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头痛恶寒，身重疼痛，面色淡黄，胸闷不饥，午后身热，舌苔白，口不渴，脉弦细而濡者，治宜选用（）
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患者头痛恶寒身重疼痛面色淡黄午后身热胸闷不饥宜选用的方剂是
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By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
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ForthepastseveralyearstheSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalledAskMarilyn.PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavantwhoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228―thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogiestoenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcutandtodeducenumericalsequencesamongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoewhoseIQis100as.What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers. Clearlyintelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecifiedandhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurologygeneticscomputerscienceandotherfields? ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscoreeventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScalesbothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion.GenerallycostingseveralhundreddollarstheyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologistsalthoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossiblebecausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeersratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.OtherstandardizedtestssuchastheScholasticAssessmentTestSATandtheGraduateRecordExamGREcapturethemainaspectsofIQtests. SuchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlifearguesRobertJ.Sternberg.InhisarticleHowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledgecomponentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.MoreoverIQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditionsbutunderhigh-stressconditionsIQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership―thatisitpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatterswhetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip. 26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencelest? PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant’sbecause
DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths. Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothershavegonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicymakersandcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback―aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.Thisadded-workereffectcouldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner. Duringthesameperiodfamilieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstockmarketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisenandnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent―andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistancehavejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration. Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind. Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
ForthepastseveralyearstheSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalledAskMarilyn.PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavantwhoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228―thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogiestoenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcutandtodeducenumericalsequencesamongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoewhoseIQis100as.What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers. Clearlyintelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecifiedandhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurologygeneticscomputerscienceandotherfields? ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscoreeventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScalesbothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion.GenerallycostingseveralhundreddollarstheyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologistsalthoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossiblebecausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeersratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.OtherstandardizedtestssuchastheScholasticAssessmentTestSATandtheGraduateRecordExamGREcapturethemainaspectsofIQtests. SuchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlifearguesRobertJ.Sternberg.InhisarticleHowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledgecomponentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.MoreoverIQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditionsbutunderhigh-stressconditionsIQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership―thatisitpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatterswhetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip. 26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencelest? Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtests?
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By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
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By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
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DuringthepastgenerationtheAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslipabaddiagnosisoradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths. Injustonegenerationmillionsofmothershavegonetoworktransformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholarspolicymakersandcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechangesbutfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresulttheyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback―aback-upearnerusuallyMomwhocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimaryearnergotlaidofforfellsick.Thisadded-workereffectcouldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttodayadisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner. Duringthesameperiodfamilieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkersairlineemployeesandnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestratesstockmarketfluctuationandtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.FormuchofthepastyearPresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodelwithretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamiliesthepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisenandnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkerswithmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamilyastheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent―andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistancehavejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration. Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspectivemuchofthisunderstandablylooksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibilityandagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegunandthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind. AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreformretiredpeoplemayhave
By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
准确称取0．2017g维生素CC6H806试样加入新煮沸的冷蒸馏水l00.0mL和稀HAcl0.0mL．以淀粉作指示剂用0.05000mol·L-1的I2标准溶液滴定至终点．用去20.53mL计算试样中C6H8O6的质量分数已知MC6H806=176.1g·mol-1
By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
ForthepastseveralyearstheSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalledAskMarilyn.PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavantwhoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228―thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogiestoenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcutandtodeducenumericalsequencesamongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoewhoseIQis100as.What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers. Clearlyintelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecifiedandhowmuchcanwelearnaboutitfromneurologygeneticscomputerscienceandotherfields? ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscoreeventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScalesbothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion.GenerallycostingseveralhundreddollarstheyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologistsalthoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossiblebecausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeersratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.OtherstandardizedtestssuchastheScholasticAssessmentTestSATandtheGraduateRecordExamGREcapturethemainaspectsofIQtests. SuchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlifearguesRobertJ.Sternberg.InhisarticleHowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledgecomponentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.MoreoverIQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditionsbutunderhigh-stressconditionsIQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership―thatisitpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatterswhetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip. 26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencelest? 26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencelest?
By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million1_____ofthesenationslooked2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialismmanyoftheleadersofindependence3_____theideasofrepresentativegovernmentcareers4_____totalentfreedomofcommercefindtradethe5_____toprivateproperty;andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.6_____therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstateslargeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya7_____setoflaws. Ontheissueof8_____ofreligionandthepositionofthechurch9_____therewaslessagreement10_____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone11_____bytheSpanishcrown12_____mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstatessomesoughttoendthe14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying15_____fortheconservativeforces. Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarianvaluingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch18_____becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies19_____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas20_____self-ruleanddemocracy.
Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranksyouwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced. Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:acertainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;bwinter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoccerstamina;csoccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoccermania;dnoneoftheabove. AndersEricssona58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversitysayshebelievesstronglyin’’noneoftheabove.EricssongrewupinSwedenandstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearly30yearsagoinvolvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.Withthefirstsubjectafterabout20hoursoftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20Ericssonrecalls.Hekeptimprovingandafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers. ThissuccesscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydeterminedledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwordswhateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachpersonencodestheinformation.AndthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfullyEricssondeterminedwasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Ratheritinvolvessettingspecificgoalsobtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome. Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuitsincludingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycannotjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Orputanotherwayexpertperformers―whetherinmemoryorsurgeryballetorcomputerprogramming―arenearlyalwaysmadenotborn. AccordingtoEricssongoodmemory
Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranksyouwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced. Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:acertainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;bwinter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoccerstamina;csoccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoccermania;dnoneoftheabove. AndersEricssona58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversitysayshebelievesstronglyin’’noneoftheabove.EricssongrewupinSwedenandstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearly30yearsagoinvolvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.Withthefirstsubjectafterabout20hoursoftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20Ericssonrecalls.Hekeptimprovingandafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers. ThissuccesscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydeterminedledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwordswhateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachpersonencodestheinformation.AndthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfullyEricssondeterminedwasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Ratheritinvolvessettingspecificgoalsobtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome. Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuitsincludingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycannotjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Orputanotherwayexpertperformers―whetherinmemoryorsurgeryballetorcomputerprogramming―arenearlyalwaysmadenotborn. Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto
Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournamentyouwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranksyouwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced. Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:acertainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;bwinter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacitywhichincreasessoccerstamina;csoccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtimeattheannualpeakofsoccermania;dnoneoftheabove. AndersEricssona58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversitysayshebelievesstronglyin’’noneoftheabove.EricssongrewupinSwedenandstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperimentnearly30yearsagoinvolvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.Withthefirstsubjectafterabout20hoursoftraininghisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20Ericssonrecalls.Hekeptimprovingandafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers. ThissuccesscoupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydeterminedledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwordswhateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorizethosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachpersonencodestheinformation.AndthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfullyEricssondeterminedwasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Ratheritinvolvessettingspecificgoalsobtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome. Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuitsincludingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycannotjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Orputanotherwayexpertperformers―whetherinmemoryorsurgeryballetorcomputerprogramming―arenearlyalwaysmadenotborn. Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?
用0.02000mol·L-1EDTA溶液滴定0.020mol·L-1Ca2+溶液计算滴定允许的最高pH和最低pH已知lgKθfCaY=10.69KθSP[CaOH2]=4.68×l0-6有关pH所对应的酸效应系数见下表
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