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Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutlearningfromargument.ChoosethemostsuitablefromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Communicationmakesbothpartyknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakeanagreement. [B]Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge. [C]Reasonabledebateplaysapostiveroleinknowledgeadrances [D]Abasiccommonknowledgemabecontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething. [E]Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument. [F]Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument. DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictorsThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown. 41.______ Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded. 42.______ Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity. 43.______ AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel. 44.______ Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth. 45.______ InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect. 41
Moresurprisingperhapsthanthecurrentdifficultiesoftraditionalmarriageisthefactthatmarriageitselfisaliveandthriving.AsSkolnicknotesAmericansareamarryingpeople:RelativetoEuropeansmoreofusmarryandwemarryatayoungerage.Moreoverasteradeclineintheearly1970stherateofmarriageintheUnitedStatesisnowincreasing.Eventhedivorcerateneedstobetakeninthispro-marriagecontext:some80percentofdivorcedindividualsremarry.Thusmarriageremainsbyfarthepreferredwayoflifeforthevastmajorityofpeopleinoursociety. Whathaschangedmorethanmarriageisthenuclearfamily.Twenty-fiveyearsagothetypicalAmericanfamilyconsistedofahusbandawifeandtwoorthreechildren.Nowtherearemanymarriagesinwhichcoupleshavedecidednottohaveanychildren.Andtherearemanymarriageswhereatleastsomeofthechildrenarefromthewife’spreviousmarriageorthehusband’sorboth.Sometimesthesechildrenspendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromtheformermarriage;sometimestheyaresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses. Thusonecanfindtheverytypeoffamilyarrangement.Therearemarriageswithoutchildren;marriageswithchildrenfromonlythepresentmarriage;marriageswith"full-time"childrenfromthepresentmarriageand"part-time"childrenfromformermarriages.Therearestep-fathersstep-mothershalf-brothersandhalf-sisters.Itisnotallthatunusualforachildtohavefourparentsandeightgrandparents!Theseareenormouschangesfromthetraditionalnuclearfamily.Butevensoeveninthemidstofallthisthereremainsoneconstant:MostAmericansspendmostoftheiradultlivesmarried. EventhoughgreatchangeshavetakenplaceinthestructureofAmericanfamilies
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46U.S.farmersareplantingmoreacresofcropsusingsoilbuildingandpollutionfightingfamingsystemsthantraditionalmethodsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillageaccordingtoareportduetobereleasedearlynextmonth. Thereporttitled"NationalCropResidueManagementSurvey"showsa6millionacregainforenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsthisyear. 47Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres. 48Thesurveyconductedonacounty-by-countybasisbyUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceindicatesthatfarmersinIowaIllinoisSouthDakotaKansasandIndianacontributedthemosttotheincreaseinacresgrownwithenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsknownasconservationtillagesystems. Thesestatesaccountedfor5millionofthe6millionacreincreaseinconservationtillagethisyear. Allconservationtillagesystemssuchasno-tillmulch-tillridge-tillstrip-tillandzone-tillrelyonlesstillageorlesssoildisturbancetoplantandmanagecrops. Farmerswhousethesesystemsleaveplantmaterialsstemsstalksandleaves—onthesurfaceoffieldsafterharvest. Theplantmaterialsalsocalledcropresiduesserveasablankettoprotectthesoilfromerosion. Thecropresiduesslowlydecomposetoaddorganicmattertothesoilmuchlikemulchingorcompostingaddorganicmattertoagarden. Thesurveyresultsfor1997indicatethatconservationtillagesystemsnowaccountfor109.8millionacresorfully37percentofthe294.6millionannuallyplantedcroplandacresintheUnitedStates. Inthemeantimetraditionalsystemsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillagefellto107.6millionacresthisyear. Theremainingacresareinanintermediatefarmingsystemknownasreducedtill. 49Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems. "50Independentresearchandpracticalapplicationacrossthecountryshowthatthesesystemsnotonlyreplenishandbuildorganicmatterinthesoilforimprovedfuturefoodproductivitybuttheywillalsoprotectwaterqualityandenhancewildlifeandtheenvironmentforfuturegenerations"saysJohnHebblethwaiteexecutivedirectoroftheConservationTechnologyInformationCenter."Thereisalsogrowingevidencethatthesesystemscanevenhelpuscombatthepotentialforglobalwarming"headds. ConservationtillagehaslongbeencreditedforprotectingwaterqualitybyreducingrunofffromfarmfieldsaccordingtoHebblethwaite. Henotesthelatestresearchalsoindicatesthatsoilenrichedbycropresiduesoffersnaturalprotectionforgroundwater. Conservationtillagesystemssavethefarmermoneybyreducingtripsthroughthefieldforplantingandcultivation. Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres.
