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下列各项，对血液循行具有推动作用的是
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血液循行的动力是指气的
推动作用
温煦作用
防御作用
固摄作用
下列哪一项是直接推动血液循行的气
卫气
肺气
宗气
心气
血液的正常循行与气的哪些功能相关
推动作用
温煦作用
防御作用
固摄作用
气化作用
血的循行有赖于气的
防御作用
推动作用
固摄作用
气化作用
使血液循行于脉内而不逸出脉外是气的何种功能
推动作用
温煦作用
防御作用
固摄作用
气化作用
血在脉中循行而不溢出脉外主要依靠气的
推动作用
固摄作用
防御作用
温煦作用
气化作用
血在脉中循行而不溢出脉外主要依靠气的是
推动作用
固摄作用
防御作用
温煦作用
气化作用
血在脉中循行而不溢出脉外主要依靠气的
推动作用
固摄作用
防御作用
温煦作用
气化作用
气的推动作用具体表现为
促进生长发育
激发脏腑功能
激发经络功能
促进血行循行
血的循行有赖于气的
防御作用
推动作用
固摄作用
气化作用
温煦作用（2004年考试真题）
下列各项有赖于气的推动作用的是
生成发育
血液循行
津液代谢
脏腑功能
约束血液使之循行于脉中属于气的
推动作用
温煦作用
固摄作用
气化作用
血的循行有赖于气的
防御作用
推动作用
固摄作用
气化作用
温煦作用
与血液行于脉内而不溢出脉外有关的是
推动作用
温煦作用
防御作用
固摄作用
肺在血液循行中的作用是下列哪一项
基本动力
助心行血
推动作用
调节作用
贮存血液
在人体血液循行中具有动力作用的脏腑是
心
肺
脾
肝
下列各项与血液循行关系密切的是
心
肺
脾
肝
血液在脉管内循行是依赖气的
推动作用
温煦作用
防御作用
固摄作用
气化作用
血液在脉内循行是依赖气的
推动作用
温煦作用
防御作用
固摄作用
气化作用
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下列关于金融市场的叙述正确的是
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror.ifthematterisonethatcanbeserriedbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable.Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies.Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantage’is’thatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowing’moreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantage’is’thatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace
Text3Withoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwall-FernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays."I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforus"saysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaround"twocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifelthekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.""Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlife"sheadds.’"Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway.Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers."Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetellourselves"ChuckDarrahananthropologistsays."Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsobusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainter"FortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities."Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriority"shesays.Betweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawomansays"Iamexhaustedallthetime."Likeotherssheconcedesthatshesets"somewhatunrealisticexpectations"forwhatshecanaccomplishinaday.BeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessaying"Wecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime."Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultin"poordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun."Headvises:"Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou."Darrah’sownscheduleremainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotherontheclockDarrahoffersthisadvice:"Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout." WhatdoestheauthormeanbysayingIfpeopleweren'tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainter
Text2Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus—andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop"recklessexperiments"it’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch.Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret."Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinking"hesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesa"righttoresearch"hasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars—ThomasEmersonJeromeBartonWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green—wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience."Certainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingit"BarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls.Bernsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbemusehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthat"theFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch."Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBernsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacethefight-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow.Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.ButwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtotherighttoexperimentinthelabNeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report."Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissible."Thegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanprovea"compellinginterest"likepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution. TheviewsofKassandO.T.A.oncloningresearchare
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidless.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.Pilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheircrewof.flightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto."They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperly"saysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatfraternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup."Whatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservice"saysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory."They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanontimedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes."Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed."Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagain"saysHelaneBecketanairlineanalyst."It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble." IntheeyesofGreenUnitedAirlines
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
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哈罗德的分析之所以是一种动态的分析是因为他
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidless.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.Pilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheircrewof.flightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto."They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperly"saysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatfraternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup."Whatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservice"saysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory."They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanontimedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes."Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed."Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagain"saysHelaneBecketanairlineanalyst."It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble." Theexamplementionedinparagraph3showsthat
