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Avalanche and Its Safety An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and ...
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AvalancheandItsSafetyAnavalancheisasuddenandrapidf
use
time
snow
rain
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weight
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among
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conditions
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AvalancheandItsSafetyAnavalancheisasuddenandrapidf
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Avalanche雪崩andItsSafetyAnavalancheisasuddenandrapi
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ElectronicSpyingWildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthegreatgameofespionage-spyingasaprofession.ThesedaystheNetwhichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmailisreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.InthepastthreeorfouryearstheWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallitopen-sourceintelligenceandastheNetgrowsitisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.ThewinnerbyalargemarginwasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutionswhoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitfordInc.aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustinTexas.StraitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspyingcoveringnationsfromChiletoRussiatocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.straitfordcom.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistributionaspymaster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.Assoonasthatreportrunswe’llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkrainesaysFriedmanaformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisksofcoursesinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthingwherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.StraitfordsaysFriedmantakesprideinitsindependentvoice.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto______.
A.10percentto25percentfortheproportionofworkerswhousedrugsoccasionallyonthejobB.determineexactlywhensimpledrugusebecomesabuseC.the1920suntilthe1960sD.the1960suntilthe1970sE.signalspassingthroughthenervoussystemEstimatesofemployeedruguseverygreatlyrangingfrom______.
ComputerandSchoolEducationTherewasatimewhenparentswhowantedaneducationalpresentfortheirchildrenwouldbuyatypewriteraglobeoranencyclopediaset.Nowthose51seemhopelesslyold-fashioned;thisChristmastherewerealotofpersonalcomputersunderthetree.52thatcomputersarethekeytosuccessparentsarealsofinanciallyinsistingthatchildren53taughttousetheminschool-asearlyaspossible.Theproblemforschoolsisthatwhenit54computersparentsdon’talwaysknowbest.Manyschoolsare55parentalimpatienceandarepurchasinghardwarewithoutsoundeducationalplanningsotheycansayOKwe’vemovedintothecomputerage.Teachersfoundthemselvescaughtinthemiddleoftheproblem-betweenparentpressureand56educationaldecisions.Educatorsdonotevenagree57howcomputersshouldbeused.58moneyisgoingforcomputerizededucationalmaterials59researchhasshowncanbetaughtjustaswellwithpencilandpaper.60thosewhobelievethatallchildrenshouldhaveaccesstocomputerswarnofpotentialdangerstotheveryyoung.Thetemptationremainsstronglargelybecauseyoungchildren61sowelltocomputers.Firstgradershavebeenseenwillingtoworkfortwohoursonmathskills.Somehaveanattentionspanof20minutes.62schoolcanaffordtogointocomputingandcreatesyetanotherproblem:adivisionbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.Very63parentsareagitating64computerinstructioninpoorschooldistricts65theremaybebarelyenoughmoneytopaythereadingteacher.
HomeSchoolingAllchildrenintheUnitedStateshavetoreceiveaneducationbutthelawdoesnotsaytheyhavetobeeducatedatschool.Anumberofparentsprefernottosendtheirchildrentoschool.46Thereareabout300000home-schoolersintheUnitedStatestoday.Someparentspreferteachingtheirchildrenathomebecausetheydonotbelievethatpublicschoolsteachthecorrectreligiousvalues;othersbelievetheycanprovideabettereducationalexperiencefortheirchildrenbyteachingthemathome.47DavidGutersonandhiswifeteachtheirthreechildrenathome.Gutersonsaysthathischildrenlearnverydifferentlyfromchildreninschool.48ForexamplewhenthereisheavysnowfallonawinterdayitmaystartadiscussionorreadingaboutclimatesnowremovalequipmentAlaskapolarbearsandwintertourism.Oraspringeveningwhenthefamilyisoutwatchingthestarsisagoodtimetoaskquestionsaboutsatellitesandthespaceprogram.49Homeschoolingisoftenmoreinterestingthanregularschoolsbutcriticssaythathome-schoolersareoutsiderswhomightbeuncomfortablemixingwithotherpeopleinadultlife.50Howevermostparentsdonothavethetimeorthedesiretoteachtheirchildrenathomesoschoolswillcontinuetobewheremostchildrengettheirformaleducation.A.Interestinglyresultsshowthathome-schooledchildrenquiteoftendobetterthanaverageonnationaltestsinreadingandmath.B.Criticsalsosaythatmostparentsarenotwellqualifiedtoteachtheirchildren.C.Learningstartswiththechildren’sinterestsandquestions.D.Childrenwhoareeducatedathomeareknownashome-schoolers.E.Insomecountriestherearechildrenwhoareeducatedbytheirparentsathomeinsteadofbyteachersatschool.F.IftheBrazilianrainforestsareontheTVnewsitcouldbeaperfecttimetotalkabouthowrainforestsinfluencetheclimatehowdesertsareformedandhowthepolaricecapsaffectoceanlevel.
