevenPolaroidinstant-photographypatents.Inafar-reachingcopyrightcasebookpublishersscoredanimportantvictoryinMarchwhenafederalcourtinNewYorkCityfinedtheKinko’sGraphicsnationalchainofcopyingstores$510000forillegallyphotocopyingandsellingexcerptsofbookstocollegestudents. [D]Althoughtheverdictissubjecttoappealtheawardunderscoresthegrowingimportanceofprotectingintellectualproperty.ThatphrasemayseementirelytoograndtoapplytoasonglikeIfYouDon’tWantMyPeachesYou’dBetterStopShakingMyTreebutitactuallyencompassesthewholevastrangeofcreativeideasthatturnouttohavevalue--andmanyofthemhavemorevaluethanever.FromWaltDisney’sMickeyMousetoUpjohn’sformulaforitsanti-baldnesspotionpatentstrademarksandcopyrightshavebecomecorporatetreasuresthattheirownerswilldoalmostanythingtoprotect. [E]Inaneconomyincreasinglybasedoninformationandtechnologyideasandcreativityoftenembodymostofacompany’swealth.Thatiswhyinnovationsarebeingpatentedtrademarkedandcopyrightedinrecordnumbers.Itisalsowhytoday’scleverthiefdoesn’trobbanksmanyofwhicharebrokeanyway;hemakesunauthorizedcopiesofKevinCostner’slatestfilmsellsfakeCartierwatchesandstealstheformulaforMerck’snewestpharmaceutical.That’swherethemoneyis. [F]Onereasonisthatanycountriesofferonlyfeebleprotectiontointellectualproperty.Realizingthatsuchlaxnesswillexcludethemfrommuchworldtradeaswellashobblenativeindustriesnationseverywherearerevisinglawscoveringpatentscopyrightsandtradenames.MalaysiaEgyptChinaturkeyBrazilandeventheSovietUnionhaveallrecentlyannouncedplanseithertoenactnewlawsorbeefupexistingsafeguards.InanefforttowinU.S.congressionalsupportforaproposedfree-tradepactMexicolastmonthrevealedplanstodoublethelifeoftrademarklicensesto10yearsandextendpatentprotectionforthefirsttimetosuchproductsaspharmaceuticalsandfood. [G]Companiesarecrackingdownonpirateswhostealdesignsmoviesandcomputerprograms.Thebattleisgettinghotter--andmoreimportant.WhenJohnson&Johnsonintroducedanewfiber-glasscastingtapeforbrokenbonesseveralyearsagoexecutivesatMinnesotaMining&Manufacturingflewintoarage.Thetapewhichsetsfracturesfasterthanplasterwasremarkablysimilarindesignandfunctiontoacastingtapedevelopedby3Mscientists.TheSt.Paul-basedcompanyquicklysuedchargingJ&Jwithviolatingfourofitspatents.Lastmonthafederalcourtbacked3MandorderedJ&Jtopay$116millionindamagesandinterest--thefourthlargestpatent-infringementjudgmentinhistory. Order: 45
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike.IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness.Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon.HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners.ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas.U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood.StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo.Accordingtothe3thparagraphMainStreetistofleshpotsas
ManycountrieswillnotallowcigaretteadvertisingintheirnewspaperoronTV-especially1theadvertisementsareusuallywrittenwithyoungpeopleinmind.2advertisingthetobaccocompanieshavebegunto3sportsevents.Theygivemoneytofootballmotorracingtennisandanumberof4sports5conditionthatthenameofthecigaretteis6Thisisnow7concernbecauseitdoesexactly8manyadstrytodo-suggestthatsmokinghassomeconnection9beingstrongandathletic. Inallthisthepointofviewofthenon-smokershastobe10aswell:"3wishsmokerwouldstop11theair.IwishIcouldeatinarestaurant12havingtosmellcigarettessmoke."Ithasbeen13thatinaroomwherealargenumberofpeoplearesmokinganon-smokerwillbreatheinthe14oftwoorthreecigarettesduringanevening.15non-smokersarenowmajorityinmanywesterncountries.Moreandmorepeoplearegivingupthehabitdiscouragedbyhighpricesinfluencedby16advertisingorjustawarethatsmokingisnolongerreallyapolitethingtodo. Facedwithlowersalesthewesterntobaccocompanieshavebeguntolookoutsidetheirowncountries.Theyhavebegunadvertising17topersuadeyoungpeopleindevelopingcountriesthatsmokingAmericanorBritishorFrenchcigaretteisasophisticatedwesternhabitwhichtheyshouldcopy.Asaresultmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearespending18moneytheyhaveonaproductwhichthewestrecognizes19unhealthyandnolongerwants.ThehighnumberofyoungsmokersinIndiainSouthAmericaandinSouthEastAsiawillbecomesomeoftomorrow’s20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
