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[A] What route does HIV take after it enters the body to destroy the immune system [B] How and ...
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[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytode
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SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Allgreatwritersexpresstheirideasinanindividualway:itisoftenpossibletodeterminetheauthorshipofaliterarypassagefromthestyleinwhichitiswritten;46Manyauthorsfeelthattheconventionsofthewrittenlanguagehamperthemandtheyusewordsfreelywithlittleobservanceofacceptedgrammarandsentencestructureinordertoconveyvividlytheirfeelingsbeliefsandfantasies.Otherswithadeeprespectfortraditionalusageachieveastyleofclassicalclearnessandperfectionorachieveeffectsofvisualormusicalbeautybytheirmasteryofexistingformsenrichedbyasensitiveandadventurousvocabularyvividimageryandablendingofevocativevowelsandconsonants. Youngpeopleoftenfeeltheneedtoexperimentandasaresulttobreakawayfromthetraditionstheyhavebeentaught.Indealingwithaforeignlanguagehowevertheyhavetobearinmindtwoconditionsforexperiment.47Anygreatexperimentalartistisfullyfamiliarwiththeconventionsfromwhichhewishestobreakfree:heiscapableofachievementinestablishedformsbutfeelstheseareinadequatefortheexpressionofhisideas.Inthesecondplaceheisindisputablyanoutstandingartistwhohassomethingoriginaltoexpress;otherwisetheexperimentswillappearpretentiousevenchildish. Fewstudentscanachievesointimateanunderstandingofaforeignlanguagethattheycanexploreitsresourcesfreelyandexperimentally.Notallfeeltheneedtodoso.48Andinanycaseexaminationcandidatesneedtobecomethoroughlyacquaintedwithconventionalusageasitisasureknowledgeofacceptedformsthatexaminerslookfor. ThestudentundertakingaProficiencycourseshouldhavetheabilitytousesimpleEnglishcorrectlytoexpresseverydayfactsandideas.49Thisabilitytoexpressoneselfinaforeignlanguageonabasisofthinkinginthatlanguagewithoutreferencetoone’sownisessentialatallstagesoflearning.Studentswithextensiveexperienceintranslationwhohavehadlittlepracticeinusingtheforeignlanguagedirectlymustaboveallwriteverysimplyatfirstusingonlyeasyconstructionswhichtheyareconvincedarecorrectforgettingforthetimebeingtheirownlanguageandrigorouslyavoidingtranslatingfromit. Morecomplexformsmorevariedvocabularyandsentencestructureshouldevolvenaturallyinstepwiththestudent’sincreasingknowledgeofthelanguage.Thestudentintroducesacertainformofconstructiononlywhenheisthoroughlyfamiliarwithitandiscertainthatitisnormallyusedinthisway.Asheachievesadditionalconfidencehecanbegintotakeaninterestinuseofthelanguagetocreatediverseeffects.Hemaywanttoconveyimpressionsofsuspensecalmdignityhumorofmusicorpoetry.50Hewillmastertheartoflogicalexplanationofexactletterwritingofformalspeechesandnaturalconversationandofvividimpressionisticdescription.Buthewillstillwritewithinthelimitsofhisabilityandknowledge.AndasalearnerhewillstillbestudyingandobservingconventionalEnglishusageinallthathewrites. 49
Peoplehavegoodreasontocareaboutthewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenmenttheirtreatmenthasbeenseenasameasureofmankind’shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliamWilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxtontwoleadersofthemovementtoabolishtheslavetradehelpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther:mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacitytosuffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereservedformankindtootherspecies.Butwheneverydaylivesaremeasuredagainstsuchprinciplestheyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Thosewhowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfromghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplacessafelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater’sgazeandthechild’sstorybook.Plentyofpeoplewhodenouncethefur-trademuchofwhichisfromfarmedanimalsquitehappilywearleatheralsofromfarmedanimals.Perhapstheinconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutitpeoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachothersothegroundisboundtogetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusionandcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearchisremotefrommostpeople’slivesitisparticularlyvulnerabletotheircampaigns.Infactscienceshouldbethelasttargetwhereveryoudrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronethingthereisrarelyanalternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewerescientistswouldgraspitbecauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animalresearchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit.Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedstheunknowablefruitsofpureresearch.Andscienceisbyandlargekindtoitsanimals.ThecoupleofmillionmainlyratsandmicethatdieinBritain’slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanelykilledthanthebillionorsomainlychickensonBritain’sfarms.IndeedifDarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycowsyoucanbefairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastepbackwards.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat______.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightningandhailtwoofthe10plagues. [B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddieremovingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice--thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethefifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague. [C]MoseswhichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC. [D]ThehourlongdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp. [E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb. [F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory. [G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary. Order: 41
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused.Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitledWomeninanInsecureWorldfacenothingshortofahiddengendercide.Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates--notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones.AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographicallymissing.Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsonsso-calledhonourkillingsanddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogenderbasedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime.Hitler’sHolocaustandtheRwandangenocidearementionedinthetextwiththeaimto______.
Peoplehavegoodreasontocareaboutthewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenmenttheirtreatmenthasbeenseenasameasureofmankind’shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliamWilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxtontwoleadersofthemovementtoabolishtheslavetradehelpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther:mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacitytosuffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereservedformankindtootherspecies.Butwheneverydaylivesaremeasuredagainstsuchprinciplestheyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Thosewhowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfromghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplacessafelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater’sgazeandthechild’sstorybook.Plentyofpeoplewhodenouncethefur-trademuchofwhichisfromfarmedanimalsquitehappilywearleatheralsofromfarmedanimals.Perhapstheinconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutitpeoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachothersothegroundisboundtogetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusionandcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearchisremotefrommostpeople’slivesitisparticularlyvulnerabletotheircampaigns.Infactscienceshouldbethelasttargetwhereveryoudrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronethingthereisrarelyanalternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewerescientistswouldgraspitbecauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animalresearchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit.Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedstheunknowablefruitsofpureresearch.Andscienceisbyandlargekindtoitsanimals.ThecoupleofmillionmainlyratsandmicethatdieinBritain’slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanelykilledthanthebillionorsomainlychickensonBritain’sfarms.IndeedifDarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycowsyoucanbefairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastepbackwards.Thefirstparagraphiswrittento______.
A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa"giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops. B.Secondlythereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguageswithseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonbasinforatleast14000yearsafiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductiveandincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites. C.Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblackredandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazonandappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheoceanlaterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork. D.ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocietiesbuttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise". E.AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400-1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmenwomenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthelivingandthedead. F.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. G.ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforestgroundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern. Order: 45
Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingarounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquitesosure.FearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplierRussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGerardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpowercompanyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative.Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcutsupplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting＄60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevelspowerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast.IttookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetbacksaysRobinWestchairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.AclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchasTheDeathofOilpredictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.WhatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealismbutnotforoutrightpanic.USAaccordingtothetextdisapprovedofRussianexpedientinthat______.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
