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For health insurance, the United States has taken the road less traveled. The United States is the o...
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A.TheImportanceofHealthInsuranceB.TheDefinitionofH
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TheCatholicChurchischanginginAmericaatitsmostvisiblepoint:theparishchurchwherebelieverspraysingandclasphandsacrosspewstosharethepeaceofGod.Todaytherearefewerparishesandfewerprieststhanin1990andfewerofthenation’s65millionCatholicsinthosepews.Andthere’snosignofreturn. Someblametheexplosive2002clergysexualabusescandalanditsfinancialpricetag.Butastudyof176RomanCatholicdiocesesshowsnostatisticallysignificantlinkbetweenthedeclineinpriestsandparishesandthe$772millionthechurchhasspenttodateondealingwiththescandal. Ratherthechangesaredrivenbyaconstellationoffactors: ·CatholicsaremovingfromcitiesintheNortheastandMidwesttothesuburbsSouthandSouthwest. ·Fordecadessofewmenhavebecomeprieststhatoneinfivediocesesnowcan’tputapriestineveryparish. ·Massattendancehasfallenaseachgenerationhasbecomelessreligiouslyobservant. ·Bishops--trainedtoblessnottobudget--lackthemanagerialskillstogovernmultimillion-dollarinstitutions. Allthesetrendshadbegunyearsbeforethescandalpiledonfinancialpressurestocoversettlementslegalcostscareandcounselingforvictimsandabusers.TheArchdioceseofBostonepicenterofthecrisissoldchancerypropertytocover$85millioninsettlementslastyearandthisyearwillclose67churchesandrecast16othersasnewparishesorworshipsiteswithoutafull-timepriest.ArchbishopSeanO’Malleyhassaidthecrisisandthereconfigurationplanare"innoway"related.Hecitesdemographicshiftsthepriestshortageandagingcrumblingbuildingstoocostlytokeepup.FargoN.D.whichspent$821000ontheabusecrisiswillclose23parishesbutit’sbecausethedioceseisshortofmorethan50priestsforits158parishessomewithfewerthanadozenfamiliesattendingMass. Theyknowhowthis~eelsinMilwaukee.Thatarchdioceseshutteredaboutoneinfiveparishesfrom1995to2003.Thecityconsolidations"gavesomepeoplewhohadbeendrivingbackintothecityfromnewhomesinthesuburbsachancetosaytheyhadnoloyaltytoanewparishandbegingoingtooneneartheirhome’saysNoreenWeltedirectorofparishplanningfortheMilwaukeeArchdiocese."Itgavesomepeoplewhoalreadyweremadatthechurchforonereasonoranotheranexcusetostopgoingaltogether. Therelationshipbetweenthefirsttwoparagraphscanbedescribedas
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 2
46Mostlargecompaniestodayhaveemployedtrainedpsychologiststodevelopwhatareknownascompetencymodelstoaidtheminidentifyingtrainingandpromotinglikelystarsintheleadershipfirmament.Thepsychologistshavealsodevelopedsuchmodelsforlower-levelpositions.AndinrecentyearsIhaveanalyzedcompetencymodelsfrom188companiesmostofwhichwerelargeandglobalandincludedthelikesofLucentTechnologiesBritishAirwaysandCreditSuisse.47Incarryingoutthisworkmyobjectivewastodeterminewhichpersonalcapabilitiesdroveoutstandingperformancewithintheseorganizationsandtowhatdegreetheydidso.Igroupedcapabilitiesintothreecategories:purelytechnicalskillslikeaccountingandbusinessplanning;cognitiveabilitieslikeanalyticalreasoning;andcompetenciesdemonstratingemotionalintelligencesuchastheabilitytoworkwithothersandeffectivenessinleadingchange.48Tocreatesomeofthecompetencymodelspsychologistsaskedseniormanagersatthecompaniestoidentifythecapabilitiesthattypifiedtheorganization’smostoutstandingleaders.Tocreateothermodelsthepsychologistsusedobjectivecriteriasuchasadivision’sprofitabilitytodifferentiatethestarperformersatseniorlevelswithintheirorganizationsfromtheaverageones.Thoseindividualswerethenextensivelyinterviewedandtestedandtheircapabilitieswerecompared.Thisprocessresultedinthecreationoflistsofingredientsforhighlyeffectiveleaders.Thelistsrangedinlengthfrom7to15itemsandincludedsuchingredientsasinitiativeandstrategicvision.WhenIanalyzedallthisdataIfounddramaticresults.Tobesureintellectwasadriverofoutstandingperformance.Cognitiveskillssuchasbig-picturethinkingandlong-termvisionwereparticularlyimportant.49ButwhenIcalculatedtheratiooftechnicalskillsIQandemotionalintelligenceasingredientsofexcellentperformanceemotionalintelligenceprovedtobetwiceasimportantastheothersforjobsatalllevels.50Moreovermyanalysisshowedthatemotionalintelligenceplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleatthehighestlevelsofthecompanywheredifferencesintechnicalskillsareofnegligibleimportance.Inotherwordsthehighertherankofapersonconsideredtobeastarperformerthemoreemotionalintelligencecapabilitiesshowedupasthereasonforhisorhereffectiveness.WhenIcomparedstarperformerswithaverageonesinseniorleadershippositionsnearly90%ofthedifferenceintheirprofileswasattributabletoemotionalintelligencefactorsratherthancognitiveabilities.Otherresearchershaveconfirmedthatemotionalintelligencenotonlydistinguishesoutstandingleadersbutcanalsobelinkedtostrongperformance.ThefindingsofthelateDavidMcClellandtherenownedresearcherinhumanandorganizationalbehaviorareagoodexample.Ina1996studyofaglobalfoodandbeveragecompanyMcClellandfoundthatwhenseniormanagershadacriticalmassofemotionalintelligencecapabilitiestheirdivisionsoutperformedyearlyearningsgoalsby20%.Meanwhiledivisionleaderswithoutthatcriticalmassunderperformedbyalmostthesameamount.