[A]Yetthievesstillreaparichharvest.InadequateprotectionofU.S.patentstrademarksandcopyrightscoststheU.S.economy$80billioninsaleslosttopiratesand250000jobseveryyearaccordingtoGaryHoffmananintellectualpropertyattorneyatDicksteinShapiro&MorininWashington.Thecomputerindustrylosesupwardsof$4billionofrevenuesayeartoillegalcopyingofsoftwareprograms.Piracyofmoviesbooksandrecordingscoststheentertainmentbusinessatleast$4billionannually. [B]Withintellectualpropertynowaccountingformorethan25%ofU.S.exportscomparedwithjust12%eightyearsagoprotectionagainstinternationalpiracyrankshighontheBushAdministration’stradeagenda.TheU.S.InternationalTradeCommissionthefederalagencythatdealswithunfair-tradecomplaintsbyAmericancompaniesishandlingarecordnumberofcases38lastyearSaysITCChairmanAnneBrunsdale:"Conceptualpropertyhasreplacedproduceandheavymachineryasthehotbedoftradedisputes." [C]Thebattleiswidening--U.S.companiesfiledmorethan5700intellectual-propertylawsuitslastyearincontrastto3800in1980--andthestakescanbeenormous.Inthebiggestpatent-infringementcasetodateEastmanKodakwasorderedlastOctobertopay$900millionforinfringingonSevenPolaroidinstant-photographypatents.Inafar-reachingcopyrightcasebookpublishersscoredanimportantvictoryinMarchwhenafederalcourtinNewYorkCityfinedtheKinko’sGraphicsnationalchainofcopyingstores$510000forillegallyphotocopyingandsellingexcerptsofbookstocollegestudents. [D]Althoughtheverdictissubjecttoappealtheawardunderscoresthegrowingimportanceofprotectingintellectualproperty.ThatphrasemayseementirelytoograndtoapplytoasonglikeIfYouDon’tWantMyPeachesYou’dBetterStopShakingMyTreebutitactuallyencompassesthewholevastrangeofcreativeideasthatturnouttohavevalue--andmanyofthemhavemorevaluethanever.FromWaltDisney’sMickeyMousetoUpjohn’sformulaforitsanti-baldnesspotionpatentstrademarksandcopyrightshavebecomecorporatetreasuresthattheirownerswilldoalmostanythingtoprotect. [E]Inaneconomyincreasinglybasedoninformationandtechnologyideasandcreativityoftenembodymostofacompany’swealth.Thatiswhyinnovationsarebeingpatentedtrademarkedandcopyrightedinrecordnumbers.Itisalsowhytoday’scleverthiefdoesn’trobbanksmanyofwhicharebrokeanyway;hemakesunauthorizedcopiesofKevinCostner’slatestfilmsellsfakeCartierwatchesandstealstheformulaforMerck’snewestpharmaceutical.That’swherethemoneyis. [F]Onereasonisthatanycountriesofferonlyfeebleprotectiontointellectualproperty.Realizingthatsuchlaxnesswillexcludethemfrommuchworldtradeaswellashobblenativeindustriesnationseverywherearerevisinglawscoveringpatentscopyrightsandtradenames.MalaysiaEgyptChinaturkeyBrazilandeventheSovietUnionhaveallrecentlyannouncedplanseithertoenactnewlawsorbeefupexistingsafeguards.InanefforttowinU.S.congressionalsupportforaproposedfree-tradepactMexicolastmonthrevealedplanstodoublethelifeoftrademarklicensesto10yearsandextendpatentprotectionforthefirsttimetosuchproductsaspharmaceuticalsandfood. [G]Companiesarecrackingdownonpirateswhostealdesignsmoviesandcomputerprograms.Thebattleisgettinghotter--andmoreimportant.WhenJohnson&Johnsonintroducedanewfiber-glasscastingtapeforbrokenbonesseveralyearsagoexecutivesatMinnesotaMining&Manufacturingflewintoarage.Thetapewhichsetsfracturesfasterthanplasterwasremarkablysimilarindesignandfunctiontoacastingtapedevelopedby3Mscientists.TheSt.Paul-basedcompanyquicklysuedchargingJ&Jwithviolatingfourofitspatents.Lastmonthafederalcourtbacked3MandorderedJ&Jtopay$116millionindamagesandinterest--thefourthlargestpatent-infringementjudgmentinhistory. Order: 41
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