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Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campustheregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory.theydon’tfindanythatfitthe11It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 20
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campustheregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory.theydon’tfindanythatfitthe11It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 10
Text1 Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelpheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Theauthordirectlydiscussesthefactthat
Text4 MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemexcitedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequentlynothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbythesellerorforthatmatterestablishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemsharmful.Accordinglyitrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixingthedeterminationofpricesbythesellerasboth"normal"andhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infactprice-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovidesasaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopmenttheprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Henceacomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree-marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantprice-cuttingbecauseprice-cuttingwouldbeprejudicialtothecommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecause theyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot. Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialistcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalprice-fixingusuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixingthecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave. Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.In’theearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitesStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;ratherSovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices. Notes:spell魔力;一阵aggregate总体 AccordingtotheauthorwhatistheresultoftheSovietUnion'schangeineconomicpolicyinthe1970's
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2statetherisksbroughtbyspeedingand 3suggestpossiblemeasuresagainstspeeding. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Text1 Howeverimportantwemayregardschoollifetobethereisnodenyingthefactthatchildrenspendmoretimeathomethanintheclassroom.Thereforethegreatinfluenceofparentscannotbeignoredordiscountedbytheteacher.Theycanbecomestrongalliesoftheschoolpersonnelortheycanconsciouslyorunconsciouslyhinderandfrustratecurricularobjectives. Administratorshavebeenawareoftheneedtokeepparentsinformedofthenewermethodsusedinschools.Manyprincipalshaveconductedworkshopsexplainingsuchmattersasthereadingreadinessprogrammanuscriptwritinganddevelopmentalmathematics. Moreovertheclassroomteacherwiththepermissionofthesupervisorscanalsoplayanimportantroleinenlighteningparents.Theinformalteaandthemanyinterviewscarriedonduringtheyearaswellasnewwaysofreportingpupils’progresscansignificantlyaidinachievingaharmoniousinterplaybetweenschoolandhome. ToillustratesupposethatafatherhasbeendrillingJuniorinarithmeticprocessesnightafternight.Inafriendlyinterviewtheteachercanhelpheparentsublimatehisnaturalpaternalinterestintoproductivechannels.HemightbepersuadedtoletJuniorparticipateindiscussingthefamilybudgetbuyingthefoodusingayardstickormeasuringcupathomesettingtheclockcalculatingmileageonatripandengaginginscoresofotheractivitiesthathaveamathematicalbasis. Ifthefatherfollowstheadviceitisreasonabletoassumethathewillsoonrealizehissonismakingsatisfactoryprogressinmathematicsandatthesametimeenjoyingthework. Toooftenhoweverteachers’conferenceswithparentsaredevotedtopettyaccountsofchildren’smisdemeanorscomplaintsaboutlazinessandpoorworkhabitsandsuggestionforpenaltiesandrewardsathome. Whatisneededisamorecreativeapproachinwhichtheteacherasaprofessionaladviserplantsideasinparents’mindsforthebestutilizationofthemanyhoursthatthechildspendsoutoftheclassroom.Inthiswaytheschoolandthehomejoinforcesinfosteringthefullestdevelopmentofyoungsters’capacities. Itcanreasonablybeinferredthattheauthor
