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Inflation Business and government leaders also consider the inflation rate to be an importa...
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{{*HTML*}}WhatIsType1Diabetes???Whenyoueatyourbodytakesthesugarfromfoodandturnsitintofuel.?46?.Your?bodyusesglucose葡萄糖forenergysoitcandoeverythingfrombreathingairtoplayingavideogame.Butglucosecannotbeusedbythebodyonitsown--itneedshormonecalledinsulintobringisintothecellsofthebody.??Mostpeoplegettheinsulintheyneedfromthepancreas;alargeorgannearthestomach.The?pancreasmakesinsulin;insulinbringsglucoseintothecells;andthebodygetstheenergyitneeds.WhenapersonhasType1diabetesitisbecausethepancreasisnotmakinginsulin.Sosomeonecouldbeeatinglotsoffoodandgettingalltheglucoseheneedsbutwithoutinsulinthereisnowayforthebodytousetheglucoseforenergy.?47?.??Youmayhaveheardolderpeopletalkabouthavingdiabetesmaybepeopleofyour?grandparents’age.Usuallythisisadifferentkindofdiabetescalledtype2diabetesoradult-onsetdiabetes.?48?.??WhenakidisdiagnosedwithjuvenileType1diabeteshewillhavethattypeofdiabetesfor?hiswhalelife.Itwon’tewerchangetoType2diabeteswhenhegetsolder.??Scientistsnowthinkthatapersonwhohasjuvenilediabeteswasbornwithacertaingeneor?genesthatmadethepersonmorelikelytogettheillness.?49?.Manyscientistsbelievethatalongwithhavingcertaingenessomethingelseoutsidetheperson’sbodylikeaviralinfectionisnecessarytosetthediabetesinmotionbyaffectingthecellsinthepan-treesthatmakeinsulin.??Butthepersonmusthavethegeneorgenesfordiabetestostartoutwiththismeansyou?cannotgetdiabetesjustfromcatchingafluvirusorcold.Andthistypeofdiabetesisn’tcausedbyeatingtoomanysugaryfoodseither.Diabetescantakealongtimetodevelopinaperson’sbodysometimesmonthsoryears.Anotherimportantthingtorememberisthatdiabetesisnotcontagious.?50?.??A.Genesaresomethingthatyouinheritfromyourparentsandtheyareinyourbodyevenbefore?youareborn.??B.Thissugar-fueliscalledglucose.??C.Itmaybepossibletoheatinsulinresistancethroughlifestylechanges.??D.Youcan’tcatchdiabetesfrompeoplewhohaveitnomatterhowcloseyousittothemorifyou?kissthem.??E.Theglucosecan’tgetintothecellsofthebodywithoutinsulin.??F.Whenapersonhasthiskindofdiabetesthepancreasusuallycanstillmakeinsulincutthe?person’sbodyneedsmorethanthepancreascanmake.
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherbadtooth.