Moresurprisingperhapsthanthecurrentdifficultiesoftraditionalmarriageisthefactthatmarriageitselfisaliveandthriving.AsSkolnicknotesAmericansareamarryingpeople:RelativetoEuropeansmoreofusmarryandwemarryatayoungerage.Moreoverasteradeclineintheearly1970stherateofmarriageintheUnitedStatesisnowincreasing.Eventhedivorcerateneedstobetakeninthispro-marriagecontext:some80percentofdivorcedindividualsremarry.Thusmarriageremainsbyfarthepreferredwayoflifeforthevastmajorityofpeopleinoursociety. Whathaschangedmorethanmarriageisthenuclearfamily.Twenty-fiveyearsagothetypicalAmericanfamilyconsistedofahusbandawifeandtwoorthreechildren.Nowtherearemanymarriagesinwhichcoupleshavedecidednottohaveanychildren.Andtherearemanymarriageswhereatleastsomeofthechildrenarefromthewife’spreviousmarriageorthehusband’sorboth.Sometimesthesechildrenspendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromtheformermarriage;sometimestheyaresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses. Thusonecanfindtheverytypeoffamilyarrangement.Therearemarriageswithoutchildren;marriageswithchildrenfromonlythepresentmarriage;marriageswith"full-time"childrenfromthepresentmarriageand"part-time"childrenfromformermarriages.Therearestep-fathersstep-mothershalf-brothersandhalf-sisters.Itisnotallthatunusualforachildtohavefourparentsandeightgrandparents!Theseareenormouschangesfromthetraditionalnuclearfamily.Butevensoeveninthemidstofallthisthereremainsoneconstant:MostAmericansspendmostoftheiradultlivesmarried. Whichofthefollowingcanbepresentedasthepictureoftoday’sAmericanfamilies
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutlearningfromargument.ChoosethemostsuitablefromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Communicationmakesbothpartyknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakeanagreement. [B]Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge. [C]Reasonabledebateplaysapostiveroleinknowledgeadrances [D]Abasiccommonknowledgemabecontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething. [E]Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument. [F]Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument. DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictorsThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown. 41.______ Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded. 42.______ Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity. 43.______ AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel. 44.______ Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth. 45.______ InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect. 45
LateralthinkingfirstdescribedbyEdwarddeBonoin1967isjustafewyearsolderthanEdward’sson.YoumightimaginethatCasparwasraisedtobeanadventurousthinkerbutthedeBononamewassofamousCaspar’sparentsworriedthatanytimehewouldsaysomethingbrightatschoolhisteachersmightsnap"Wheredoyougetthatideafrom" "Wehadtobecarefulandnotoverdoit"Edwardadmits.NowCasparisatOxford—whichoncelookedunlikelybecauseheisalsoslightlydyslexic.InfactwhenhewasapplyingtoOxfordnoneofhisschoolteachersthoughthehadachance."Sothenwedidseveralthinkingsessions"hisfathersays"usingmytechniquesandwhenhewentupfortheexamhedidextremelywell."SoonafterEdwarddeBonodecidedtowritehislatestbook"TeachYourChildHowtoThink"inwhichhetransformsthethinkingskillshedevelopedforbrain-stormingbusinessmenintoinformalexercisesforparentsandchildrentoshare. Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequenceandeverybodyknowsthatchildrenaren’tverylogical.Soisn’titanuphillbattletryingtoteachthemtothink"Youknow"EdwarddeBonosays"ifyouexaminepeople’sthinkingitisquiteunusualtofindfaultsoflogic.Butthefaultsofperceptionarehuge!Oftenwethinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitedaview." "TeachYourChildHowtoThink"offerslessonsinperceptionimprovementofclearlyseeingtheimplicationsofsomethingyouaresayingandofexploringthealternatives. AccordingtoParagraph3whichofthefollowingstatementsexpressesEdwarddeBono’sview