TheimpulsetoexcessamongyoungBritonsremainsaspowerfulaseverbuttheforcethatusedtokeeptheimpulseincheckhasallbutdisappearedclaimedanewspaper.LegislationthatmadeiteasiertogetholdofadrinkwasanActfortheincreaseofdrunkennessandimmoralityassertedapolitician.Thefirststatementcomesfrom2005thesecondfrom1830.Onbothoccasionstheobjectofscornwasaparliamentarybillthatpromisedtosweepawayantiquatedlicensinglaws.AsliberalregulationscameintoforcethisweekBritonsonbothsidesofthedebateunwittinglyfolloweda19th-centuryscript.Reformersthenasnowtookabenignviewofhumannature.MakeboozecheaperandmorereadilyavailablesaidtheliberalisersanddrinkerswoulddevelopsensiblecontinentalEuropeanstyleways.Nonsenseretortedthecritics.HabitsarehardtochangerifBritonscandrinkeasilytheywilldrinkmore.Worryinglyformodernadvocatesofliheralisationearlierdoomsayersturnedouttoberight.Between1820and1840consumptionofmaltwhichisusedtomakebeerincreasedbymorethan50%.WorseBritonsdevelopedakeenertasteforwhatThomasCarlylecalledliquidmadness--ginandotherspirits.Thebacklashwasfierce.Criticspointedtowidespreaddebaucheryinthemoredisreputablesectionsoftheworkingclass.Theywereparticularlyworriedaboutthepeoplewhoinalateragecametobeknownasladettes.AnacutefearsaysVirginiaBerridgewhostudiestemperanceattheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicinewasthatwomenwouldpassontheirsinfulwaystotheirchildren.Inthe19thcenturytemperanceorganisationssetuptheirownnewspaperstoeducatethepublicabouttheconsequencesofexcess.Thatatleasthaschanged:thesedaysthemainstreammediarailagainstthedemondrinkallbythemselves.Whatdothe19thcenturyreformersandpresent-dayreformershaveincommon
Forcenturiesexplorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsofeconomicbenefitandnationalglory.Followingthelunarmissionsoftheearly1970sMarsnowloomsashumanity’snextgreatunknownland.Butwithdubiousprospectsforshort-termfinancialreturnandwithinternationalcompetitioninspacearecedingmemoryitisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitornationalpridewillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sredsurface.WithMarsthescientificbenefitsareperhapshigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.TheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanetandwhetheritpersiststothisdayhasbeenhighlightedbyaccumulatingevidencethatMarsoncehadabundantliquidwaterandbythecontroversyoversuggestionsthatfossilsofbacteriarodetoEarthonarockejectedfromMarsduringitsearlyhistory.AdefiniteansweraboutlifeonMarspastorpresentwouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.TherevelationthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandonEarthwouldprovidethefirstconcreteclueinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:howprevalentislifeinourgalaxyOneofthereasonswhytheideaofsendingpeopletoMarsstrikesachordinsomanypeopleisthatitisalreadypossible—theU.S.hasthemoneyandthefundamentaltechnologyneededtodoit.Moreimportantrecentdiscoveriesabouttheplanet’senvironmentinthedistantpasthavepresentedaclearandcompellingscientificincentiveforsendingpeople:tosearchforevidenceoflife.ThethesisthatliquidwaterwasoncestableonMarshasbeenstrengthenedbyaerialphotographstakenlastyearthatshowedwhatappearedtobeadrainagechannelcutdeeplybywaterflowingforhundredsifnotthousandsofyears.AthoroughhuntforanylifeonMarsthatmightbehangingon—despitethepresentdeficitofwater—wouldalsohavetobeundertakenbyhumansaccordingtosomeexperts.Suchlifewillbehiddenandprobablytiny.Findingitwillrequiresurveyingvasttractsofterritoryoneexpertexplains.Itwillrequiretheabilitytocoverlongdistancesandadapttodifferentconditions.Robotsmightbeuptothetasksometimeinthedistantfuturemakinghumanexplorersredundantheconcedes.ButrelyingonthemtosurveyMarsduringperiodicalmissionstotheplanetwouldtakeaverylongtime—decadesifnotcenturieshebelieves.AsfortheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedonMarstheauthorseemstobe______.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa"giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops. B.Secondlythereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguageswithseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonbasinforatleast14000yearsafiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductiveandincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites. C.Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblackredandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazonandappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheoceanlaterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork. D.ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocietiesbuttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise". E.AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400-1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmenwomenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthelivingandthedead. F.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. G.ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforestgroundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern. Order: 41
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Directions:Supposeyouastaffmemberofacompany.Writealetterofcomplainttothepresidenttoreporttheproblemsofthecompanycanteenservice.Youshouldwrite100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowriteyouraddress.
Forcenturiesexplorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsofeconomicbenefitandnationalglory.Followingthelunarmissionsoftheearly1970sMarsnowloomsashumanity’snextgreatunknownland.Butwithdubiousprospectsforshort-termfinancialreturnandwithinternationalcompetitioninspacearecedingmemoryitisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitornationalpridewillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sredsurface.WithMarsthescientificbenefitsareperhapshigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.TheissueofwhetherlifeeverexistedontheplanetandwhetheritpersiststothisdayhasbeenhighlightedbyaccumulatingevidencethatMarsoncehadabundantliquidwaterandbythecontroversyoversuggestionsthatfossilsofbacteriarodetoEarthonarockejectedfromMarsduringitsearlyhistory.AdefiniteansweraboutlifeonMarspastorpresentwouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.TherevelationthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandonEarthwouldprovidethefirstconcreteclueinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:howprevalentislifeinourgalaxyOneofthereasonswhytheideaofsendingpeopletoMarsstrikesachordinsomanypeopleisthatitisalreadypossible—theU.S.hasthemoneyandthefundamentaltechnologyneededtodoit.Moreimportantrecentdiscoveriesabouttheplanet’senvironmentinthedistantpasthavepresentedaclearandcompellingscientificincentiveforsendingpeople:tosearchforevidenceoflife.ThethesisthatliquidwaterwasoncestableonMarshasbeenstrengthenedbyaerialphotographstakenlastyearthatshowedwhatappearedtobeadrainagechannelcutdeeplybywaterflowingforhundredsifnotthousandsofyears.AthoroughhuntforanylifeonMarsthatmightbehangingon—despitethepresentdeficitofwater—wouldalsohavetobeundertakenbyhumansaccordingtosomeexperts.Suchlifewillbehiddenandprobablytiny.Findingitwillrequiresurveyingvasttractsofterritoryoneexpertexplains.Itwillrequiretheabilitytocoverlongdistancesandadapttodifferentconditions.Robotsmightbeuptothetasksometimeinthedistantfuturemakinghumanexplorersredundantheconcedes.ButrelyingonthemtosurveyMarsduringperiodicalmissionstotheplanetwouldtakeaverylongtime—decadesifnotcenturieshebelieves.Theaerialphotographstakenlastyearindicatethat______.
Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingarounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquitesosure.FearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplierRussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGerardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpowercompanyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative.Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcutsupplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting＄60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevelspowerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast.IttookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetbacksaysRobinWestchairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.AclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchasTheDeathofOilpredictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.WhatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealismbutnotforoutrightpanic.BasedontheremarksmadebyRobinWestthecurrentsituationwill______.
Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingarounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquitesosure.FearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplierRussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGerardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpowercompanyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative.Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcutsupplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting＄60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevelspowerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast.IttookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetbacksaysRobinWestchairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.AclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchasTheDeathofOilpredictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.WhatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealismbutnotforoutrightpanic.Thewordnowinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphdenotes______.
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightningandhailtwoofthe10plagues. [B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddieremovingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice--thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethefifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague. [C]MoseswhichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC. [D]ThehourlongdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp. [E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb. [F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory. [G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary. Order: 43
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused.Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitledWomeninanInsecureWorldfacenothingshortofahiddengendercide.Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates--notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones.AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographicallymissing.Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsonsso-calledhonourkillingsanddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogenderbasedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime.Thewordcontainedinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans______.