公司债券的收益率为8.5%免税的市政债券收益率为6.12%为使纳税后的两者收益相等你的税率应是
Text3Withoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwall-FernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays."I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforus"saysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaround"twocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifelthekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.""Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlife"sheadds.’"Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway.Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers."Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetellourselves"ChuckDarrahananthropologistsays."Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsobusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainter"FortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities."Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriority"shesays.Betweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawomansays"Iamexhaustedallthetime."Likeotherssheconcedesthatshesets"somewhatunrealisticexpectations"forwhatshecanaccomplishinaday.BeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessaying"Wecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime."Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultin"poordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun."Headvises:"Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou."Darrah’sownscheduleremainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotherontheclockDarrahoffersthisadvice:"Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout." Theexampleofthepublicistisusedtoshowmostpeople's
Text2Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus—andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop"recklessexperiments"it’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch.Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret."Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinking"hesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesa"righttoresearch"hasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars—ThomasEmersonJeromeBartonWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green—wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience."Certainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingit"BarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls.Bernsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbemusehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthat"theFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch."Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBernsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacethefight-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow.Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.ButwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtotherighttoexperimentinthelabNeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report."Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissible."Thegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanprovea"compellinginterest"likepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution. TheworditLine8Para.2mostprobablyrefersto
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachdayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973.Bio6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables.Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesamnotdistributed11sohowmuchofaforestamdestroyedmaybeasimportantas12.13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature".Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest".Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
实现货币自由兑换的条件中不包括下列哪一项
下表列举的是银行报出的GBP/USD的即期与远期汇率
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. [A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealinginrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.Andnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchbetterthanmanyoftheirfriendswhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely. [B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagement’isnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.InordertomakemoremoneymostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediatelybutitmaycomeataveryhighcost. [C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehomebeautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhoodtheyhaveregularcarsingoodconditionthoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcartheydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.HowdotheydoitTheylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewcarjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesacarisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbecausetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt. [D]Ifyouhavechildrenitmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildrenitmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthatitmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams. [E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyinglessorbuyingcheaperorevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired. [F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpathbutthebesthighvaluepath.Besidewhatyoudoforalivingthemoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahomeunlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime.Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest. [G]Inotherwordsifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusinessthiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediatelybutinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob.Order: 45
准经济租金是指