Text4 MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemexcitedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequentlynothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbythesellerorforthatmatterestablishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemsharmful.Accordinglyitrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixingthedeterminationofpricesbythesellerasboth"normal"andhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infactprice-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovidesasaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopmenttheprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Henceacomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree-marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantprice-cuttingbecauseprice-cuttingwouldbeprejudicialtothecommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecause theyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot. Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialistcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalprice-fixingusuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixingthecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave. Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.In’theearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitesStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;ratherSovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices. Notes:spell魔力;一阵aggregate总体 Thesuggestioninthetextthatprice-fixinginindustrializedsocietiesisnormalarisesfromtheauthor'sstatementthatprice-fixingis
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text3 Within80yearssomescientistsestimatetheworldmustproducemorethaneighttimesthepresentworldfoodsupply.Theproductivenessofthesearaisesourhopesforanadequatefoodsupplyinthefuture.Aidedbymenofsciencewehavesetforthtofindout that70percentoftheearthremainsunexplored--theoceandepths.Thuswemaybetterdiscoverandutilizethesea’snaturalproductsfortheworld’shungry. Itisfishproteinconcentratethatissought.fromtheseas.ByutilizingtheunharvestedfishinUnitedStateswatersaloneenoughfishproteinconcentratecanbeobtainedtoprovidesupplementalanimalproteinformorethanonebillionpeopleforoneyearatthecostoflessthanhalfacentperdayperperson.ThemalnutritionofchildrenisterriblytragicButthecrimeliesinsociety’sunrestrainedbreedingnotinitsnegligenceinproducingfishpowder.Butwhereverthepopulationprojectsarecarefullyconsideredtheanswertotheproblemissomethinglikethis:Therearefewprojectsthatcoulddomoretoraisethenutritionallevelofmankindthanafull-scalescientificefforttodeveloptheresourcesofthesea.Eachyearsomethirtymilliontonsoffoodproductsaretakenfromtheseawhichaccountfor12percentoftheworld’sanimalproteins.Nationswiththeirswellingpopulationsmustpushforwardintotheseafrontiersforfoodsupplies.Privateindustrymuststepupitsmarineresearchandthefederalgovernmentmustmakenewattacksontheproblemsofmarineresearchdevelopment.Thereisatoneofdesperatenessinallthesedesignsonthesea. Butwhatismoststartlingistheassumptionthattheseasareanuntouchedresource.Thefactisthattheseashavebeenandarebeinghurtdirectlyandindirectlybythesameforcesthathaveabusedtheland.Inthebroadpatternofecologicalrelationshipstheseasarenotseparablefromwhathappensontheland.Thepoisonsthatpollutethesoilandtheairbringinmassivedosesintothe"continentalshelf"waters.Thedirtandpollutionthatspillsfromoururbansewersandindustrialoutfallsdespoilourbaysandcoastalwaters.Alltheborderseasarealreadyheavilypollutedbythesameexploitationdrivesthathaveunderminedthequalityoflifeonland. Notes:sewers下水道 Fromthelastparagraphwelearnthat
Itishardlynecessarytopointoutthatweliveinaworldofincreasingindustrialization.Whilethisprocessenablesustoraiseourstandardoflivingatanever-acceleratingrateitalsoleadstoacorrespondinggrowthofinterdependencebetweenthedifferentregionsoftheworld. 41____________ WhatthenistobedoneAlthoughitisdifficulttoknowwheretobegintodealwithsuchalargesubjectthefirststepisperhapstoconsiderthemaineconomicdifficultiesanunderdevelopedoremergingregionhastoface. 42____________Anumberofquitecommonoccurrencesarethereforesufficienttocauseimmediateandseriousinterferencewiththisexportproduction:unfavorableweatherconditionsplantoranimalepidemicstheexhaustionofsoilfertilityormineraldepositsthedevelopmentofsubstituteproductsintheindustrializedregionsetc.Thesensitivityoftheeconomyisgreatlyintensifiedincaseswhereexportsareconfinedonlytooneortwo products—"monocultures"astheyaresometimescalled. 43____________Thisalsoappliestothemanufacturedgoodsrequiredtoprovidetheirpopulationswiththe"necessitiesoflife".Thiseconomicstructuremakesitdifficultforthemtoavoidbeingpoliticallydependentonthecountrieswhichabsorbtheirexportsandprovidetheiressentialimports. Sinceundermodernconditionsarapidriseinpopulationisaphenomenoncloselyassociatedwithunderdevelopment.Thiscausealonecansubjecttheeconomytosevereandcontinuousstress. 