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime-over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswell Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases-thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameiiiordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Scientiststhinkthatthedeclineofamphibianscould
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{{*HTML*}}MemoryTest??1.IamgoingtogiveyoufivetechniquesthatwillenableyoutorememberanythingyouneedtoknowatschoolpromisedlecturerlanRobinsontoahundredschoolchildren.Heslappedhishanddownonthetable.WhenI’vefinishedintwohours’timeyourworkwillbefarmoreeffectiveandproductive.Anyonenotinterestedleavenow.Theentireroomsatstill.??2.RobinsoncallshimselftheMindMagician魔术师.Hespecializesindoingmagictricksthatlooktotallyimpossibleandthenherevealsthattheyinvolvenothingmoremysteriousthangoodold-fashionedtrickery骗术.Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedintricksinvolvingmemory-beingabletoreeloff一口气说出theorderofcardsinapackthatsortofthingheexplains.??3.Robinsonwasalreadylecturingtoschoolsonhismagictechniqueswhenitstruckhimthatstudentsmightfindmemorytechniquesevenmorevaluable.Itwasn’tdifficultareatomoveinotasthestuff’sallthereinbooks.Sohesummarizedeverythingtomakeatwo-hourlectureaboutfivetechniques.??4.Youwanttolearnalistofahundredthings?Athousand?NoproblemsaysRobinson.Thescandalisthateverychildisnottaughtthetechniquesfromthebeginningoftheirschoollife.Theschoolchildrenwhowerewatchinghimthoughtitwasbrilliant.IwishI’dbeentoldthisearliercommentedMarkafterRobinsonhadshownthemhowtoconstructmentaljourneys.??5.Essentiallyyouvisualize想象awalkdownastreetoratriproundaroomandpickthepointswhereyouwillputthethingsyouwanttoremember-thelamppostthefruitbowl.Thenineachlocationyouputavisualrepresentationofyourlist-phrasalverbshistoricaldateswhatever-makingthemasstrangeaspossible.Itisthatsimpleanditworks.??6.Thereactionofschoolshasbeenuniformlyenthusiastic.Thepupilsbenefitedenormouslyfromlan’spresentationsaysDrJohnstonheadoftheschoolwhereRobinsonwasspeaking.ldeallyweshouldrunaregularclassinmemorytechniquessopupilscanpickitupgradually.A.GoodresultsB.AnancientskillC.GainingattentionD.MemorytricksE.AlectureonmemorytechniquesF.WaystoimprovememoryParagraph4______.
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 60
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{{*HTML*}}WhatIsType1Diabetes???Whenyoueatyourbodytakesthesugarfromfoodandturnsitintofuel.?46?.Your?bodyusesglucose葡萄糖forenergysoitcandoeverythingfrombreathingairtoplayingavideogame.Butglucosecannotbeusedbythebodyonitsown--itneedshormonecalledinsulintobringisintothecellsofthebody.??Mostpeoplegettheinsulintheyneedfromthepancreas;alargeorgannearthestomach.The?pancreasmakesinsulin;insulinbringsglucoseintothecells;andthebodygetstheenergyitneeds.WhenapersonhasType1diabetesitisbecausethepancreasisnotmakinginsulin.Sosomeonecouldbeeatinglotsoffoodandgettingalltheglucoseheneedsbutwithoutinsulinthereisnowayforthebodytousetheglucoseforenergy.?47?.??Youmayhaveheardolderpeopletalkabouthavingdiabetesmaybepeopleofyour?grandparents’age.Usuallythisisadifferentkindofdiabetescalledtype2diabetesoradult-onsetdiabetes.?48?.??WhenakidisdiagnosedwithjuvenileType1diabeteshewillhavethattypeofdiabetesfor?hiswhalelife.Itwon’tewerchangetoType2diabeteswhenhegetsolder.??Scientistsnowthinkthatapersonwhohasjuvenilediabeteswasbornwithacertaingeneor?genesthatmadethepersonmorelikelytogettheillness.?49?.Manyscientistsbelievethatalongwithhavingcertaingenessomethingelseoutsidetheperson’sbodylikeaviralinfectionisnecessarytosetthediabetesinmotionbyaffectingthecellsinthepan-treesthatmakeinsulin.??Butthepersonmusthavethegeneorgenesfordiabetestostartoutwiththismeansyou?cannotgetdiabetesjustfromcatchingafluvirusorcold.Andthistypeofdiabetesisn’tcausedbyeatingtoomanysugaryfoodseither.Diabetescantakealongtimetodevelopinaperson’sbodysometimesmonthsoryears.Anotherimportantthingtorememberisthatdiabetesisnotcontagious.?50?.??A.Genesaresomethingthatyouinheritfromyourparentsandtheyareinyourbodyevenbefore?youareborn.??B.Thissugar-fueliscalledglucose.??C.Itmaybepossibletoheatinsulinresistancethroughlifestylechanges.??D.Youcan’tcatchdiabetesfrompeoplewhohaveitnomatterhowcloseyousittothemorifyou?kissthem.??E.Theglucosecan’tgetintothecellsofthebodywithoutinsulin.??F.Whenapersonhasthiskindofdiabetesthepancreasusuallycanstillmakeinsulincutthe?person’sbodyneedsmorethanthepancreascanmake.