Moresurprisingperhapsthanthecurrentdifficultiesoftraditionalmarriageisthefactthatmarriageitselfisaliveandthriving.AsSkolnicknotesAmericansareamarryingpeople:RelativetoEuropeansmoreofusmarryandwemarryatayoungerage.Moreoverasteradeclineintheearly1970stherateofmarriageintheUnitedStatesisnowincreasing.Eventhedivorcerateneedstobetakeninthispro-marriagecontext:some80percentofdivorcedindividualsremarry.Thusmarriageremainsbyfarthepreferredwayoflifeforthevastmajorityofpeopleinoursociety. Whathaschangedmorethanmarriageisthenuclearfamily.Twenty-fiveyearsagothetypicalAmericanfamilyconsistedofahusbandawifeandtwoorthreechildren.Nowtherearemanymarriagesinwhichcoupleshavedecidednottohaveanychildren.Andtherearemanymarriageswhereatleastsomeofthechildrenarefromthewife’spreviousmarriageorthehusband’sorboth.Sometimesthesechildrenspendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromtheformermarriage;sometimestheyaresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses. Thusonecanfindtheverytypeoffamilyarrangement.Therearemarriageswithoutchildren;marriageswithchildrenfromonlythepresentmarriage;marriageswith"full-time"childrenfromthepresentmarriageand"part-time"childrenfromformermarriages.Therearestep-fathersstep-mothershalf-brothersandhalf-sisters.Itisnotallthatunusualforachildtohavefourparentsandeightgrandparents!Theseareenormouschangesfromthetraditionalnuclearfamily.Butevensoeveninthemidstofallthisthereremainsoneconstant:MostAmericansspendmostoftheiradultlivesmarried. BycallingAmericansmarryingpeopletheauthormeansthat
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutlearningfromargument.ChoosethemostsuitablefromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedparagraph41—45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Communicationmakesbothpartyknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakeanagreement. [B]Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge. [C]Reasonabledebateplaysapostiveroleinknowledgeadrances [D]Abasiccommonknowledgemabecontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething. [E]Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument. [F]Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument. DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictorsThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown. 41.______ Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded. 42.______ Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity. 43.______ AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel. 44.______ Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth. 45.______ InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect. 43
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearchsuchasarticlestoappearinjournalsreportsaddressedtofundingagenciesthesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegreesandpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem. Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabriefyetinformativewayfocusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurposereviewoftheliteratureoftenreferredtoas"background"proceduresusedforcarryingouttheresearchaccompaniedbytableschartsandgraphsandinterpretationsoftheresultsoftenreferredtoasdiscussion. Thecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreadersresearchorpractitionersanditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.ArticlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsoftheresearchwhilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdatatheconstructionofdatacollectionproceduresandthetechniquesusedforanalyzingthedataItisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedtojournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentandrecommendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot. Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudytherationaleathoroughreviewoftheliteraturedetailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopmentadescriptionofdataanalysisandtheresultsandaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformofconclusionsimplicationsandrecommendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent’sabilitytocarryoutresearch. Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferencesseminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconciseyetinformativewayfocusingonthemostessentialelementsoftheresearch.Handoutsandtransparenciescanalsoaccompanythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticleheretoothecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeetingandwhethertheyareresearchersorpractitioners. Wecandistinguishthoseresearchreportsfromeachothermainlythrough