44____________Inthefirstplacetosetupmodernindustriesnecessitatescapitalonalargescalewhichonlyindustrializedregionsareabletoprovide;secondlytheylackthenecessarytrainedmanpower;thirdlytheirindustries—whenestablished—areusuallynotefficientenoughtocompetewithforeignimportsandanyrestrictionontheseimportsislikelytoleadtocounter-actionagainsttheirownexports. Fromanotherpointofviewitisnecessarytobearinmindthatthereareinvariablypoliticaleducationalsocialandpsychologicalobstacleswhichtendtointerfereseriouslywithanymeasurestakentodealwiththeeconomicdifficultiesoutlinedabove.45____________ Toconcludeitseemsclearthatifweare.tosucceedinsolvingthemanyinter-relatedproblemsofunderdevelopmentonlythefullestandmostintelligentuseoftheresourcesofallbranchesofsciencewillenableustodoso.555words Notes:beorientated..toward被引导到......monoculture单一作物耕作 [A]Forexampletheeconomiesofsuchcountriesareorientatedprimarilytowardtheproductionofrawmaterialsi.e.agriculturalandmineralproducts;thesearethenexportedtotheindustrializedcountries. [B]Giventheseconditionsitiseasytoseethatanypermanenteconomicorpoliticalinstabilityinoneareaisboundtohaveanincreasinglyseriouseffectupontherestoftheworld.Sincethemainsourceofsuchinstabilityisunderdevelopmentitisclearthatthisnowconstitutesaproblemofinternationaldimensions. [C]Asfaras"necessitiesoflife"areconcernedtheyrepresentaconceptwhich:iscontinuallybeingenlargedthroughthemassmediaofcommunicationsuchasnewspapersfilmstheradioandadvertising. [D]Althoughitisobviousthatindustrializationisthekeytodevelopmentitisusuallyverydifficultforemergingcountriestocarryoutplansofthisnature. [E]Beingunder-industrializedthesecountriesarelargelydependentonimportstosupplytheequipmentneededtoproducetherawmaterialstheyexport. [F]Toconsider.onlyonepoint:itisobviouslyuselesstodevotegreateffortsandexpensetoeducationtechnicaltrainingandplanningifforpsychologicalreasonsthepopulationasawholefailstoturntheoryintoeffectiveaction. [G]Thissuddenincreaseinthepopulationoftheunderdevelopedcountrieshascomeatadifficulttime.Eveniftheirpopulationhadnotgrownsofasttheywouldhavebeenfacingadesperatestruggletobringthestandardoflivingoftheirpeopleup. 42
Text4 MosteconomistsintheUnitedStatesseemexcitedbythespellofthefreemarket.Consequentlynothingseemsgoodornormalthatdoesnotaccordwiththerequirementsofthefreemarket.Apricethatisdeterminedbythesellerorforthatmatterestablishedbyanyoneotherthantheaggregateofconsumersseemsharmful.Accordinglyitrequiresamajoractofwilltothinkofprice-fixingthedeterminationofpricesbythesellerasboth"normal"andhavingavaluableeconomicfunction.Infactprice-fixingisnormalinallindustrializedsocietiesbecausetheindustrialsystemitselfprovidesasaneffortlessconsequenceofitsowndevelopmenttheprice-fixingthatitrequires.Modernindustrialplanningrequiresandrewardsgreatsize.Henceacomparativelysmallnumberoflargefirmswillbecompetingforthesamegroupofconsumers.Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocatesoffree-marketeconomictheories.Buteachlargefirmwillalsoactwithfullconsiderationoftheneedsthatithasincommonwiththeotherlargefirmscompetingforthesamecustomers.Eachlargefirmwillthusavoidsignificantprice-cuttingbecauseprice-cuttingwouldbeprejudicialtothecommoninterestinastabledemandforproducts.Mosteconomistsdonotseeprice-fixingwhenitoccursbecause theyexpectittobebroughtaboutbyanumberofexplicitagreementsamonglargefirms;itisnot. Moreoverthoseeconomistswhoarguethatallowingthefreemarkettooperatewithoutinterferenceisthemostefficientmethodofestablishingpriceshavenotconsideredtheeconomiesofnon-socialistcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates.Theseeconomiesemployintentionalprice-fixingusuallyinanovertfashion.Formalprice-fixingbycartelandinformalprice-fixingbyagreementscoveringthemembersofanindustryarecommonplace.Weretheresomethingpeculiarlyefficientaboutthefreemarketandinefficientaboutprice-fixingthecountriesthathaveavoidedthefirstandusedthesecondwouldhavesuffereddrasticallyintheireconomicdevelopment.Thereisnoindicationthattheyhave. Socialistindustryalsoworkswithinaframeworkofcontrolledprices.In’theearly1970’stheSovietUnionbegantogivefirmsandindustriessomeoftheflexibilityinadjustingpricesthatamoreinformalevolutionhasaccordedthecapitalistsystem.EconomistsintheUnitesStateshavehailedthechangeasareturntothefreemarket.ButSovietfirmsarenomoresubjecttopricesestablishedbyafreemarketoverwhichtheyexerciselittleinfluencethanarecapitalistfirms;ratherSovietfirmshavebeengiventhepowertofixprices. Notes:spell魔力;一阵aggregate总体 Inthetexttheauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