TheCatholicChurchischanginginAmericaatitsmostvisiblepoint:theparishchurchwherebelieverspraysingandclasphandsacrosspewstosharethepeaceofGod.Todaytherearefewerparishesandfewerprieststhanin1990andfewerofthenation’s65millionCatholicsinthosepews.Andthere’snosignofreturn. Someblametheexplosive2002clergysexualabusescandalanditsfinancialpricetag.Butastudyof176RomanCatholicdiocesesshowsnostatisticallysignificantlinkbetweenthedeclineinpriestsandparishesandthe$772millionthechurchhasspenttodateondealingwiththescandal. Ratherthechangesaredrivenbyaconstellationoffactors: ·CatholicsaremovingfromcitiesintheNortheastandMidwesttothesuburbsSouthandSouthwest. ·Fordecadessofewmenhavebecomeprieststhatoneinfivediocesesnowcan’tputapriestineveryparish. ·Massattendancehasfallenaseachgenerationhasbecomelessreligiouslyobservant. ·Bishops--trainedtoblessnottobudget--lackthemanagerialskillstogovernmultimillion-dollarinstitutions. Allthesetrendshadbegunyearsbeforethescandalpiledonfinancialpressurestocoversettlementslegalcostscareandcounselingforvictimsandabusers.TheArchdioceseofBostonepicenterofthecrisissoldchancerypropertytocover$85millioninsettlementslastyearandthisyearwillclose67churchesandrecast16othersasnewparishesorworshipsiteswithoutafull-timepriest.ArchbishopSeanO’Malleyhassaidthecrisisandthereconfigurationplanare"innoway"related.Hecitesdemographicshiftsthepriestshortageandagingcrumblingbuildingstoocostlytokeepup.FargoN.D.whichspent$821000ontheabusecrisiswillclose23parishesbutit’sbecausethedioceseisshortofmorethan50priestsforits158parishessomewithfewerthanadozenfamiliesattendingMass. Theyknowhowthis~eelsinMilwaukee.Thatarchdioceseshutteredaboutoneinfiveparishesfrom1995to2003.Thecityconsolidations"gavesomepeoplewhohadbeendrivingbackintothecityfromnewhomesinthesuburbsachancetosaytheyhadnoloyaltytoanewparishandbegingoingtooneneartheirhome’saysNoreenWeltedirectorofparishplanningfortheMilwaukeeArchdiocese."Itgavesomepeoplewhoalreadyweremadatthechurchforonereasonoranotheranexcusetostopgoingaltogether. ThereconfigurationplanPara.4probablyrefersto
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 18
House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years.Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay.Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates.TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom.ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesforinjectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines.MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect.Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofarhesaid.LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethathousepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiodinitsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata.AlthoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonthsMr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon.Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.ItismuchbetterthanitwasMr.Perrysaid.HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorth-west.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices.Welearnfromthepassagethat
Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethecartoon; 2interpretitsmeaning; 3pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatly.
46Mostlargecompaniestodayhaveemployedtrainedpsychologiststodevelopwhatareknownascompetencymodelstoaidtheminidentifyingtrainingandpromotinglikelystarsintheleadershipfirmament.Thepsychologistshavealsodevelopedsuchmodelsforlower-levelpositions.AndinrecentyearsIhaveanalyzedcompetencymodelsfrom188companiesmostofwhichwerelargeandglobalandincludedthelikesofLucentTechnologiesBritishAirwaysandCreditSuisse.47Incarryingoutthisworkmyobjectivewastodeterminewhichpersonalcapabilitiesdroveoutstandingperformancewithintheseorganizationsandtowhatdegreetheydidso.Igroupedcapabilitiesintothreecategories:purelytechnicalskillslikeaccountingandbusinessplanning;cognitiveabilitieslikeanalyticalreasoning;andcompetenciesdemonstratingemotionalintelligencesuchastheabilitytoworkwithothersandeffectivenessinleadingchange.48Tocreatesomeofthecompetencymodelspsychologistsaskedseniormanagersatthecompaniestoidentifythecapabilitiesthattypifiedtheorganization’smostoutstandingleaders.Tocreateothermodelsthepsychologistsusedobjectivecriteriasuchasadivision’sprofitabilitytodifferentiatethestarperformersatseniorlevelswithintheirorganizationsfromtheaverageones.Thoseindividualswerethenextensivelyinterviewedandtestedandtheircapabilitieswerecompared.Thisprocessresultedinthecreationoflistsofingredientsforhighlyeffectiveleaders.Thelistsrangedinlengthfrom7to15itemsandincludedsuchingredientsasinitiativeandstrategicvision.WhenIanalyzedallthisdataIfounddramaticresults.Tobesureintellectwasadriverofoutstandingperformance.Cognitiveskillssuchasbig-picturethinkingandlong-termvisionwereparticularlyimportant.49ButwhenIcalculatedtheratiooftechnicalskillsIQandemotionalintelligenceasingredientsofexcellentperformanceemotionalintelligenceprovedtobetwiceasimportantastheothersforjobsatalllevels.50Moreovermyanalysisshowedthatemotionalintelligenceplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleatthehighestlevelsofthecompanywheredifferencesintechnicalskillsareofnegligibleimportance.Inotherwordsthehighertherankofapersonconsideredtobeastarperformerthemoreemotionalintelligencecapabilitiesshowedupasthereasonforhisorhereffectiveness.WhenIcomparedstarperformerswithaverageonesinseniorleadershippositionsnearly90%ofthedifferenceintheirprofileswasattributabletoemotionalintelligencefactorsratherthancognitiveabilities.Otherresearchershaveconfirmedthatemotionalintelligencenotonlydistinguishesoutstandingleadersbutcanalsobelinkedtostrongperformance.ThefindingsofthelateDavidMcClellandtherenownedresearcherinhumanandorganizationalbehaviorareagoodexample.Ina1996studyofaglobalfoodandbeveragecompanyMcClellandfoundthatwhenseniormanagershadacriticalmassofemotionalintelligencecapabilitiestheirdivisionsoutperformedyearlyearningsgoalsby20%.Meanwhiledivisionleaderswithoutthatcriticalmassunderperformedbyalmostthesameamount.
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 12
46Mostlargecompaniestodayhaveemployedtrainedpsychologiststodevelopwhatareknownascompetencymodelstoaidtheminidentifyingtrainingandpromotinglikelystarsintheleadershipfirmament.Thepsychologistshavealsodevelopedsuchmodelsforlower-levelpositions.AndinrecentyearsIhaveanalyzedcompetencymodelsfrom188companiesmostofwhichwerelargeandglobalandincludedthelikesofLucentTechnologiesBritishAirwaysandCreditSuisse.47Incarryingoutthisworkmyobjectivewastodeterminewhichpersonalcapabilitiesdroveoutstandingperformancewithintheseorganizationsandtowhatdegreetheydidso.Igroupedcapabilitiesintothreecategories:purelytechnicalskillslikeaccountingandbusinessplanning;cognitiveabilitieslikeanalyticalreasoning;andcompetenciesdemonstratingemotionalintelligencesuchastheabilitytoworkwithothersandeffectivenessinleadingchange.48Tocreatesomeofthecompetencymodelspsychologistsaskedseniormanagersatthecompaniestoidentifythecapabilitiesthattypifiedtheorganization’smostoutstandingleaders.Tocreateothermodelsthepsychologistsusedobjectivecriteriasuchasadivision’sprofitabilitytodifferentiatethestarperformersatseniorlevelswithintheirorganizationsfromtheaverageones.Thoseindividualswerethenextensivelyinterviewedandtestedandtheircapabilitieswerecompared.Thisprocessresultedinthecreationoflistsofingredientsforhighlyeffectiveleaders.Thelistsrangedinlengthfrom7to15itemsandincludedsuchingredientsasinitiativeandstrategicvision.WhenIanalyzedallthisdataIfounddramaticresults.Tobesureintellectwasadriverofoutstandingperformance.Cognitiveskillssuchasbig-picturethinkingandlong-termvisionwereparticularlyimportant.49ButwhenIcalculatedtheratiooftechnicalskillsIQandemotionalintelligenceasingredientsofexcellentperformanceemotionalintelligenceprovedtobetwiceasimportantastheothersforjobsatalllevels.50Moreovermyanalysisshowedthatemotionalintelligenceplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleatthehighestlevelsofthecompanywheredifferencesintechnicalskillsareofnegligibleimportance.Inotherwordsthehighertherankofapersonconsideredtobeastarperformerthemoreemotionalintelligencecapabilitiesshowedupasthereasonforhisorhereffectiveness.WhenIcomparedstarperformerswithaverageonesinseniorleadershippositionsnearly90%ofthedifferenceintheirprofileswasattributabletoemotionalintelligencefactorsratherthancognitiveabilities.Otherresearchershaveconfirmedthatemotionalintelligencenotonlydistinguishesoutstandingleadersbutcanalsobelinkedtostrongperformance.ThefindingsofthelateDavidMcClellandtherenownedresearcherinhumanandorganizationalbehaviorareagoodexample.Ina1996studyofaglobalfoodandbeveragecompanyMcClellandfoundthatwhenseniormanagershadacriticalmassofemotionalintelligencecapabilitiestheirdivisionsoutperformedyearlyearningsgoalsby20%.Meanwhiledivisionleaderswithoutthatcriticalmassunderperformedbyalmostthesameamount.