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.BookscompactdiscsandevenstockswereavailablefromWorldWideWebSitesthatseemedtospringupalmostdaily.Afewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsumersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbereluctanttobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouchinperson.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenientalternativetodrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerswouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.FindingabargainwasgettingeasierowingtotheriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebestdeal. Foralltheconsumerinterestretailingincyberspacewasstillalargelyunprofitablebusinesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.comwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlaterbranchedintorecordedmusicandvideospostedrevenueof$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9minioninthesameperiodof1997.Overallhoweverthecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofituntil2001.DespitethegreatlossAmazon.comhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’optimismaboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealedtoinvestorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperatingconventionalstoreswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever.Withsomanycompaniescompetingforconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwasintenseandprofitmarginsthinornonexistent.OnevideoretailersoldthehitmovieTitanicfor$9.99undercuttingthe$19.99suggestedretailpriceandlosingabout$6oneachcopysold.WithInternetretailingstillinitsinitialstage;companiesseemedwillingtoabsorbsuchlossesinanattempttoestablishadominantmarketposition. FindingabargainontheInternetwasgettingeasierpartlybecause
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearchsuchasarticlestoappearinjournalsreportsaddressedtofundingagenciesthesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegreesandpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem. Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabriefyetinformativewayfocusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurposereviewoftheliteratureoftenreferredtoas"background"proceduresusedforcarryingouttheresearchaccompaniedbytableschartsandgraphsandinterpretationsoftheresultsoftenreferredtoasdiscussion. Thecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreadersresearchorpractitionersanditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.ArticlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsoftheresearchwhilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdatatheconstructionofdatacollectionproceduresandthetechniquesusedforanalyzingthedataItisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedtojournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentandrecommendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot. Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudytherationaleathoroughreviewoftheliteraturedetailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopmentadescriptionofdataanalysisandtheresultsandaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformofconclusionsimplicationsandrecommendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent’sabilitytocarryoutresearch. Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferencesseminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconciseyetinformativewayfocusingonthemostessentialelementsoftheresearch.Handoutsandtransparenciescanalsoaccompanythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticleheretoothecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeetingandwhethertheyareresearchersorpractitioners. Howcanaprofessorevaluateastudent’scapabilityofimplementingtheresearch
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
LateralthinkingfirstdescribedbyEdwarddeBonoin1967isjustafewyearsolderthanEdward’sson.YoumightimaginethatCasparwasraisedtobeanadventurousthinkerbutthedeBononamewassofamousCaspar’sparentsworriedthatanytimehewouldsaysomethingbrightatschoolhisteachersmightsnap"Wheredoyougetthatideafrom" "Wehadtobecarefulandnotoverdoit"Edwardadmits.NowCasparisatOxford—whichoncelookedunlikelybecauseheisalsoslightlydyslexic.InfactwhenhewasapplyingtoOxfordnoneofhisschoolteachersthoughthehadachance."Sothenwedidseveralthinkingsessions"hisfathersays"usingmytechniquesandwhenhewentupfortheexamhedidextremelywell."SoonafterEdwarddeBonodecidedtowritehislatestbook"TeachYourChildHowtoThink"inwhichhetransformsthethinkingskillshedevelopedforbrain-stormingbusinessmenintoinformalexercisesforparentsandchildrentoshare. Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequenceandeverybodyknowsthatchildrenaren’tverylogical.Soisn’titanuphillbattletryingtoteachthemtothink"Youknow"EdwarddeBonosays"ifyouexaminepeople’sthinkingitisquiteunusualtofindfaultsoflogic.Butthefaultsofperceptionarehuge!Oftenwethinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitedaview." "TeachYourChildHowtoThink"offerslessonsinperceptionimprovementofclearlyseeingtheimplicationsofsomethingyouaresayingandofexploringthealternatives. CasparsucceededinapplyingtoOxfordbecause
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.
Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearchsuchasarticlestoappearinjournalsreportsaddressedtofundingagenciesthesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegreesandpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem. Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabriefyetinformativewayfocusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurposereviewoftheliteratureoftenreferredtoas"background"proceduresusedforcarryingouttheresearchaccompaniedbytableschartsandgraphsandinterpretationsoftheresultsoftenreferredtoasdiscussion. Thecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreadersresearchorpractitionersanditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.ArticlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsoftheresearchwhilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdatatheconstructionofdatacollectionproceduresandthetechniquesusedforanalyzingthedataItisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedtojournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentandrecommendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot. Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudytherationaleathoroughreviewoftheliteraturedetailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopmentadescriptionofdataanalysisandtheresultsandaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformofconclusionsimplicationsandrecommendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent’sabilitytocarryoutresearch. Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferencesseminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconciseyetinformativewayfocusingonthemostessentialelementsoftheresearch.Handoutsandtransparenciescanalsoaccompanythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticleheretoothecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeetingandwhethertheyareresearchersorpractitioners. Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. 46U.S.farmersareplantingmoreacresofcropsusingsoilbuildingandpollutionfightingfamingsystemsthantraditionalmethodsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillageaccordingtoareportduetobereleasedearlynextmonth. Thereporttitled"NationalCropResidueManagementSurvey"showsa6millionacregainforenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsthisyear. 47Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres. 48Thesurveyconductedonacounty-by-countybasisbyUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceindicatesthatfarmersinIowaIllinoisSouthDakotaKansasandIndianacontributedthemosttotheincreaseinacresgrownwithenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsknownasconservationtillagesystems. Thesestatesaccountedfor5millionofthe6millionacreincreaseinconservationtillagethisyear. Allconservationtillagesystemssuchasno-tillmulch-tillridge-tillstrip-tillandzone-tillrelyonlesstillageorlesssoildisturbancetoplantandmanagecrops. Farmerswhousethesesystemsleaveplantmaterialsstemsstalksandleaves—onthesurfaceoffieldsafterharvest. Theplantmaterialsalsocalledcropresiduesserveasablankettoprotectthesoilfromerosion. Thecropresiduesslowlydecomposetoaddorganicmattertothesoilmuchlikemulchingorcompostingaddorganicmattertoagarden. Thesurveyresultsfor1997indicatethatconservationtillagesystemsnowaccountfor109.8millionacresorfully37percentofthe294.6millionannuallyplantedcroplandacresintheUnitedStates. Inthemeantimetraditionalsystemsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillagefellto107.6millionacresthisyear. Theremainingacresareinanintermediatefarmingsystemknownasreducedtill. 49Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems. "50Independentresearchandpracticalapplicationacrossthecountryshowthatthesesystemsnotonlyreplenishandbuildorganicmatterinthesoilforimprovedfuturefoodproductivitybuttheywillalsoprotectwaterqualityandenhancewildlifeandtheenvironmentforfuturegenerations"saysJohnHebblethwaiteexecutivedirectoroftheConservationTechnologyInformationCenter."Thereisalsogrowingevidencethatthesesystemscanevenhelpuscombatthepotentialforglobalwarming"headds. ConservationtillagehaslongbeencreditedforprotectingwaterqualitybyreducingrunofffromfarmfieldsaccordingtoHebblethwaite. Henotesthelatestresearchalsoindicatesthatsoilenrichedbycropresiduesoffersnaturalprotectionforgroundwater. Conservationtillagesystemssavethefarmermoneybyreducingtripsthroughthefieldforplantingandcultivation. Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems.
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.BookscompactdiscsandevenstockswereavailablefromWorldWideWebSitesthatseemedtospringupalmostdaily.Afewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsumersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbereluctanttobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouchinperson.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenientalternativetodrivingtothestore. Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerswouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.FindingabargainwasgettingeasierowingtotheriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebestdeal. Foralltheconsumerinterestretailingincyberspacewasstillalargelyunprofitablebusinesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.comwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlaterbranchedintorecordedmusicandvideospostedrevenueof$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9minioninthesameperiodof1997.Overallhoweverthecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofituntil2001.DespitethegreatlossAmazon.comhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’optimismaboutthefutureoftheindustry. Internetretailingappealedtoinvestorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperatingconventionalstoreswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever.Withsomanycompaniescompetingforconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwasintenseandprofitmarginsthinornonexistent.OnevideoretailersoldthehitmovieTitanicfor$9.99undercuttingthe$19.99suggestedretailpriceandlosingabout$6oneachcopysold.WithInternetretailingstillinitsinitialstage;companiesseemedwillingtoabsorbsuchlossesinanattempttoestablishadominantmarketposition. ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatAmazon.com
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
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