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
TheimpulsetoexcessamongyoungBritonsremainsaspowerfulaseverbuttheforcethatusedtokeeptheimpulseincheckhasallbutdisappearedclaimedanewspaper.LegislationthatmadeiteasiertogetholdofadrinkwasanActfortheincreaseofdrunkennessandimmoralityassertedapolitician.Thefirststatementcomesfrom2005thesecondfrom1830.Onbothoccasionstheobjectofscornwasaparliamentarybillthatpromisedtosweepawayantiquatedlicensinglaws.AsliberalregulationscameintoforcethisweekBritonsonbothsidesofthedebateunwittinglyfolloweda19th-centuryscript.Reformersthenasnowtookabenignviewofhumannature.MakeboozecheaperandmorereadilyavailablesaidtheliberalisersanddrinkerswoulddevelopsensiblecontinentalEuropeanstyleways.Nonsenseretortedthecritics.HabitsarehardtochangerifBritonscandrinkeasilytheywilldrinkmore.Worryinglyformodernadvocatesofliheralisationearlierdoomsayersturnedouttoberight.Between1820and1840consumptionofmaltwhichisusedtomakebeerincreasedbymorethan50%.WorseBritonsdevelopedakeenertasteforwhatThomasCarlylecalledliquidmadness--ginandotherspirits.Thebacklashwasfierce.Criticspointedtowidespreaddebaucheryinthemoredisreputablesectionsoftheworkingclass.Theywereparticularlyworriedaboutthepeoplewhoinalateragecametobeknownasladettes.AnacutefearsaysVirginiaBerridgewhostudiestemperanceattheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicinewasthatwomenwouldpassontheirsinfulwaystotheirchildren.Inthe19thcenturytemperanceorganisationssetuptheirownnewspaperstoeducatethepublicabouttheconsequencesofexcess.Thatatleasthaschanged:thesedaysthemainstreammediarailagainstthedemondrinkallbythemselves.Accordingtothetexttheauthor’sattitudetowardlicensinglawsis______.
Peoplehavegoodreasontocareaboutthewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenmenttheirtreatmenthasbeenseenasameasureofmankind’shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliamWilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxtontwoleadersofthemovementtoabolishtheslavetradehelpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther:mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacitytosuffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereservedformankindtootherspecies.Butwheneverydaylivesaremeasuredagainstsuchprinciplestheyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Thosewhowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfromghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplacessafelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater’sgazeandthechild’sstorybook.Plentyofpeoplewhodenouncethefur-trademuchofwhichisfromfarmedanimalsquitehappilywearleatheralsofromfarmedanimals.Perhapstheinconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutitpeoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachothersothegroundisboundtogetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusionandcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearchisremotefrommostpeople’slivesitisparticularlyvulnerabletotheircampaigns.Infactscienceshouldbethelasttargetwhereveryoudrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronethingthereisrarelyanalternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewerescientistswouldgraspitbecauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animalresearchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit.Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedstheunknowablefruitsofpureresearch.Andscienceisbyandlargekindtoitsanimals.ThecoupleofmillionmainlyratsandmicethatdieinBritain’slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanelykilledthanthebillionorsomainlychickensonBritain’sfarms.IndeedifDarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycowsyoucanbefairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastepbackwards.Inthetextacomparisonismadesoasto______.