41__________.Themysteryinvolvesachangeintheatmoshpere—aholeorthinningoftheozoneintheatmosphereoverAntarctica.Scientistswerenotsurewhatwascausingit.42__________.Itisfoundbothintheairwebreatheandintheupperatmosphere.Neartheearthozoneintheairisadangertolife.Itisapollutant.Butozonefound10kilometersto50kilometersupintheatmosphereprotectslifeonearth.Ozoneformsintheatmospherethroughtheactionofsolarradiation.Onceformedtheozoneblocksharmfulradiationfromreachingtheearth.Scientistssayadecreaseinozoneandanincreaseintheharmfulradiationwillcausemanymorecasesofskincancerandwillharmcropsanimalsandfish.43__________.Chlorineisreleasedintotheairfromthechlorofluorocarbons—orCFCs—usedinplasticairconditionersandspraycans.TheuseofCFCshasgreatlyincreasedworldwidesince1960andiscontinuingtoincrease.Thedestructionoftheozoneintheatmospherealsohasincreased.Aninternationaleffortisbeingmadetohaltthelossofatmosphericozone.Butmanyexpertsfeartheeffortwillnotproduceresultsfastenoughtopreventharmtolifeonearth.Thirty-onenationsnegotiatedatreatylastyear1987callingforareductionintheworldwideproductionofchlorofluorocarbons.Itwaspraisedatthetimeasamajorstepinhaltingfurtherdestructionoftheozone.CutsinthepresentproductionofCFCswillbegininthemid-1990s.44__________.Harmfulchemicalstakefrom7to10yearstoriseupintotheatmosphere.DamagefromtheincreaseuseofCFCsinthispastdecadestillhasnotbeenfelt.Governmentscientistssaymorethantwotimesthemountofthesegaseswillbeintheatmospherebeforethelevelsstoprising.45__________.Scientistspointoutamoleculeofchlorineremainsintheatmosphereforaslongas100years.Duringthattimeitdestroystensofthousandsofozonemolecules.[A]WhyhastheozoneproblemdevelopedNooneknowsforsure.Butscientistssaytheevidenceisverystrongthatthechlorineinchlorofluorocarbons含氯氟烃iscausingmuchoftheproblem.[B]Almost30yearsafterscientistsdiscoveredthatcommonindustrialgasesweredestroyingEarth’sprotectiveozonelayersatellitereadingsandgroundobservationsshowforthefirsttimethatthedangerousrateofozonelossisfinallyslowing.[C]Ozoneisathree-atomformofoxygengas.[D]Therehavebeensomenewdevelopmentsinacontinuingmysterywehavereportedaboutmanytimes.[E]Scientistsalsosaydamagetoozonewillcontinuebecauseofthelonglifeofthechemicalgasesreleasedintotheatmosphere.[F]TheozoneproblemcausedbyCFCswasfirstnoticedasearlyasthe1960s.[G]Howevermostscientistsnowagreedestructionoftheozonewillcontinuefordecades.Theysaythiswillhappeneventhoughindustriesandgovernmentsdotheirbesttocontrolthedamage.
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 10
Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroublesandimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernanceanewproblemthreatenstoearnthem--especiallyinAmerican--thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Leftuntilnowtooddlow-levelITstafftoputrightandseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbankingtelecomsandairtravelinformationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear--fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarnertheAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley——haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.DataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasallyotherassetsaysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool.Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvaluewhichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders.IndeedjustasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciplesGAAPperhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPracticessuggestedEliNormofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool.Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurityredundancyandrecoveryisamanagementissuenotatechnicalone.hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrustthatmostvaluableofeconomicassetsiseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore--andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged--thoughnotjustified--bythelackoflegalpenaltyinAmericabutnotEuropefordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalawAmericanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyoneeventhevictimwhendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashingtonD.C.Meanwhilethetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmericadisclosedonJune17thovershadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionFTCthatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfalltoprovideadequatedatasecurity.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthat______.
TheiPodrevolutionizedthewayweconsumemusic.TheiPhonemadeuscrazyforapps.AndnowtheiPadisgettingreadytorockourlovelives—oratleasthelpimproveoursearchforsomeonetocommunicatewith.InlateMaySkout.comwillbecomethefirstdatingsitetolaunchaniPadapplication.Thefreeappwillbesimilartotheversionthat’salreadyavailabletophoneusers:memberscanentersearchcriteriasuchasagerangegenderandphysicalpreferencesandaHotMapwillshowinrealtimethelocationsofactiveSkoutuserswhofitthosecriteria.Theideaistohelpmembersmeetupandseeifmagichappens.ThecoolthingabouttheiPadadaptationsaysCEOChristianWiklundisthatitsscreenislargeenoughtolettheuserviewthemapwhilesimultaneouslychattingandsearchingthroughanothermember’sphotos.DavidEvanseditorofonlinedatingpost.comsayswecanexpecttoseemoreinnovativetechnologyinafewmonthsaftercompaniesgetacquaintedwiththecapabilitiesoftheiPad.WhatI’mlookingforaredatingsitesthatareoptimizedfortheiPadwithfeaturesnativetothesleekcomputingdeviceliketouchscreenmotionssuchaspinchtwistzoomandshakehesays.It’stheiPadthat’sgoingtoenabledeveloperstocreateentirelynewwaystobrowsediscoverandconnectwithsingles.SteveOdomCEOandfounderofdatingsiteGelatowhichlaunchedlastyearandincludesalivefeedofmembers’social-mediaprofilesisredesigninghisentirewebsitebasedontheiPad’sappearance.ProfilepicturesplayakeyroleinonlinedatingOdomsaysandtheiPadgivessitesanopportunitytoplayupthepresentationoftheirclientele.It’sbigit’sbeautifulandit’sperfectfordatingsitessaysOdomwhoplanstounveiltheredesigninJune.Evanspredictsthatonlinedatingsiteswillbegintodisplaytheircontentlikeamagazinelettingusersflipthroughpagesofprofilesandenlargephotoswhilesimultaneouslytextingwithoneormoreothers.Hesaysthere’salsobeentalkofaddingafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunctionthatwoulduseawebcamontheiPadtorefinesuggestedmatchesbasedonamember’sresponsestocertainprofiles.Ifyougrimacetheprofilewillfadeaway;ifyousmileorifyourpupilsdilatesimilarprofileswillbesuggested.InotherwordssomedaytherecouldbeaniPadappforloveatfirstsight.Accordingtothelastparagraphafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunction______.
Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroublesandimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernanceanewproblemthreatenstoearnthem--especiallyinAmerican--thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Leftuntilnowtooddlow-levelITstafftoputrightandseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbankingtelecomsandairtravelinformationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety. Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear--fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarnertheAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley——haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities. "Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasallyotherasset"saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool."Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvaluewhichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders".IndeedjustasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciplesGAAPperhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPracticessuggestedEliNormofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool."Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurityredundancyandrecoveryisamanagementissuenotatechnicalone."hesays. Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrustthatmostvaluableofeconomicassetsiseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore--andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands. Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged--thoughnotjustified--bythelackoflegalpenaltyinAmericabutnotEuropefordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalawAmericanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyoneeventhevictimwhendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashingtonD.C.Meanwhilethetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmericadisclosedonJune17thovershadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionFTCthatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfalltoprovideadequatedatasecurity. ThestatementItneverrainsbutitpoursisusedtointroduce
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 20
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 6
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersofhomecredit-smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto&200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%.Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards.Creditcardsforsub-primeborrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole.Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes:Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswellThatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier.SirJoshuaWaddiloveismentionedinthefirstparagraphto
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersofhomecredit-smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto&200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%.Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards.Creditcardsforsub-primeborrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole.Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes:Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswellThatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 4
A.TownhallahappybrideandgroomB.TempleandatheisticgroomC.WeddinghallD.AngelschildrenescortingthebrideE.TheforeigngroomandthelocalbrideF.Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfingerOrnamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthelongmarch.Angelwasneverasoverloadedastodayrunningfromheretotherebusyorderinginvitationcardsandweddingclothesbookingchurchandrestaurantcheckingavailabilityofthephotographerthepastorandtheofficialinthetownhalllookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.Howeverthislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivialdetailsgavemeabigheadache.InFrancemoreandmoreFrenchcohabitinsteadofmarrying.Howeverwhentheydecidetomarrytheystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusuallyfollowtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters.41._____________________________Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthechurchwedding.Afterthechurchweddingthenewly-wedsnormallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartinasumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutesareraisedallaroundthedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstaketheleaddancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredlytrippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelastchapteroftheFrenchmarriage.42._____________________________IgrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeightiesthesimpleweddingadvocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrainedinanymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywishforasimplewedding:Darlingyourweddingplansarefartoolongandover-elaborate.Let’ssimplifythemandreducethreechapterstoonlyone.It’senoughtogetmarriedinthetownhall!No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable.Angelrefusedtoconcede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding.HoneyIwasn’tbaptizedandbeinganatheistIamnotallowedtogotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheistlikemeandthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainstchurchrules!IpresentedmyviewsvehementlybelievingIhadthebestexcuseintheworld.Mydearmarriageisasacredaffair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofoneaspectofathingbutignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.IfoneofthetwoisProtestanttheyarestillallowedtomarryinaProtestantchurch.Iwasrenderedspeechless.43._____________________________Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbridesurroundedbyherfamilymembersarrivedatthemarriagehall.DoyoutakethiswomanasyourwifeYes!Amyriadofthoughtswelledupinmymind:I’dquitmyhighly-covetedjobinChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulationstocometoEuropetojoinmyChineseloverbutIwasjilted.NowI’dfoundanoasisoflovebutfarfrommyhomeland.Thegirlwithmetodaythoughfromadifferentculturalbackgroundwithadifferentwayofthinkingandbehavingissimplepureandkind-heartedlikeanangel.I’dsufferedfromthewanderinglifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafewminutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomelesslife.FullofdeepfeelingIgazedatthiswesternbeautyshiningwithdazzlingsplendorandheldherhandtightinmine.44._____________________________DoyoutakethismanasyourhusbandTBrimmingwithtearschokingwithsobsAngelnoddedherapproval.BeingatraditionalFrenchgirlshe’dneverexpectedthatshewouldhavefallenintothetemptationofthegoodbutcheapChinesemerchandisebeforeherandwouldhavecrossedthefrontierbetweenChineseandFrenchculturestomarryamanwithanexoticaccentandaflatnose!45._____________________________ThechurchwasresoundingwiththeweddingsonataAngelandIwalkeduptothepastortothebeatofthemusic.Handinhandheartwithheartfulloftenderaffectionwegavealltherightanswerstohisquestions.Thegoldenwedding-ringonherleftfingerandpairedupwithherengagementringontherightringfingerbothcomplementingeachother’sradianceandbeauty.Angelnowwithtworingsbecamearealvaluablebride.Sheslippedmyfingerwithasimpleringontomyfingerandatthesametimecapturingmywanderingheart.ThateveningItheforeigngroomwithmyErrutwo-stringedChineseviolintogetherwithAngelthelocalbridewithherviolinsuccessfullyperformedthemostbeautifulconcertoofcross-bordermarriage.Thespringiscomingtheearthissmiling...thehallwasresoundingtothestrainsofStrauss’joyfulwaltzwhileWeweretrippingawayinadance.Attheclimaxofthemusicweswirledsoquicklythatbothofusfeltourselvesswoonintheglamourofourcross-bordermarriage.