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{{*HTML*}}MemoryTest??1.IamgoingtogiveyoufivetechniquesthatwillenableyoutorememberanythingyouneedtoknowatschoolpromisedlecturerlanRobinsontoahundredschoolchildren.Heslappedhishanddownonthetable.WhenI’vefinishedintwohours’timeyourworkwillbefarmoreeffectiveandproductive.Anyonenotinterestedleavenow.Theentireroomsatstill.??2.RobinsoncallshimselftheMindMagician魔术师.Hespecializesindoingmagictricksthatlooktotallyimpossibleandthenherevealsthattheyinvolvenothingmoremysteriousthangoodold-fashionedtrickery骗术.Ihavealwaysbeeninterestedintricksinvolvingmemory-beingabletoreeloff一口气说出theorderofcardsinapackthatsortofthingheexplains.??3.Robinsonwasalreadylecturingtoschoolsonhismagictechniqueswhenitstruckhimthatstudentsmightfindmemorytechniquesevenmorevaluable.Itwasn’tdifficultareatomoveinotasthestuff’sallthereinbooks.Sohesummarizedeverythingtomakeatwo-hourlectureaboutfivetechniques.??4.Youwanttolearnalistofahundredthings?Athousand?NoproblemsaysRobinson.Thescandalisthateverychildisnottaughtthetechniquesfromthebeginningoftheirschoollife.Theschoolchildrenwhowerewatchinghimthoughtitwasbrilliant.IwishI’dbeentoldthisearliercommentedMarkafterRobinsonhadshownthemhowtoconstructmentaljourneys.??5.Essentiallyyouvisualize想象awalkdownastreetoratriproundaroomandpickthepointswhereyouwillputthethingsyouwanttoremember-thelamppostthefruitbowl.Thenineachlocationyouputavisualrepresentationofyourlist-phrasalverbshistoricaldateswhatever-makingthemasstrangeaspossible.Itisthatsimpleanditworks.??6.Thereactionofschoolshasbeenuniformlyenthusiastic.Thepupilsbenefitedenormouslyfromlan’spresentationsaysDrJohnstonheadoftheschoolwhereRobinsonwasspeaking.ldeallyweshouldrunaregularclassinmemorytechniquessopupilscanpickitupgradually.A.GoodresultsB.AnancientskillC.GainingattentionD.MemorytricksE.AlectureonmemorytechniquesF.WaystoimprovememoryParagraph2______.
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Magaplane巨型飞机TheBoeingCorp.andEurope’sAirbusconsortium财团arepreparingtoofferbiggerairplanestotheworld’sairlines.NowthattalksonajointprojecthavebrokendownBoeingispushingastretched拓展的versionof747andAirbusisdesigninganall-newaircraftknownastheA3XX.Seating550passengersinthebasicmodeland650inastretchedversionthe1.2millionpoundA3XXwillnotonlybethelargestairplaneintheworldbutitwillalsobeoneofthemostadvanceD.Theouterwingsandthehorizontalstabilizerasbigasasmallerjet’swingwillbemadeofcarbon-fibercompositematerialsandwillbethelargestsuchstructuresonanyaircraftexcepttheB-2stealthbomber隐形轰炸机.Metalskinswillbewelded焊接togetherwithlasersremovingthousandsoffasteners.WhenastrongwindstrikestheA3XX’s260-footwingmovablecontrolsurfaceswillpreventitfromflexing扭曲likeagiantspring.Thiswillmaketheridesmootherandwillsaveweightbyreducingtheloadonthewingspars翼梁.Aflexible-skinnedflap副翼willsubtlychangethewing’scurvature曲面tomatchtheairplane’schangingweightasitburnsfueloneachjourney.TheA3XXwillcarryupto1600mealsfillingmorethan100foodandbeverage饮料carts.TomakemoreroomforpassengersAirbusplanstoputthecartsinthelowerhold;automaticconveyorsandelevatorswilldeliverthemtothetwopassengerdecks.AirlineshaveaskedAirbustolookatextrafeaturesrangingfromlower-decksleepercabinstoachildren’splayroom.AirbusexpectstooffertheA3XXtoairlinesin1998anddeliverthefirstaircraftin2003.NofastenerswillbeusedinbuildingA3XXbecauseallcomponentswillbeweldedtogether.