A.Recentarchaeologicalresearchhasfocusedonaphenomenonbarelynoticedbefore:extensivepatchesofrichblacksoilfoundalongthebanksandonterracesaboveallmajorriversintheAmazon.Somecoveranareaofmanyacresandareupto6feetdeep.Theyarethoughttohaveformedovermanycenturiesastheaccumulatedproductoforganicremainsleftbynativesettlements.ThesesoilsareusuallyfilledwithfragmentsofbustedceramicsandarenowbeingstudiedforcluestotheriseoftropicalforestcivilizationsintheAmazonBasin.Localfarmersregardtheblacksoilsasa"giftfromthepast"becausetheyarenaturallyfertileandhavetheabilitytosupportawiderangeofcrops. B.Secondlythereisatrulyimpressivediversityoflanguageswithseveralhundreddistincttonguesanddialects.ThisverbaldiversitymusthaveevolvedoverthousandsofyearsandimpliesanoccupationoftheAmazonbasinforatleast14000yearsafiguresupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence.TherockartintheAmazonBasinmaybeasoldashumanoccupationitself.Imagesarecarvedandpaintedonexposedrocknearrapidsandwaterfallswherefishingismostproductiveandincavesandrocksheltersclosetoarchaeologicalsites. C.Twofactorshavebeeninstrumentalinliftingtheveilofmisunderstanding.Firstisasurprisinglydiverserangeofceramicstyles.Recentresearchseemstoconfirmthatacreativeexplosionofstylesoccurredabout2000yearsago.ArchaeologicaldigsinthehighestreachesoftheUpperAmazonhavedemonstratedtheexistenceofawidespreadstyleofpaintinglargewatertightjarsinboldblackredandcreamdesigns.ThissamestylehasbeenfoundonanisleatthemouthoftheAmazonandappearstohaveitsoriginswheretheAmazonmeetstheoceanlaterspreadingacrossmuchoftheUpperAmazon.Thestyletranscendslocalandregionalculturesandpointstoconsiderableintercoursebetweensocietiesalongthevastrivernetwork. D.ThenativepeoplesoftheAmazoncannolongerbeseenasisolatedcommunitiesinthedepthsoftheforestordispersedalongrivers.Westillhavemuchtolearnabouttheirsocietiesbuttherainforestshouldnolongerbeseenasanuntouched"paradise". E.AmongthemostexcitingdiscoveriesarefuneraljarsdatingtoA.D.1400-1700foundincavesandrocksheltersnearthemouthoftheAmazon.Thebonesofmenwomenandchildrenwerepreservedinindividuallydedicatedvessels.Itseemsthatthesiteswerevisitedregularlyovertheyearsandnewjarsaddedasfamilymembersexpired.Theseburialsreflectthefamilytiesofancientsettlementsandtheirnurturingoflinksbetweenthelivingandthedead. F.PopulationcollapseandmovementalongtheprincipalriversoftheAmazonsystemhavecontributedtoaveilofmisunderstandingthathaslongcoveredtheculturalachievementsoftropicalforestsocieties.Diffusebandshuntingdeepintheforestinterioreventuallycametobeseenasthetypicaltropicalforestadaptation.SomuchsothatwhenarchaeologicalstudiesbeganinearnestatthemouthoftheAmazoninthe1950sscientistsarguedthatthesophisticatedculturetheywerediscoveringcouldnothaveoriginatedintheAmazonBasinitselfbutmusthavebeenderivedfrommoreadvancedcultureselsewhere.Theyimaginedthetropicalforesttobean"imitationparadise"unabletosupportmuchbeyondasimplehunting-and-gatheringwayoflife.Thismistakenideahasexertedapersistentinfluenceeversince. G.ThefutureoftheAmazonBasinisnowasubjectoffiercedebate.Knowledgeaboutthepasthasavitalroletoplayinplanninganddecisionmakingforthefuture.Archaeologypointstosuccessfulmethodsforadaptingtotheforestgroundedinpracticalexpertiseandempiricalknowledgeofthelimitationsandpossibilitiesofthisenvironment.Thesetechniquesforwisemanagementarebecomingamatterofglobalconcern. Order: 43