Text3 Within80yearssomescientistsestimatetheworldmustproducemorethaneighttimesthepresentworldfoodsupply.Theproductivenessofthesearaisesourhopesforanadequatefoodsupplyinthefuture.Aidedbymenofsciencewehavesetforthtofindout that70percentoftheearthremainsunexplored--theoceandepths.Thuswemaybetterdiscoverandutilizethesea’snaturalproductsfortheworld’shungry. Itisfishproteinconcentratethatissought.fromtheseas.ByutilizingtheunharvestedfishinUnitedStateswatersaloneenoughfishproteinconcentratecanbeobtainedtoprovidesupplementalanimalproteinformorethanonebillionpeopleforoneyearatthecostoflessthanhalfacentperdayperperson.ThemalnutritionofchildrenisterriblytragicButthecrimeliesinsociety’sunrestrainedbreedingnotinitsnegligenceinproducingfishpowder.Butwhereverthepopulationprojectsarecarefullyconsideredtheanswertotheproblemissomethinglikethis:Therearefewprojectsthatcoulddomoretoraisethenutritionallevelofmankindthanafull-scalescientificefforttodeveloptheresourcesofthesea.Eachyearsomethirtymilliontonsoffoodproductsaretakenfromtheseawhichaccountfor12percentoftheworld’sanimalproteins.Nationswiththeirswellingpopulationsmustpushforwardintotheseafrontiersforfoodsupplies.Privateindustrymuststepupitsmarineresearchandthefederalgovernmentmustmakenewattacksontheproblemsofmarineresearchdevelopment.Thereisatoneofdesperatenessinallthesedesignsonthesea. Butwhatismoststartlingistheassumptionthattheseasareanuntouchedresource.Thefactisthattheseashavebeenandarebeinghurtdirectlyandindirectlybythesameforcesthathaveabusedtheland.Inthebroadpatternofecologicalrelationshipstheseasarenotseparablefromwhathappensontheland.Thepoisonsthatpollutethesoilandtheairbringinmassivedosesintothe"continentalshelf"waters.Thedirtandpollutionthatspillsfromoururbansewersandindustrialoutfallsdespoilourbaysandcoastalwaters.Alltheborderseasarealreadyheavilypollutedbythesameexploitationdrivesthathaveunderminedthequalityoflifeonland. Notes:sewers下水道 Theauthorofthetextismostprohablyoftheopinionthat
Text2 In1575—over400yearsagotheFrenchscholarLouisLeRoypublishedalearnedbookinwhichhevoiceddespairoverthechangescausedbythesocialandtechnologicalinnovationsofhistimewhatwenowcalltheRenaissance.Wealsofeelthatourtimesareoutofjoint;weevenhavereasontobelievethatourdescendantswillbeworseoffthanweare. Theearthwillsoonbeovercrowdedanditsresourcesexhausted.Pollutionwillruintheenvironmentupsettheclimateandendangerhumanhealth.Thegapinlivingstandardsbetweentherichandthepoorwillwidenandleadtheangryhungrypeopleoftheworldtoactsofdesperationincludingtheuseofnuclearweaponsasblackmail.Sucharetheinevitableconsequencesofpopulationandtechnologicalgrowthifpresenttrendscontinue. Thefutureisneveraprojectionofthepast.Animalsprobablyhavenochancetoescapefromthetyrannyofbiologicalevolutionbuthumanbeingsareblessedwiththefreedomofsocialevolution.Forustrendisnotdestinyfate.Theescapefromexistingtrendsisnowfacilitatedbythefactthatsocietiesanticipatefuturedangersandtakepreventivestepsagainstexpectedchanges Despitethewidespreadbeliefthattheworldhasbecometoocomplexfoecomprehensionbythehumanbrainmodernsocietieshaveoftenrespondedeffectivelytocriticalsituations.Thedecreaseinbirthratesthepartialprohibitionofpesticidesandtherethinkingoftechnologiesfortheproductionanduseofenergyarebutafewexamplesillustratingasuddenreversaloftrendscausednotbypoliticalupsetsorscientificbreakthroughsbutbypublicawarenessofconsequences. Evenmorestrikingarethesituationsinwhichsocialattitudesconcerningfuturedifficultiesundergorapidchangesbeforetheproblemshavecometopass--witnesstheheatedargumentsabouttheproblemsofbehaviorcontrolandofgeneticengineeringeventhoughthereisasyetnoproofthateffectivemethodscanbedevelopedtomanipulatebehaviorandgenesonapopulationscale. Oneofthecharacteristicsofourtimesisthustherapiditywithwhichstepscanbetakentochange.theorientationofcertaintrendsandeventoreversethem.Suchchangesusuallyemergefromgrassrootmovementsratherthanfromofficialdirectives. Notes:Renaissance14世纪—16世纪欧洲文艺复兴时期tyranny暴虐统治暴虐行为areblessedwith幸有有幸得到butafew只是几个cometopass发生实现Asyet至今grassroot群众 Thelogicalorganizationofthetextisthat
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campustheregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory.theydon’tfindanythatfitthe11It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 14
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnited’Statesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. 50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive.
