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Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulationtheupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basicallytheupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegisteralistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.AfewareknownacrossthenationsuchastheRockefellersRooseveltsandVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusiondrawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrastthelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrichwhohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoneyandwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich. Howeveritswealthisacquiredtheupperclassisveryveryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebookspaintingandsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareasbelongtoexclusivesocialclubscommunicatewitheachotherandmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclasstheytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.TheyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroadastheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositionsruntheCouncilonForeighRelationsandcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions. Theoldrichgetricher
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince. ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring. Accordingtothearticleinwhichareawasitmoreenergy-efficient
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore. Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Inolddayswhenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanofficesecretariesweremen. ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman’ssecretarybecamehispersonalservantchargedwithrememberinghiswife’sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayandofcoursetypingandfilingandtakingshorthand. Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishofficetakingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid. "Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerallythestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain." Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutivesmaleofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory. Overherethoughtherearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classicallygirlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat’swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanagerhehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob. "IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidIcoulddoaudio/typingandinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoungglamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm." "Ididtypingatschoolandthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.InevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirlsthoughIadmitI’venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriterandwrotelettersandthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattimeyousee." "Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisionsshetoldeverybodywhatshethoughtandtherewasnoneofthatstuff’ringthisnumberformedearwhichmengoinfor." "Don’tforgetwewereateam—that’showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose." OncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutinewilltherebemaletakeoverMenshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputersandmen BeforethefirstWorldWarfemalesecretarieswererarebecausethey
试论述改革开放以来我国的四次学制改革中在教育管理体制上的变革情况
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 41
简述1993年中国教育改革和发展纲要确立的20世纪末教育发展的总目标
Inolddayswhenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanofficesecretariesweremen. ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman’ssecretarybecamehispersonalservantchargedwithrememberinghiswife’sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayandofcoursetypingandfilingandtakingshorthand. Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishofficetakingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid. "Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerallythestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain." Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutivesmaleofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory. Overherethoughtherearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classicallygirlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat’swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanagerhehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob. "IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidIcoulddoaudio/typingandinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoungglamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm." "Ididtypingatschoolandthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.InevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirlsthoughIadmitI’venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriterandwrotelettersandthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattimeyousee." "Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisionsshetoldeverybodywhatshethoughtandtherewasnoneofthatstuff’ringthisnumberformedearwhichmengoinfor." "Don’tforgetwewereateam—that’showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose." OncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutinewilltherebemaletakeoverMenshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputersandmen Thewriterbelievesthatbeforelong
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 45
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
简述当前我国的几种主要学校系统
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince. ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring. AccordingtothearticlewhatchangesdidtheCommercialRevolutionbringabout
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
孔子提出畏天命获罪于天无所祷也这是
Directions: Havingfinishedhisend-of-termexamsauniversitystudenthasgonestraighthomewithoutsayinggoodbyetohisroommate. Writealetterexplainingthesituationtothelatterandinvitehimhomeduringthevacation. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Inolddayswhenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanofficesecretariesweremen. ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman’ssecretarybecamehispersonalservantchargedwithrememberinghiswife’sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayandofcoursetypingandfilingandtakingshorthand. Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishofficetakingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid. "Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerallythestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain." Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutivesmaleofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory. Overherethoughtherearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classicallygirlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat’swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanagerhehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob. "IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidIcoulddoaudio/typingandinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoungglamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm." "Ididtypingatschoolandthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.InevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirlsthoughIadmitI’venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriterandwrotelettersandthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattimeyousee." "Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisionsshetoldeverybodywhatshethoughtandtherewasnoneofthatstuff’ringthisnumberformedearwhichmengoinfor." "Don’tforgetwewereateam—that’showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose." OncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutinewilltherebemaletakeoverMenshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputersandmen JohnBowmanwasgivenhisfirstjobasasecretarybecause
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulationtheupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basicallytheupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegisteralistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.AfewareknownacrossthenationsuchastheRockefellersRooseveltsandVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusiondrawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrastthelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrichwhohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoneyandwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich. Howeveritswealthisacquiredtheupperclassisveryveryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebookspaintingandsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareasbelongtoexclusivesocialclubscommunicatewitheachotherandmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclasstheytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.TheyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroadastheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositionsruntheCouncilonForeighRelationsandcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions. Theupperclassisalsocalledtheout-of-sightclassbecause
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince. ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring. AccordingtothearticlewhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. AlthoughthefiredeathratehasdeclinedtheUnitedStates
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. InwhataspectsshouldtheUnitedStateslearnfromJapan
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 43
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore. Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago
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