Allgreatwritersexpresstheirideasinanindividualway:itisoftenpossibletodeterminetheauthorshipofaliterarypassagefromthestyleinwhichitiswritten;46Manyauthorsfeelthattheconventionsofthewrittenlanguagehamperthemandtheyusewordsfreelywithlittleobservanceofacceptedgrammarandsentencestructureinordertoconveyvividlytheirfeelingsbeliefsandfantasies.Otherswithadeeprespectfortraditionalusageachieveastyleofclassicalclearnessandperfectionorachieveeffectsofvisualormusicalbeautybytheirmasteryofexistingformsenrichedbyasensitiveandadventurousvocabularyvividimageryandablendingofevocativevowelsandconsonants. Youngpeopleoftenfeeltheneedtoexperimentandasaresulttobreakawayfromthetraditionstheyhavebeentaught.Indealingwithaforeignlanguagehowevertheyhavetobearinmindtwoconditionsforexperiment.47Anygreatexperimentalartistisfullyfamiliarwiththeconventionsfromwhichhewishestobreakfree:heiscapableofachievementinestablishedformsbutfeelstheseareinadequatefortheexpressionofhisideas.Inthesecondplaceheisindisputablyanoutstandingartistwhohassomethingoriginaltoexpress;otherwisetheexperimentswillappearpretentiousevenchildish. Fewstudentscanachievesointimateanunderstandingofaforeignlanguagethattheycanexploreitsresourcesfreelyandexperimentally.Notallfeeltheneedtodoso.48Andinanycaseexaminationcandidatesneedtobecomethoroughlyacquaintedwithconventionalusageasitisasureknowledgeofacceptedformsthatexaminerslookfor. ThestudentundertakingaProficiencycourseshouldhavetheabilitytousesimpleEnglishcorrectlytoexpresseverydayfactsandideas.49Thisabilitytoexpressoneselfinaforeignlanguageonabasisofthinkinginthatlanguagewithoutreferencetoone’sownisessentialatallstagesoflearning.Studentswithextensiveexperienceintranslationwhohavehadlittlepracticeinusingtheforeignlanguagedirectlymustaboveallwriteverysimplyatfirstusingonlyeasyconstructionswhichtheyareconvincedarecorrectforgettingforthetimebeingtheirownlanguageandrigorouslyavoidingtranslatingfromit. Morecomplexformsmorevariedvocabularyandsentencestructureshouldevolvenaturallyinstepwiththestudent’sincreasingknowledgeofthelanguage.Thestudentintroducesacertainformofconstructiononlywhenheisthoroughlyfamiliarwithitandiscertainthatitisnormallyusedinthisway.Asheachievesadditionalconfidencehecanbegintotakeaninterestinuseofthelanguagetocreatediverseeffects.Hemaywanttoconveyimpressionsofsuspensecalmdignityhumorofmusicorpoetry.50Hewillmastertheartoflogicalexplanationofexactletterwritingofformalspeechesandnaturalconversationandofvividimpressionisticdescription.Buthewillstillwritewithinthelimitsofhisabilityandknowledge.AndasalearnerhewillstillbestudyingandobservingconventionalEnglishusageinallthathewrites. 47
SometimebetweendigestingChristmasdinnerandputtingyourheadbackdowntoworkspareathoughtortwoforthecranberry.Itisofcoursea1ofChristmas:merrybrightredbittersweetlydeliciouswithturkeyandtheverydeviltogetoutofthetablecloth2spilled.Butthecranberryisalsoasymbolofthemodernfoodindustry-andinthetaleofits3fromcolonialcuriositytobusiness-schoolcasestudy4adeeperunderstandingoftheopportunitiesand5ofmoderneating. Thefastestgrowingpartoftoday’scranberrymarketisforcranberriesthatdonottastelikecranberries.OceanSpray’s"flavouredfruitpieces"FFPStothetradetastelikeorangecherryraspberryorany6ofotherfruits.Theyareinfactcranberries.WhymakeacranberrytastelikeanorangeMostlybecauseitisa7littlefruit:FFPShaveashelf-lifeoftwoyears.Better8theykeepachewytexture9bakedunlikethefruitswhoseflavourstheymimicwhichturnto10. Thedynamicthathasbroughtthecranberrytothispointis11tothedynamicbehindmostmass-producedgoods.Growing12providedthe13tocreatecheaperandmorereliablesupply.Cheaperandmorereliablesupply14createdincentivestofindnewmarketswhichincreaseddemand.Thuswasthe15keptchurning. Thecranberryisoneofonlythreefruitsnative16NorthAmericagrowingwildfromMainetoNorthCarolina.TheothersaretheConcordgrapeandtheblueberry.TheAmericanIndianshadseveralnamesforcranberriesmany17thewordsfor"bitter"ormore18"noisy".Theyatetheberriesmostly19pemmicanbutalsousedthemfordyeandmedicine.Andtheyintroducedthemtothewhitesettlers--atthefirstThanksgivingdinnerin1621itissaid.Thesettlerspromptlyrenamedthisdelicacythe"craneberry"20thepointypinkblossomsoftilecranberrylookabitliketheheadoftheSandhillcrane. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwords.foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
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