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Whendovesareabouttwoweeksoldtheyarecoveredwithgreyfeathersandarereadytotrytheirwings.
HomeSchoolingAllchildrenintheUnitedStateshavetoreceiveaneducationbutthelawdoesnotsaytheyhavetobeeducatedatschool.Anumberofparentsprefernottosendtheirchildrentoschool.46Thereareabout300000home-schoolersintheUnitedStatestoday.Someparentspreferteachingtheirchildrenathomebecausetheydonotbelievethatpublicschoolsteachthecorrectreligiousvalues;othersbelievetheycanprovideabettereducationalexperiencefortheirchildrenbyteachingthemathome.47DavidGutersonandhiswifeteachtheirthreechildrenathome.Gutersonsaysthathischildrenlearnverydifferentlyfromchildreninschool.48ForexamplewhenthereisheavysnowfallonawinterdayitmaystartadiscussionorreadingaboutclimatesnowremovalequipmentAlaskapolarbearsandwintertourism.Oraspringeveningwhenthefamilyisoutwatchingthestarsisagoodtimetoaskquestionsaboutsatellitesandthespaceprogram.49Homeschoolingisoftenmoreinterestingthanregularschoolsbutcriticssaythathome-schoolersareoutsiderswhomightbeuncomfortablemixingwithotherpeopleinadultlife.50Howevermostparentsdonothavethetimeorthedesiretoteachtheirchildrenathomesoschoolswillcontinuetobewheremostchildrengettheirformaleducation.A.Interestinglyresultsshowthathome-schooledchildrenquiteoftendobetterthanaverageonnationaltestsinreadingandmath.B.Criticsalsosaythatmostparentsarenotwellqualifiedtoteachtheirchildren.C.Learningstartswiththechildren’sinterestsandquestions.D.Childrenwhoareeducatedathomeareknownashome-schoolers.E.Insomecountriestherearechildrenwhoareeducatedbytheirparentsathomeinsteadofbyteachersatschool.F.IftheBrazilianrainforestsareontheTVnewsitcouldbeaperfecttimetotalkabouthowrainforestsinfluencetheclimatehowdesertsareformedandhowthepolaricecapsaffectoceanlevel.
AnimalTestingControversyToparaphrase18thcenturystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromorisanimals-nomeatnofurnomedicinesAskedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway-inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacementafather’sbypassoperationababy’svaccinationsandevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke’swordsto______.
Physician-assistedSuicideTheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension./Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext
ComputerandSchoolEducationTherewasatimewhenparentswhowantedaneducationalpresentfortheirchildrenwouldbuyatypewriteraglobeoranencyclopediaset.Nowthose51seemhopelesslyold-fashioned;thisChristmastherewerealotofpersonalcomputersunderthetree.52thatcomputersarethekeytosuccessparentsarealsofinanciallyinsistingthatchildren53taughttousetheminschool-asearlyaspossible.Theproblemforschoolsisthatwhenit54computersparentsdon’talwaysknowbest.Manyschoolsare55parentalimpatienceandarepurchasinghardwarewithoutsoundeducationalplanningsotheycansayOKwe’vemovedintothecomputerage.Teachersfoundthemselvescaughtinthemiddleoftheproblem-betweenparentpressureand56educationaldecisions.Educatorsdonotevenagree57howcomputersshouldbeused.58moneyisgoingforcomputerizededucationalmaterials59researchhasshowncanbetaughtjustaswellwithpencilandpaper.60thosewhobelievethatallchildrenshouldhaveaccesstocomputerswarnofpotentialdangerstotheveryyoung.Thetemptationremainsstronglargelybecauseyoungchildren61sowelltocomputers.Firstgradershavebeenseenwillingtoworkfortwohoursonmathskills.Somehaveanattentionspanof20minutes.62schoolcanaffordtogointocomputingandcreatesyetanotherproblem:adivisionbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.Very63parentsareagitating64computerinstructioninpoorschooldistricts65theremaybebarelyenoughmoneytopaythereadingteacher.