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Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 62
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 56
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TheIcemanOnaSeptemberdayin1991twoGermanswereclimbingthemountainsbetweenAustriaandItaly．Highuponamountainpasstheyfoundthebodyofamanlyingontheice．Atthatheight10499feetor3200meterstheiceisusuallypermanentbut1991hadbeenanespeciallywarmyear．Themountainicehadmeltedmorethanusualandsothebodyhadcometothesurface．Itwaslyingfacedownward．Theskeleton骨架wasinperfectconditionexceptforawoundinthehead．Therewasstillskinonthebonesandtheremainsofsomeclothes．Thehandswerestillholdingthewoodenhandleofanaxandonthefeettherewereverysimpleleatherandclothboots．Nearbywasapairofglovesmadeoftreebark树皮andaholderforarrows．WhowasthismanHowandwhenhadhediedEverybodyhadadifferentanswertothesequestions．SomepeoplethoughtthatitwasfromthiscenturyperhapsthebodyofasoldierwhodiedinWorldWarIsinceseveralsoldiershadalreadybeenfoundinthearea．ASwisswomanbelieveditmightbeherfatherwhohaddiedinthosemountainstwentyyearsbeforeandwhosebodyhadneverbeenfound．Thescientistswhorushedtolookatthebodythoughtitwasprobablymucholdermaybeevenathousandyearsold．WithmoderndatingtechniquesthescientistssoonlearnedthattheIcemanwasabout5300yearsold．Borninabout3300B．C．helivedduringtheBronzeAgeinEurope．Atfirstscientiststhoughthewasprobablyahunterwhohaddiedfromanaccidentinthehighmountains．Morerecentevidencehowevertellsadifferentstory．AnewkindofX-rayshowsanarrowheadstillstuckinhisshoulder．Itleftonlyatinyholeinhisskinbutitcausedinternaldamageandbleeding．Healmostcertainlydiedfromthiswoundandnotfromthewoundonthebackofhishead．Thismeansthathewasprobablyinsortiekindofabattle．Itmayhavebeenpartofalargerwarorhemayhavebeenfightingbandits．Hemayevenhavebeenabandithimself．BystudyinghisclothesandtoolsscientistshavealreadylearnedagreatdealfromtheIcemanaboutthetimeshelivedin．Wemayneverknowthefullstoryofhowhediedbuthehasgivenusimportantcluestothehistoryofthosedistanttimes．Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph2
Magaplane巨型飞机TheBoeingCorp.andEurope’sAirbusconsortium财团arepreparingtoofferbiggerairplanestotheworld’sairlines.NowthattalksonajointprojecthavebrokendownBoeingispushingastretched拓展的versionof747andAirbusisdesigninganall-newaircraftknownastheA3XX.Seating550passengersinthebasicmodeland650inastretchedversionthe1.2millionpoundA3XXwillnotonlybethelargestairplaneintheworldbutitwillalsobeoneofthemostadvanceD.Theouterwingsandthehorizontalstabilizerasbigasasmallerjet’swingwillbemadeofcarbon-fibercompositematerialsandwillbethelargestsuchstructuresonanyaircraftexcepttheB-2stealthbomber隐形轰炸机.Metalskinswillbewelded焊接togetherwithlasersremovingthousandsoffasteners.WhenastrongwindstrikestheA3XX’s260-footwingmovablecontrolsurfaceswillpreventitfromflexing扭曲likeagiantspring.Thiswillmaketheridesmootherandwillsaveweightbyreducingtheloadonthewingspars翼梁.Aflexible-skinnedflap副翼willsubtlychangethewing’scurvature曲面tomatchtheairplane’schangingweightasitburnsfueloneachjourney.TheA3XXwillcarryupto1600mealsfillingmorethan100foodandbeverage饮料carts.TomakemoreroomforpassengersAirbusplanstoputthecartsinthelowerhold;automaticconveyorsandelevatorswilldeliverthemtothetwopassengerdecks.AirlineshaveaskedAirbustolookatextrafeaturesrangingfromlower-decksleepercabinstoachildren’splayroom.AirbusexpectstooffertheA3XXtoairlinesin1998anddeliverthefirstaircraftin2003.A3XXwillflyfasterwhileconsuminglessoil.