Directions: Youfellillandneededanoperation.ThedoctorsofTallOaksHospitalcarriedoutanoperationonyou.Writeraletterofthanksincludingthefollowingdetails: 1Describingthemoodbeforeoperation; 2AcknowledgingthestuffoftheTallOaksHospital; Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. [A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealinginrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.Andnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchbetterthanmanyoftheirfriendswhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely. [B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagement’isnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.InordertomakemoremoneymostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediatelybutitmaycomeataveryhighcost. [C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehomebeautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhoodtheyhaveregularcarsingoodconditionthoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcartheydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.HowdotheydoitTheylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewcarjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesacarisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbecausetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt. [D]Ifyouhavechildrenitmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildrenitmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthatitmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams. [E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyinglessorbuyingcheaperorevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired. [F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpathbutthebesthighvaluepath.Besidewhatyoudoforalivingthemoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahomeunlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime.Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest. [G]Inotherwordsifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusinessthiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediatelybutinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob.Order: 41
Text4Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicisthattherehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurthercontributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.AsBahnputsit"therehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:firstexcavationhasbecomefarslowerandmorepainstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondlywecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave."Theconclusionstobedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory.AstechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevarietyofanalysisfrommicroscopicradiocarbondatingorevenDNAsamples.Theabilitytodeterminemorefromfewersamplesagainsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreovermoreoftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththespecialistanalyserssuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysisratherthantheexcavators.Soagainsomeoftherequirementsforextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughtheadvancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurfacesurveytechniques.FurthermoreArchaeologyitselfhaschangedinanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyupontheacquisitionofmaterialcultureorartefacts.Inmanycaseswehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterialculture.IndeedinEgyptandItalyitemsarerebuffedinthegroundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofulltheftmayberipepreservationdifficultanddocumentationslow.TheemergenceofprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothersagainmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsofexplanationprocessdeductionhypothesistestingquestionsettingandresponse.Answeringquestionsabouttheorganisationofsocietiestheenvironmentandtheirlifehaveamuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowandwhyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavationalonecannotanswerallthesequestions.Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearchprocess.ThisprocedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.Researchdesignhasfourcomponentsnamely:formulationthecollectionandrecordingprocessingandanalysisandpublication.Forexamplemoredetailedworkintheformulationpartcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandtherebyagainreducetheamountofexcavationrequired.AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobemore’strategic’thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofastrategicnature.Overalllandscapescontexttradingpatternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestates"fieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.Itusuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea."Hecontinues"studiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroadagriculturaleconomicandsocialdevelopments". Wecaninferfromthepassagethat
PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. [A]Althoughitdoesnotlookappealinginrealitythesepeoplehavegoodlives.Theirjobsdonotpayafortunebuttheylovethemandtheirlivesarestress-free.Andnoonewouldguessthattheymakesolittlebecausetheylivemuchbetterthanmanyoftheirfriendswhomakealotmore.Soifyouwantmoremoneyyouhavetocountyourpennies;thereisnootherwaythantospendwisely. [B]Whenitcomestomoneymanagementyouneedtothinklongterm.Moneymanagement’isnotonlyhowyoumanageyourmoneyrightnow;itishowyouwillmakesureyourincomeandwealthwillincreaseovertime.InordertomakemoremoneymostAmericanstaketheeasiestroute:getasecondjob.Thisiseasy;itwillgivemoremoneyimmediatelybutitmaycomeataveryhighcost. [C]LookatthecaseofMelissaandherhusband.Theyownanicehomebeautifullydecoratedinaniceneighborhoodtheyhaveregularcarsingoodconditionthoughwithmorethan100Kmilesoneachcartheydresswellandtraveltoexoticdestinationsonceayear.HowdotheydoitTheylivewisely.Theydonotbuyanewcarjustbecausepeoplesaythatafter100Kmilesacarisgoodfornothing.Theircarslookgoodandrunwellbecausetheytakecareofthem.Theyarenotplanningonbuyinganewcaranytimesoon.Thisisahugeexpensethattheydonotwanttotake;theyowntheircarsrightnowandtheydonotwantadditionaldebt. [D]Ifyouhavechildrenitmaycomeatthecostofprecioustimewiththemoryourfamily.Ifyouaresingleandhavenochildrenitmaycostyoupeaceandtimeforrelaxation.Butbeyondthatitmaycostyoulongterm:notbeingabletopursuebiggerdreams. [E]Youcansavemoneyinmanywaysincludingbuyinglessorbuyingcheaperorevenbuyingsmarter.Peoplewhoseemtohavemoneyforeverythingandstilldonotcarrycreditcarddebtshouldbeadmired. [F]Moneyandcareerwiseyouhavetobesmartandnottaketheshortestpathbutthebesthighvaluepath.Besidewhatyoudoforalivingthemoneyyousavehastobeinvestedwellsothatyouhavegoodreturns.Oneofthebestinvestmentsyoucanhaveisahomeunlessyouneedtorentsinceyouwillbeinaspecificlocationonlyforaveryshorttime.Topayrentistoliterallyputmoneydownthedrain.Thehomeyoubuyhastobesuchthatyoucanmakeprofitinafewyearssothatyoucanbuyabiggerhomeorasimilarhomeandsavetherest. [G]Inotherwordsifyoudevoteyourtimetolearnanewskillorstartyourownbusinessthiswillnotgiveyoumoneyimmediatelybutinthelongtermitwillgivemoremoneyandpersonalsatisfactionthanastupidsecondjob.Order: 43