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 16
Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroublesandimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernanceanewproblemthreatenstoearnthem--especiallyinAmerican--thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Leftuntilnowtooddlow-levelITstafftoputrightandseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbankingtelecomsandairtravelinformationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety. Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear--fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarnertheAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley——haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities. "Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasallyotherasset"saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool."Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvaluewhichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders".IndeedjustasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciplesGAAPperhapsitistimeforGASP.GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPracticessuggestedEliNormofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool."Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurityredundancyandrecoveryisamanagementissuenotatechnicalone."hesays. Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrustthatmostvaluableofeconomicassetsiseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore--andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands. Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged--thoughnotjustified--bythelackoflegalpenaltyinAmericabutnotEuropefordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalawAmericanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyoneeventhevictimwhendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashingtonD.C.Meanwhilethetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmericadisclosedonJune17thovershadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommissionFTCthatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfalltoprovideadequatedatasecurity. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 14
In1880SirJoshuaWaddiloveaVictorianphilanthropistfoundedProvidentFinancialtoprovideaffordableloanstoworking-classfamiliesinandaroundBradfordinnorthernEngland.ThismonthhiscompanynowoneofBritain’sleadingprovidersofhomecredit-smallshort-termunsecuredloans—beganthenationwiderolloutofVanquisacreditcardaimedatpeoplethatmainstreamlendersshun.Thecardoffersupto&200$380ofcreditataprice:fortheriskiestcustomerstheannualinterestratewillbe69%.Providentsaysthatthetypicalinterestrateiscloserto50%andthatitchargesnofeesforlatepaymentsorbreachingcreditlimits.Stillthatistripletherateonregularcreditcardsandfarabovethe30%chargedbystorecards.AndtheVanquiscardisbeinglaunchedjustwhenBritain’spoliticiansandmediaarefullofworryaboutsoaringconsumerdebt.Lastmonthamantookhisownlifeafterrunningupdebtsof￡130000on22differentcreditcards.Creditcardsforsub-primeborrowersastheindustrydelicatelycallsthosewithpoorcreditrecordsarenewinBritainbuthavebeencommoninAmericaforawhile.Lendersbeganissuingthemwhentheprimemarketbecamesaturatedpromptingthemtolookfornewsourcesofprofit.EveninAmericathesub-primemarkethasplentyofroomforgrowth.DavidRobertsonoftheNilsonReportatrademagazinereckonsthatoutstandingsub-primecredit-carddebtaccountsforonly3%ofthe$597billionthatAmericansoweonplastic.Thesub-primesectorgrewby7.9%lastyearcomparedwithonly2.6%fortheindustryasawhole.Youmightwonderthoughhowcompaniescanmakemoneyfromlendingtocustomerstheyknowtobebadrisks—oratanyratehowtheycandoitlegitimately.Whereasdelinquenciesinthecredit-cardindustryasawholearearound4%-5%thoseinthesub-primemarketarealmosttwiceashighandcanreach15%inhardtimes:Obviouslyissuerschargehigherinterestratestocompensatethemforthehigherriskofnotbeingrepaid.Andallacrossthecredit-cardindustrytheassessmentandpricingofriskshasbeengettingmoreandmorerefinedthankslargelytoadvancesintechnologyanddataprocessing.Companiesalsousesophisticatedcomputerprogramstotrackslowerpaymentorothersignsofincreasedrisk.Sub-primeissuerspayasmuchattentiontocollectingdebtastomanagingrisk;theyimposeextrachargessuchasapplicationfees;andtheycaptheirpotentiallossesbylendingonlysmallamounts$500isatypicalcreditlimit.Allthisiseasiertodescribethantodoespeciallywhentheeconomyslows.Aftertheburstingofthetechnologybubblein2000severalsub-primecredit-cardprovidersfailed.Nowthereareonlyaround100ofwhichnineissuecreditcards.SurvivorssuchasMetrisandProvidiantwoofthebiggersub-primecardcompanieshavebecomechoosierabouttheircustomers’credithistories.Astheeconomyrecoveredsodidlenders’fortunes.Fitcharatingagencysaysthattheproportionofsub-primecredit-cardborrowerswhoaremorethan60daysinarrearsagoodpredictorofeventualdefaultisthelowestsinceNovember2001.ButwithAmericaninterestratesrisingagainsomeworryaboutanothersqueeze.AsFitch’sMichaelDeanpointsoutsub-primeborrowerstendtohavenotjusthigher-ratecreditcardsbutdearerautoloansandvariable-ratemortgagesaswellThatmakesariskybusinessevenriskier.CreditcardssuchasVanquisareissuedbecause