A.PatternsofdrugabuseB.TreatmentC.DrugtestingintheworkplaceD.ClassificationofpsychoactivedrugsE.DefinitionParagraph3______
ComputerandSchoolEducationTherewasatimewhenparentswhowantedaneducationalpresentfortheirchildrenwouldbuyatypewriteraglobeoranencyclopediaset.Nowthose51seemhopelesslyold-fashioned;thisChristmastherewerealotofpersonalcomputersunderthetree.52thatcomputersarethekeytosuccessparentsarealsofinanciallyinsistingthatchildren53taughttousetheminschool-asearlyaspossible.Theproblemforschoolsisthatwhenit54computersparentsdon’talwaysknowbest.Manyschoolsare55parentalimpatienceandarepurchasinghardwarewithoutsoundeducationalplanningsotheycansayOKwe’vemovedintothecomputerage.Teachersfoundthemselvescaughtinthemiddleoftheproblem-betweenparentpressureand56educationaldecisions.Educatorsdonotevenagree57howcomputersshouldbeused.58moneyisgoingforcomputerizededucationalmaterials59researchhasshowncanbetaughtjustaswellwithpencilandpaper.60thosewhobelievethatallchildrenshouldhaveaccesstocomputerswarnofpotentialdangerstotheveryyoung.Thetemptationremainsstronglargelybecauseyoungchildren61sowelltocomputers.Firstgradershavebeenseenwillingtoworkfortwohoursonmathskills.Somehaveanattentionspanof20minutes.62schoolcanaffordtogointocomputingandcreatesyetanotherproblem:adivisionbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.Very63parentsareagitating64computerinstructioninpoorschooldistricts65theremaybebarelyenoughmoneytopaythereadingteacher.
ElectronicSpyingWildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthegreatgameofespionage-spyingasaprofession.ThesedaystheNetwhichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmailisreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Thelatestrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.InthepastthreeorfouryearstheWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallitopen-sourceintelligenceandastheNetgrowsitisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.ThewinnerbyalargemarginwasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutionswhoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitfordInc.aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustinTexas.StraitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspyingcoveringnationsfromChiletoRussiatocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.straitfordcom.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistributionaspymaster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.Assoonasthatreportrunswe’llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkrainesaysFriedmanaformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisksofcoursesinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthingwherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.StraitfordsaysFriedmantakesprideinitsindependentvoice.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that______.
ComputerandSchoolEducationTherewasatimewhenparentswhowantedaneducationalpresentfortheirchildrenwouldbuyatypewriteraglobeoranencyclopediaset.Nowthose51seemhopelesslyold-fashioned;thisChristmastherewerealotofpersonalcomputersunderthetree.52thatcomputersarethekeytosuccessparentsarealsofinanciallyinsistingthatchildren53taughttousetheminschool-asearlyaspossible.Theproblemforschoolsisthatwhenit54computersparentsdon’talwaysknowbest.Manyschoolsare55parentalimpatienceandarepurchasinghardwarewithoutsoundeducationalplanningsotheycansayOKwe’vemovedintothecomputerage.Teachersfoundthemselvescaughtinthemiddleoftheproblem-betweenparentpressureand56educationaldecisions.Educatorsdonotevenagree57howcomputersshouldbeused.58moneyisgoingforcomputerizededucationalmaterials59researchhasshowncanbetaughtjustaswellwithpencilandpaper.60thosewhobelievethatallchildrenshouldhaveaccesstocomputerswarnofpotentialdangerstotheveryyoung.Thetemptationremainsstronglargelybecauseyoungchildren61sowelltocomputers.Firstgradershavebeenseenwillingtoworkfortwohoursonmathskills.Somehaveanattentionspanof20minutes.62schoolcanaffordtogointocomputingandcreatesyetanotherproblem:adivisionbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.Very63parentsareagitating64computerinstructioninpoorschooldistricts65theremaybebarelyenoughmoneytopaythereadingteacher.
A.PatternsofdrugabuseB.TreatmentC.DrugtestingintheworkplaceD.ClassificationofpsychoactivedrugsE.DefinitionParagraph5______
AnimalTestingControversyToparaphrase18thcenturystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromorisanimals-nomeatnofurnomedicinesAskedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway-inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacementafather’sbypassoperationababy’svaccinationsandevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic’s______.
Asmallnumberoffirmshavestoppedtrading.