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campustheregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory.theydon’tfindanythatfitthe11It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 18
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnited’Statesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. 48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campustheregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory.theydon’tfindanythatfitthe11It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 8
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campustheregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory.theydon’tfindanythatfitthe11It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 6
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campustheregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory.theydon’tfindanythatfitthe11It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 16
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text2 In1575—over400yearsagotheFrenchscholarLouisLeRoypublishedalearnedbookinwhichhevoiceddespairoverthechangescausedbythesocialandtechnologicalinnovationsofhistimewhatwenowcalltheRenaissance.Wealsofeelthatourtimesareoutofjoint;weevenhavereasontobelievethatourdescendantswillbeworseoffthanweare. Theearthwillsoonbeovercrowdedanditsresourcesexhausted.Pollutionwillruintheenvironmentupsettheclimateandendangerhumanhealth.Thegapinlivingstandardsbetweentherichandthepoorwillwidenandleadtheangryhungrypeopleoftheworldtoactsofdesperationincludingtheuseofnuclearweaponsasblackmail.Sucharetheinevitableconsequencesofpopulationandtechnologicalgrowthifpresenttrendscontinue. Thefutureisneveraprojectionofthepast.Animalsprobablyhavenochancetoescapefromthetyrannyofbiologicalevolutionbuthumanbeingsareblessedwiththefreedomofsocialevolution.Forustrendisnotdestinyfate.Theescapefromexistingtrendsisnowfacilitatedbythefactthatsocietiesanticipatefuturedangersandtakepreventivestepsagainstexpectedchanges Despitethewidespreadbeliefthattheworldhasbecometoocomplexfoecomprehensionbythehumanbrainmodernsocietieshaveoftenrespondedeffectivelytocriticalsituations.Thedecreaseinbirthratesthepartialprohibitionofpesticidesandtherethinkingoftechnologiesfortheproductionanduseofenergyarebutafewexamplesillustratingasuddenreversaloftrendscausednotbypoliticalupsetsorscientificbreakthroughsbutbypublicawarenessofconsequences. Evenmorestrikingarethesituationsinwhichsocialattitudesconcerningfuturedifficultiesundergorapidchangesbeforetheproblemshavecometopass--witnesstheheatedargumentsabouttheproblemsofbehaviorcontrolandofgeneticengineeringeventhoughthereisasyetnoproofthateffectivemethodscanbedevelopedtomanipulatebehaviorandgenesonapopulationscale. Oneofthecharacteristicsofourtimesisthustherapiditywithwhichstepscanbetakentochange.theorientationofcertaintrendsandeventoreversethem.Suchchangesusuallyemergefromgrassrootmovementsratherthanfromofficialdirectives. Notes:Renaissance14世纪—16世纪欧洲文艺复兴时期tyranny暴虐统治暴虐行为areblessedwith幸有有幸得到butafew只是几个cometopass发生实现Asyet至今grassroot群众 Thebestillustrationofthemeaningo[trendisnotdestinyinPara.3isthat
Text2 In1575—over400yearsagotheFrenchscholarLouisLeRoypublishedalearnedbookinwhichhevoiceddespairoverthechangescausedbythesocialandtechnologicalinnovationsofhistimewhatwenowcalltheRenaissance.Wealsofeelthatourtimesareoutofjoint;weevenhavereasontobelievethatourdescendantswillbeworseoffthanweare. Theearthwillsoonbeovercrowdedanditsresourcesexhausted.Pollutionwillruintheenvironmentupsettheclimateandendangerhumanhealth.Thegapinlivingstandardsbetweentherichandthepoorwillwidenandleadtheangryhungrypeopleoftheworldtoactsofdesperationincludingtheuseofnuclearweaponsasblackmail.Sucharetheinevitableconsequencesofpopulationandtechnologicalgrowthifpresenttrendscontinue. Thefutureisneveraprojectionofthepast.Animalsprobablyhavenochancetoescapefromthetyrannyofbiologicalevolutionbuthumanbeingsareblessedwiththefreedomofsocialevolution.Forustrendisnotdestinyfate.Theescapefromexistingtrendsisnowfacilitatedbythefactthatsocietiesanticipatefuturedangersandtakepreventivestepsagainstexpectedchanges