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.Text1Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidless.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.Pilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheircrewof.flightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto."They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperly"saysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatfraternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup."Whatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservice"saysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory."They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanontimedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes."Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed."Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagain"saysHelaneBecketanairlineanalyst."It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble." Aviationexpertsbelievethatthecustomerserviceofthemajorairlines
Text4Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicisthattherehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurthercontributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.AsBahnputsit"therehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:firstexcavationhasbecomefarslowerandmorepainstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondlywecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave."Theconclusionstobedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory.AstechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevarietyofanalysisfrommicroscopicradiocarbondatingorevenDNAsamples.Theabilitytodeterminemorefromfewersamplesagainsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreovermoreoftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththespecialistanalyserssuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysisratherthantheexcavators.Soagainsomeoftherequirementsforextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughtheadvancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurfacesurveytechniques.FurthermoreArchaeologyitselfhaschangedinanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyupontheacquisitionofmaterialcultureorartefacts.Inmanycaseswehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterialculture.IndeedinEgyptandItalyitemsarerebuffedinthegroundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofulltheftmayberipepreservationdifficultanddocumentationslow.TheemergenceofprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothersagainmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsofexplanationprocessdeductionhypothesistestingquestionsettingandresponse.Answeringquestionsabouttheorganisationofsocietiestheenvironmentandtheirlifehaveamuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowandwhyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavationalonecannotanswerallthesequestions.Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearchprocess.ThisprocedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.Researchdesignhasfourcomponentsnamely:formulationthecollectionandrecordingprocessingandanalysisandpublication.Forexamplemoredetailedworkintheformulationpartcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandtherebyagainreducetheamountofexcavationrequired.AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobemore’strategic’thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofastrategicnature.Overalllandscapescontexttradingpatternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestates"fieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.Itusuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea."Hecontinues"studiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroadagriculturaleconomicandsocialdevelopments". WhydoestheconclusiondramfromBahn'swordsseemcontradictory
如果一国处于国内失业国际收支有赤字的状况这时最适宜采用下列项宏观调节政策
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliablenosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeepyounotfromallerrorbutfromsillyerror.ifthematterisonethatcanbeserriedbyobservationmaketheobservationyourself.46AristotlecouldhaveavoidedthemistakeofthinkingthatwomenhavefewerteeththanmenbythesimpledeviceofaskingMrs.Aristotletokeephermouthopenwhilehecounted.Hedidnotdosobecausehethoughtheknew.Thinkingthatyouknowwheninfactyoudon’tisafatalmistaketowhichweareallliable.Manymattershoweverarelesseasilybroughttothetestofexperience.47Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.IfsomeonemaintainsthattwoandtwoarefiveorthatIcelandisontheequatoryoufeelpityratherthanangerunlessyouknowlittleofarithmeticorgeographythathisopinionshakesyourowncontraryconviction.48Themostsavagecontroversiesarethoseaboutmattersastowhichthereisnogoodevidenceeitherway.Sowheneveryoufindyourselfgettingangryaboutadifferenceofopinionbeonyourguard;youwillprobablyfindonexaminationthatyourbeliefisgoingbeyondwhattheevidencejustifies.Forthosewhohaveenoughpsychologicalimaginationitisagoodplantoimagineanargumentwithapersonhavingadifferentopinion.49Thishasoneadvantageandonlyoneascomparedwithactualconversationwithopponents;thisoneadvantage’is’thatthemethodisnotsubjecttothesamelimitationsoftimeandspace.MahatmaGandhiconsidereditunfortunatetohaverailwaysandsteamboatsandmachinery;hewouldhavelikedtoundothewholeoftheindustrialrevolution.YoumayneverhaveanopportunityofactuallymeetinganyonewhoholdsthisopinionbecauseinWesterncountriesmostpeopletaketheadvantageofmoderntechnologyforgranted.50ButifyouwanttomakesurethatyouarerightinagreeingwiththeprevailingopinionyouwillfinditagoodplantotesttheargumentsthatoccurtoyoubyconsideringwhatGandhimighthavesaidinrefutationofthem.Ihavesometimesbeenledactuallytochangemymindasaresultofthiskindofimaginarydialogue.FurthermoreIhavefrequentlyfoundmyselfgrowing’moreagreeablethroughrealizingthepossiblereasonablenessofahypotheticalopponent. Iflikemostofmankindyouhavestrongconvictionsonmanysuchmatterstherearewaysinwhichyoucanmakeyourselfawareofyourownprejudice.Ifanopinioncontrarytoyourownmakesyouangrythatisasignthatyousubconsciouslyareawareofhavingnogoodreasonforthinkingasyoudo.
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