A.10percentto25percentfortheproportionofworkerswhousedrugsoccasionallyonthejobB.determineexactlywhensimpledrugusebecomesabuseC.the1920suntilthe1960sD.the1960suntilthe1970sE.signalspassingthroughthenervoussystemTreatmentofdrugabuseintheUnitedStateswaspracticallynonexistentfrom______.
AnimalTestingControversyToparaphrase18thcenturystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromorisanimals-nomeatnofurnomedicinesAskedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway-inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacementafather’sbypassoperationababy’svaccinationsandevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis______.
ComputerandSchoolEducationTherewasatimewhenparentswhowantedaneducationalpresentfortheirchildrenwouldbuyatypewriteraglobeoranencyclopediaset.Nowthose51seemhopelesslyold-fashioned;thisChristmastherewerealotofpersonalcomputersunderthetree.52thatcomputersarethekeytosuccessparentsarealsofinanciallyinsistingthatchildren53taughttousetheminschool-asearlyaspossible.Theproblemforschoolsisthatwhenit54computersparentsdon’talwaysknowbest.Manyschoolsare55parentalimpatienceandarepurchasinghardwarewithoutsoundeducationalplanningsotheycansayOKwe’vemovedintothecomputerage.Teachersfoundthemselvescaughtinthemiddleoftheproblem-betweenparentpressureand56educationaldecisions.Educatorsdonotevenagree57howcomputersshouldbeused.58moneyisgoingforcomputerizededucationalmaterials59researchhasshowncanbetaughtjustaswellwithpencilandpaper.60thosewhobelievethatallchildrenshouldhaveaccesstocomputerswarnofpotentialdangerstotheveryyoung.Thetemptationremainsstronglargelybecauseyoungchildren61sowelltocomputers.Firstgradershavebeenseenwillingtoworkfortwohoursonmathskills.Somehaveanattentionspanof20minutes.62schoolcanaffordtogointocomputingandcreatesyetanotherproblem:adivisionbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.Very63parentsareagitating64computerinstructioninpoorschooldistricts65theremaybebarelyenoughmoneytopaythereadingteacher.
Physician-assistedSuicideTheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension./Whichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordaggressiveline3paragraph7.
WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWellHowdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowellWhenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguageweoftenfindthisinterestingfact.Alittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemasteryofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowersinmostcasesmayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand.WhataccountsforthisdifferenceDespiteotherexplanationstherealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimselfpartlyinthebehaviourofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplacethetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavourableofallnamelythefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightandwhatismoreimportantalwaysinitsgenuineformwiththerightpronunciationrightintonationrightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksinallthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminafreshever-bubblingspring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation.Thenthechildhasasitwereprivatelessonsalltheyearroundwhileanadultlanguage-studenthadeachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituationsalwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.HerethereisnothingunnaturalsuchasisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschoolswhenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagainwhenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessfulhisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled.Finallythoughachild’steachersmaynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteachingtheirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy.Sofaraslanguageteachingisconcernedtheteacher’sclosepersonalrelationshipwiththestudentismoreimportantthantheprofessionallanguageteachingtraininghehasreceived.
SincetheGreatDepressiontheUnitedStatesgovernmenthasprotectedfarmersfromdamagingdropsingrainprices.
HomeSchoolingAllchildrenintheUnitedStateshavetoreceiveaneducationbutthelawdoesnotsaytheyhavetobeeducatedatschool.Anumberofparentsprefernottosendtheirchildrentoschool.46Thereareabout300000home-schoolersintheUnitedStatestoday.Someparentspreferteachingtheirchildrenathomebecausetheydonotbelievethatpublicschoolsteachthecorrectreligiousvalues;othersbelievetheycanprovideabettereducationalexperiencefortheirchildrenbyteachingthemathome.47DavidGutersonandhiswifeteachtheirthreechildrenathome.Gutersonsaysthathischildrenlearnverydifferentlyfromchildreninschool.48ForexamplewhenthereisheavysnowfallonawinterdayitmaystartadiscussionorreadingaboutclimatesnowremovalequipmentAlaskapolarbearsandwintertourism.Oraspringeveningwhenthefamilyisoutwatchingthestarsisagoodtimetoaskquestionsaboutsatellitesandthespaceprogram.49Homeschoolingisoftenmoreinterestingthanregularschoolsbutcriticssaythathome-schoolersareoutsiderswhomightbeuncomfortablemixingwithotherpeopleinadultlife.50Howevermostparentsdonothavethetimeorthedesiretoteachtheirchildrenathomesoschoolswillcontinuetobewheremostchildrengettheirformaleducation.A.Interestinglyresultsshowthathome-schooledchildrenquiteoftendobetterthanaverageonnationaltestsinreadingandmath.B.Criticsalsosaythatmostparentsarenotwellqualifiedtoteachtheirchildren.C.Learningstartswiththechildren’sinterestsandquestions.D.Childrenwhoareeducatedathomeareknownashome-schoolers.E.Insomecountriestherearechildrenwhoareeducatedbytheirparentsathomeinsteadofbyteachersatschool.F.IftheBrazilianrainforestsareontheTVnewsitcouldbeaperfecttimetotalkabouthowrainforestsinfluencetheclimatehowdesertsareformedandhowthepolaricecapsaffectoceanlevel.