House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years.Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay.Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates.TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom.ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesforinjectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines.MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect.Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofarhesaid.LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethathousepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiodinitsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata.AlthoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonthsMr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon.Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.ItismuchbetterthanitwasMr.Perrysaid.HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorth-west.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices.Theauthorprobablybelievesthat
House-pricefallsaregatheringmomentumandarespreadingacrosstheUKaccordingtoamonthlypollofsurveyorswhichonMondaydelivereditsgloomiestreadingfornearly12years.Fifty-sixpercentofsurveyorscontactedbytheRoyalInstitutionofCharteredSurveyorsreportedpricefallsinthethreemonthstoOctober.Only3percentsawpricesriseintheirareacomparedwith58percentasrecentlyasMay.Therewasfurtherevidenceofslowingactivityinthepropertymarketasthenumberofsalespersurveyordivedtoanine-yearlow.Unsoldstockonagents’bookshasincreased10percentsincethesummer.IanPerryRics’nationalhousingspokesmansaiditwasnowveryclearthatbuyerswereunsettledbyhigherinterestrates.TheBankofEnglandraisedratesfivetimesto4.75percentoverthelastyeartocoolthepropertyboom.ButhealsoblamedcommentsbyMervynKingtheBank’sgovernorandmisleadingmediaheadlinesforinjectingadditionaluncertaintyintothemarketbycontinuedspeculationovermoreseriouspricedeclines.MervynKingpresumablyfeltthathehadtobemoreexplicitinthesummerwhenpeoplewerestillbuying.Hiswarningsofadropinpropertypricesthenhavehadthedesiredeffect.Butourconcernnowisthatthependulumisswingingtoofarhesaid.LastweektheBank’smonetarypolicycommitteepredictedforthefirsttimethathousepricesmayfallmodestlyforaperiodinitsNovemberinflationreport.TheNationwideandHalifaxmortgagelendersbothshowedamodestmonthlydeclineinhousepricesintheirlatestloanapprovaldata.AlthoughthemajorityofsurveyorsexpectpricestofallfurtherinthenextthreemonthsMr.PerrystressedthereweresignsofstabilizingdemandfrombuyersinLondon.Londontendstobeaheadoftherestofthemarket.Andagentsaretellingusthatmorepeoplearelookingtobuy.ItismuchbetterthanitwasMr.Perrysaid.HoweverfallingpricescontinuedtospreadfromtheSouthofEnglandassurveyorsreportedthefirstcleardeclineinpricesinYorkshireandtheHumberthenorthandthenorth-west.Scotlandremainedtheonlyregionwithrisingprices.BythependulumisswingingtoofarIanPerryprobablymeans
NiagaraisanIndianwordwhichmeans"roaringwater".IndeedtheroarofthefallingwaterofNiagaracanbeheard1adistanceof5kms.Imagine2ofwaterflowingoveracliff90feethighandyouwillgetanideaofthatterriblenoise.And3tremendouspowertheNiagaraRiverhas!Itmovesbigrocksaboutandthrowsthemintotheboilingwaterbelow.4agoanoldshipwithoutsinglepersononboardwasputinmid-stream.Itsaileddowntheriver5atoyboatwithgreatspeed.Havingreachedthefalltheshipdroppedintotheboilingwaternever6again.Thereweresomepeoplewhowantedtobecomefamous7swimmingacrossthemostdangerouspartoftheNiagaraRiver.OneofthemwasCaptainWebbwhosaidthathewouldtrytoswimcrosstheNiagarawhich8crowdsofpeople.OntheeveningofJuly1st1893CaptainWebbcameuptotheriverand9aplunge.Hishavingjumpedintothewater10manypeoplewithhorror.Soonheappearedinthemiddleoftheriver.Aloudshoutwentupfromthecrowdbutamomentlatertherewas11silence.Themanhaddisappearedunderthewater.Thousandsofeyes12ontheriverbutthemanwasdrowned.In1902acertainMissTaylordecidedtogooverthefallsinabarrel.Thereweredifferentkindsofpillowsinsidethebarreltopreventherfrom13.HavingexaminedthebarrelcarefullyMissTaylorgotin.Thebarrelwasclosedandthen14intothewater.Havingreachedthefallsitoverturnedandwasshotdownbytheterrible15ofthewater.WhenthebarrelwasfinallycaughtandopenedMissTaylorcameoutalive16withafrightenedlookinhereyes.Onceacrowdofvisitorssawarope17overfromonebankoftherivertotheother.Thentheysawaman18therope.ThemanwasanactorBlondin19.HemanagedtocrossNiagaraFallsonatightrope.Thepeopleonthebankweresurprisedathis20itsowell. 8