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 52
{{*HTML*}}A.GrowthofEconomy??B.ServantEconomy??C.StrengthoftheCreativeEconomy??D.WeaknessoftheCreativeEconomy??E.GiftofTalking??F.ExportofTalkingMachinesParagraph2______.
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 64
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime-over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswell Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases-thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameiiiordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Losingamphibiansmeanslosing
Thepriceofa29-inchtelevisionhasdecreasedby300%.
Weshouldcontemplatedtheproblemfromallsides.
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime-over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswell Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases-thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameiiiordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Thearroyotoadisdisappearingbecause
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 58
TheIcemanOnaSeptemberdayin1991twoGermanswereclimbingthemountainsbetweenAustriaandItaly．Highuponamountainpasstheyfoundthebodyofamanlyingontheice．Atthatheight10499feetor3200meterstheiceisusuallypermanentbut1991hadbeenanespeciallywarmyear．Themountainicehadmeltedmorethanusualandsothebodyhadcometothesurface．Itwaslyingfacedownward．Theskeleton骨架wasinperfectconditionexceptforawoundinthehead．Therewasstillskinonthebonesandtheremainsofsomeclothes．Thehandswerestillholdingthewoodenhandleofanaxandonthefeettherewereverysimpleleatherandclothboots．Nearbywasapairofglovesmadeoftreebark树皮andaholderforarrows．WhowasthismanHowandwhenhadhediedEverybodyhadadifferentanswertothesequestions．SomepeoplethoughtthatitwasfromthiscenturyperhapsthebodyofasoldierwhodiedinWorldWarIsinceseveralsoldiershadalreadybeenfoundinthearea．ASwisswomanbelieveditmightbeherfatherwhohaddiedinthosemountainstwentyyearsbeforeandwhosebodyhadneverbeenfound．Thescientistswhorushedtolookatthebodythoughtitwasprobablymucholdermaybeevenathousandyearsold．WithmoderndatingtechniquesthescientistssoonlearnedthattheIcemanwasabout5300yearsold．Borninabout3300B．C．helivedduringtheBronzeAgeinEurope．Atfirstscientiststhoughthewasprobablyahunterwhohaddiedfromanaccidentinthehighmountains．Morerecentevidencehowevertellsadifferentstory．AnewkindofX-rayshowsanarrowheadstillstuckinhisshoulder．Itleftonlyatinyholeinhisskinbutitcausedinternaldamageandbleeding．Healmostcertainlydiedfromthiswoundandnotfromthewoundonthebackofhishead．Thismeansthathewasprobablyinsortiekindofabattle．Itmayhavebeenpartofalargerwarorhemayhavebeenfightingbandits．Hemayevenhavebeenabandithimself．BystudyinghisclothesandtoolsscientistshavealreadylearnedagreatdealfromtheIcemanaboutthetimeshelivedin．Wemayneverknowthefullstoryofhowhediedbuthehasgivenusimportantcluestothehistoryofthosedistanttimes．ThescientistsmadethedeductionthattheIceman
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