Despitethewidespreadbeliefthattheworldhasbecometoocomplexfoecomprehensionbythehumanbrainmodernsocietieshaveoftenrespondedeffectivelytocriticalsituations.Thedecreaseinbirthratesthepartialprohibitionofpesticidesandtherethinkingoftechnologiesfortheproductionanduseofenergyarebutafewexamplesillustratingasuddenreversaloftrendscausednotbypoliticalupsetsorscientificbreakthroughsbutbypublicawarenessofconsequences. Evenmorestrikingarethesituationsinwhichsocialattitudesconcerningfuturedifficultiesundergorapidchangesbeforetheproblemshavecometopass--witnesstheheatedargumentsabouttheproblemsofbehaviorcontrolandofgeneticengineeringeventhoughthereisasyetnoproofthateffectivemethodscanbedevelopedtomanipulatebehaviorandgenesonapopulationscale. Oneofthecharacteristicsofourtimesisthustherapiditywithwhichstepscanbetakentochange.theorientationofcertaintrendsandeventoreversethem.Suchchangesusuallyemergefromgrassrootmovementsratherthanfromofficialdirectives. Notes:Renaissance14世纪—16世纪欧洲文艺复兴时期tyranny暴虐统治暴虐行为areblessedwith幸有有幸得到butafew只是几个cometopass发生实现Asyet至今grassroot群众 AccordingtothetextevidencesoftheinsightofthepublicintothedangerswhichsurrounduscanbefoundinallofthefollowingEXCEPT
Itishardlynecessarytopointoutthatweliveinaworldofincreasingindustrialization.Whilethisprocessenablesustoraiseourstandardoflivingatanever-acceleratingrateitalsoleadstoacorrespondinggrowthofinterdependencebetweenthedifferentregionsoftheworld. 41____________ WhatthenistobedoneAlthoughitisdifficulttoknowwheretobegintodealwithsuchalargesubjectthefirststepisperhapstoconsiderthemaineconomicdifficultiesanunderdevelopedoremergingregionhastoface. 42____________Anumberofquitecommonoccurrencesarethereforesufficienttocauseimmediateandseriousinterferencewiththisexportproduction:unfavorableweatherconditionsplantoranimalepidemicstheexhaustionofsoilfertilityormineraldepositsthedevelopmentofsubstituteproductsintheindustrializedregionsetc.Thesensitivityoftheeconomyisgreatlyintensifiedincaseswhereexportsareconfinedonlytooneortwo products—"monocultures"astheyaresometimescalled. 43____________Thisalsoappliestothemanufacturedgoodsrequiredtoprovidetheirpopulationswiththe"necessitiesoflife".Thiseconomicstructuremakesitdifficultforthemtoavoidbeingpoliticallydependentonthecountrieswhichabsorbtheirexportsandprovidetheiressentialimports. Sinceundermodernconditionsarapidriseinpopulationisaphenomenoncloselyassociatedwithunderdevelopment.Thiscausealonecansubjecttheeconomytosevereandcontinuousstress. 44____________Inthefirstplacetosetupmodernindustriesnecessitatescapitalonalargescalewhichonlyindustrializedregionsareabletoprovide;secondlytheylackthenecessarytrainedmanpower;thirdlytheirindustries—whenestablished—areusuallynotefficientenoughtocompetewithforeignimportsandanyrestrictionontheseimportsislikelytoleadtocounter-actionagainsttheirownexports. Fromanotherpointofviewitisnecessarytobearinmindthatthereareinvariablypoliticaleducationalsocialandpsychologicalobstacleswhichtendtointerfereseriouslywithanymeasurestakentodealwiththeeconomicdifficultiesoutlinedabove.45____________ Toconcludeitseemsclearthatifweare.tosucceedinsolvingthemanyinter-relatedproblemsofunderdevelopmentonlythefullestandmostintelligentuseoftheresourcesofallbranchesofsciencewillenableustodoso.555words Notes:beorientated..toward被引导到......monoculture单一作物耕作 [A]Forexampletheeconomiesofsuchcountriesareorientatedprimarilytowardtheproductionofrawmaterialsi.e.agriculturalandmineralproducts;thesearethenexportedtotheindustrializedcountries. [B]Giventheseconditionsitiseasytoseethatanypermanenteconomicorpoliticalinstabilityinoneareaisboundtohaveanincreasinglyseriouseffectupontherestoftheworld.Sincethemainsourceofsuchinstabilityisunderdevelopmentitisclearthatthisnowconstitutesaproblemofinternationaldimensions. [C]Asfaras"necessitiesoflife"areconcernedtheyrepresentaconceptwhich:iscontinuallybeingenlargedthroughthemassmediaofcommunicationsuchasnewspapersfilmstheradioandadvertising. [D]Althoughitisobviousthatindustrializationisthekeytodevelopmentitisusuallyverydifficultforemergingcountriestocarryoutplansofthisnature. [E]Beingunder-industrializedthesecountriesarelargelydependentonimportstosupplytheequipmentneededtoproducetherawmaterialstheyexport. [F]Toconsider.onlyonepoint:itisobviouslyuselesstodevotegreateffortsandexpensetoeducationtechnicaltrainingandplanningifforpsychologicalreasonsthepopulationasawholefailstoturntheoryintoeffectiveaction. [G]Thissuddenincreaseinthepopulationoftheunderdevelopedcountrieshascomeatadifficulttime.Eveniftheirpopulationhadnotgrownsofasttheywouldhavebeenfacingadesperatestruggletobringthestandardoflivingoftheirpeopleup. 44
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.HoweverifthisweretruethenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.47Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies. OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.48WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixtiescapitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.FurthermorebythelateseventiestheamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapanithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity. AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively;theymadecriticalchangeinUnited’Statesprocedures.49Forinstancethemass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensivecomponent-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespracticesincludingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.50Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachinestherebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethesparestocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive. 46SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirmsbuthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campustheregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestory.theydon’tfindanythatfitthe11It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17—Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 12
Moreandmoreofusare1theTVnetworks.That’snotnewsofcourse;therehavebeencountlessstoriesontheir2audience.ButIdidn’trealizehowfarout!haddropped3IglancedattheNielsenratingsofthetop71shows.Ofthose71programsIhadnotwatched4one.5IcouldcountonlyfivethatIhadeverseeninmyentirelife.Andofthosefivethereisn’toneIwatch6. DespiteitspopularityIdon’tlikehappyfamilyshows.They’re7.IfIwatchafamilyshowIprefersomethinglifelikesuchas"Death’ofaSalesman." 8thesecond-ratedprogram"ADifferentWorld"I’veneverheardofit.IfIwanttoseeadifferent9I’lldrivetothewestsideofChicago. I10watch"Cheers"whichisstill11thetoptenbutgaveitupafterDianaleftandSambeganlustingafteracareer-crazedyuppie.AmItheonlypersoninAmericawhohasneverwatchedasegmentof"Dallas"AwhileagoIrecallsomebodyimportantwaskilledonthe"last12oftheseasonandalmosteverybodyinAmericawascaughtupinthehype.Iwatchedwrestlingthatnight;I’llbettheactingwas13. It’snot14I’msnobbish--IenjoyTV15asmuchasthenextslob.Butthe16oftrulytrashytrashhasdeclined.IwasoneofthefirstwritersinAmericatorecognizethegreatnessofRobinLeach’s"LifestylesoftheRichandFamous."SowhatdoIwatchIstillturntothenetworks17Ihavelearnedtoexploitandcheatthem.ForexampleIlikefootballbutseldomwatchit18.InsteadI19itandlaterplayitbackanmyVCRfast-forwardingthroughallthecommercialstheannouncers’babblethehalf-timedrivelandeventhehuddles.Ialsowatchedmoviesbutonlyonsomecablechannels20thenetworks. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
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