TheiPodrevolutionizedthewayweconsumemusic.TheiPhonemadeuscrazyforapps.AndnowtheiPadisgettingreadytorockourlovelives—oratleasthelpimproveoursearchforsomeonetocommunicatewith.InlateMaySkout.comwillbecomethefirstdatingsitetolaunchaniPadapplication.Thefreeappwillbesimilartotheversionthat’salreadyavailabletophoneusers:memberscanentersearchcriteriasuchasagerangegenderandphysicalpreferencesandaHotMapwillshowinrealtimethelocationsofactiveSkoutuserswhofitthosecriteria.Theideaistohelpmembersmeetupandseeifmagichappens.ThecoolthingabouttheiPadadaptationsaysCEOChristianWiklundisthatitsscreenislargeenoughtolettheuserviewthemapwhilesimultaneouslychattingandsearchingthroughanothermember’sphotos.DavidEvanseditorofonlinedatingpost.comsayswecanexpecttoseemoreinnovativetechnologyinafewmonthsaftercompaniesgetacquaintedwiththecapabilitiesoftheiPad.WhatI’mlookingforaredatingsitesthatareoptimizedfortheiPadwithfeaturesnativetothesleekcomputingdeviceliketouchscreenmotionssuchaspinchtwistzoomandshakehesays.It’stheiPadthat’sgoingtoenabledeveloperstocreateentirelynewwaystobrowsediscoverandconnectwithsingles.SteveOdomCEOandfounderofdatingsiteGelatowhichlaunchedlastyearandincludesalivefeedofmembers’social-mediaprofilesisredesigninghisentirewebsitebasedontheiPad’sappearance.ProfilepicturesplayakeyroleinonlinedatingOdomsaysandtheiPadgivessitesanopportunitytoplayupthepresentationoftheirclientele.It’sbigit’sbeautifulandit’sperfectfordatingsitessaysOdomwhoplanstounveiltheredesigninJune.Evanspredictsthatonlinedatingsiteswillbegintodisplaytheircontentlikeamagazinelettingusersflipthroughpagesofprofilesandenlargephotoswhilesimultaneouslytextingwithoneormoreothers.Hesaysthere’salsobeentalkofaddingafacial-codingandeye-trackingfunctionthatwoulduseawebcamontheiPadtorefinesuggestedmatchesbasedonamember’sresponsestocertainprofiles.Ifyougrimacetheprofilewillfadeaway;ifyousmileorifyourpupilsdilatesimilarprofileswillbesuggested.InotherwordssomedaytherecouldbeaniPadappforloveatfirstsight.AccordingtoDavidEvansit’llbepossiblethat______.
41__________.Themysteryinvolvesachangeintheatmoshpere—aholeorthinningoftheozoneintheatmosphereoverAntarctica.Scientistswerenotsurewhatwascausingit.42__________.Itisfoundbothintheairwebreatheandintheupperatmosphere.Neartheearthozoneintheairisadangertolife.Itisapollutant.Butozonefound10kilometersto50kilometersupintheatmosphereprotectslifeonearth.Ozoneformsintheatmospherethroughtheactionofsolarradiation.Onceformedtheozoneblocksharmfulradiationfromreachingtheearth.Scientistssayadecreaseinozoneandanincreaseintheharmfulradiationwillcausemanymorecasesofskincancerandwillharmcropsanimalsandfish.43__________.Chlorineisreleasedintotheairfromthechlorofluorocarbons—orCFCs—usedinplasticairconditionersandspraycans.TheuseofCFCshasgreatlyincreasedworldwidesince1960andiscontinuingtoincrease.Thedestructionoftheozoneintheatmospherealsohasincreased.Aninternationaleffortisbeingmadetohaltthelossofatmosphericozone.Butmanyexpertsfeartheeffortwillnotproduceresultsfastenoughtopreventharmtolifeonearth.Thirty-onenationsnegotiatedatreatylastyear1987callingforareductionintheworldwideproductionofchlorofluorocarbons.Itwaspraisedatthetimeasamajorstepinhaltingfurtherdestructionoftheozone.CutsinthepresentproductionofCFCswillbegininthemid-1990s.44__________.Harmfulchemicalstakefrom7to10yearstoriseupintotheatmosphere.DamagefromtheincreaseuseofCFCsinthispastdecadestillhasnotbeenfelt.Governmentscientistssaymorethantwotimesthemountofthesegaseswillbeintheatmospherebeforethelevelsstoprising.45__________.Scientistspointoutamoleculeofchlorineremainsintheatmosphereforaslongas100years.Duringthattimeitdestroystensofthousandsofozonemolecules.[A]WhyhastheozoneproblemdevelopedNooneknowsforsure.Butscientistssaytheevidenceisverystrongthatthechlorineinchlorofluorocarbons含氯氟烃iscausingmuchoftheproblem.[B]Almost30yearsafterscientistsdiscoveredthatcommonindustrialgasesweredestroyingEarth’sprotectiveozonelayersatellitereadingsandgroundobservationsshowforthefirsttimethatthedangerousrateofozonelossisfinallyslowing.[C]Ozoneisathree-atomformofoxygengas.[D]Therehavebeensomenewdevelopmentsinacontinuingmysterywehavereportedaboutmanytimes.[E]Scientistsalsosaydamagetoozonewillcontinuebecauseofthelonglifeofthechemicalgasesreleasedintotheatmosphere.[F]TheozoneproblemcausedbyCFCswasfirstnoticedasearlyasthe1960s.[G]Howevermostscientistsnowagreedestructionoftheozonewillcontinuefordecades.Theysaythiswillhappeneventhoughindustriesandgovernmentsdotheirbesttocontrolthedamage.
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