Practicallyallspeciesofanimalscommunicateeitherthroughsoundsorthroughalargerepertoryofsoundlesscodes.
ComputerandSchoolEducationTherewasatimewhenparentswhowantedaneducationalpresentfortheirchildrenwouldbuyatypewriteraglobeoranencyclopediaset.Nowthose51seemhopelesslyold-fashioned;thisChristmastherewerealotofpersonalcomputersunderthetree.52thatcomputersarethekeytosuccessparentsarealsofinanciallyinsistingthatchildren53taughttousetheminschool-asearlyaspossible.Theproblemforschoolsisthatwhenit54computersparentsdon’talwaysknowbest.Manyschoolsare55parentalimpatienceandarepurchasinghardwarewithoutsoundeducationalplanningsotheycansayOKwe’vemovedintothecomputerage.Teachersfoundthemselvescaughtinthemiddleoftheproblem-betweenparentpressureand56educationaldecisions.Educatorsdonotevenagree57howcomputersshouldbeused.58moneyisgoingforcomputerizededucationalmaterials59researchhasshowncanbetaughtjustaswellwithpencilandpaper.60thosewhobelievethatallchildrenshouldhaveaccesstocomputerswarnofpotentialdangerstotheveryyoung.Thetemptationremainsstronglargelybecauseyoungchildren61sowelltocomputers.Firstgradershavebeenseenwillingtoworkfortwohoursonmathskills.Somehaveanattentionspanof20minutes.62schoolcanaffordtogointocomputingandcreatesyetanotherproblem:adivisionbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.Very63parentsareagitating64computerinstructioninpoorschooldistricts65theremaybebarelyenoughmoneytopaythereadingteacher.
Inordertosurvivemanneedstoconsumefoodandwater.
ThereisalwaysexcitementattheOlympicGameswhenanathletebreaksapreviousrecordofperformance.
Medicinedependsonotherfieldsforbasicinformationparticularlysomeoftheirspecializedbranches.
ComputerandSchoolEducationTherewasatimewhenparentswhowantedaneducationalpresentfortheirchildrenwouldbuyatypewriteraglobeoranencyclopediaset.Nowthose51seemhopelesslyold-fashioned;thisChristmastherewerealotofpersonalcomputersunderthetree.52thatcomputersarethekeytosuccessparentsarealsofinanciallyinsistingthatchildren53taughttousetheminschool-asearlyaspossible.Theproblemforschoolsisthatwhenit54computersparentsdon’talwaysknowbest.Manyschoolsare55parentalimpatienceandarepurchasinghardwarewithoutsoundeducationalplanningsotheycansayOKwe’vemovedintothecomputerage.Teachersfoundthemselvescaughtinthemiddleoftheproblem-betweenparentpressureand56educationaldecisions.Educatorsdonotevenagree57howcomputersshouldbeused.58moneyisgoingforcomputerizededucationalmaterials59researchhasshowncanbetaughtjustaswellwithpencilandpaper.60thosewhobelievethatallchildrenshouldhaveaccesstocomputerswarnofpotentialdangerstotheveryyoung.Thetemptationremainsstronglargelybecauseyoungchildren61sowelltocomputers.Firstgradershavebeenseenwillingtoworkfortwohoursonmathskills.Somehaveanattentionspanof20minutes.62schoolcanaffordtogointocomputingandcreatesyetanotherproblem:adivisionbetweenthehavesandhave-nots.Very63parentsareagitating64computerinstructioninpoorschooldistricts65theremaybebarelyenoughmoneytopaythereadingteacher.
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