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肺阴亏虚之肺痨最佳选方是（）
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肺痨肺阴亏虚型其治疗选方宜
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气阴两虚之肺痨最佳选方是
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肺阴亏虚之肺痨最佳选方是
补天大造丸
补肺汤
保真汤
参苓白术散
月华丸
气阴两虚之肺痨最佳选方是
补天大造丸
补肺汤
保真汤
参苓白术散
肺阴亏虚之肺痨最佳选方是
补天大造丸
补肺汤
保真汤
参苓白术散
气阴两虚之肺痨最佳选方是
补天大造丸
补肺汤
保真汤
月华丸
清骨散可用于
肺阴亏虚型肺痨
气阴耗伤型肺痨
阴阳两虚型肺痨
肝气郁结型肺痨
阴虚火旺型肺痨骨蒸劳热日久不退
百合固金汤治疗以下何种病证
肺阴不足之咳嗽
肺脾两虚之虚劳
肺阴亏虚之肺痨
阴虚火旺之咳血
秦艽鳖甲散可用于
肺阴亏虚型肺痨
气阴耗伤型肺痨
阴阳两虚型肺痨
肝气郁结型肺痨
阴虚火旺型肺痨骨蒸劳热日久不退
肺痨肺阴亏虚证的代表方首选
麦门冬汤
沙参麦冬汤
秦艽鳖甲散
月华丸
朱某男性41岁咳嗽1月咳声短促咯少量血丝痰胸部隐隐闷痛午后自觉手足心热盗汗口干咽燥近期曾有与肺痨病人
肺痨之肺阴亏损证
肺痨之虚火灼肺证
肺痨之气阴耗伤证
虚劳之肺阴虚证
咳嗽之肺阴亏虚证
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TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit. Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit.
Theterm"nationalism"isgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination. Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism. Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture."Nationalawakenings"andstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionand"cleansing"ofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother. Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation. Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation. Nationalismwillbecomeracismwhenitiscombinedwith
It’’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’’misfortunes. Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Todaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoydoesnotenableusertofly. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt. Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.We’’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuriessaysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgelawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.ImportantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialitiessaysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. TheeaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat____________.
Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturycapitalandlabourwereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodemlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiativetowardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompaniesthoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholderswereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylightingtramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers. Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlargeimpersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclassanelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.AllthroughthenineteenthcenturyAmericaAfricaIndiaAustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapitalandBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’’smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselargecomfortableclasseswhohadretiredontheirincomesandwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.OntheotherhandshareholdingmeantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization. Theshareholdersassuchhadnoknowledgeofthelivesthoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldsharesandhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemandsbutevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunatelyhowevertheincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunionsatleastinallskilledtradesenabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation. It’’strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat_________________.
Youwillbereceivingyourbachelor’’sdegreeinMarketingandarelookingforajob.Writealettertoanetworkcompanymanageraccordingtoyourfriend’’sadviceinwhichyoushouldstate 1thepersonofferingyouadvice 2yourstudyandexperienceand 3reasonsofyourinterestinthecompany. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress10points.
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 42
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
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Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene.
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 44
Theterm"nationalism"isgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination. Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism. Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture."Nationalawakenings"andstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionand"cleansing"ofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother. Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation. Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation. ThewordambivalentLine3Paragraph3mostprobablymeans
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouanswered"yes"tooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren. Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline. Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisan"addiction"withsomepreferringtoidentifyitas"behaviorcontrolproblems. Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecome"hooked"ononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoare"lonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool." Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers. Whatseemstomakethesituationofinternetaddictionworse
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouanswered"yes"tooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren. Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline. Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisan"addiction"withsomepreferringtoidentifyitas"behaviorcontrolproblems. Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecome"hooked"ononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoare"lonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool." Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers. WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasoneoftheactivitieschildrendoingonlinethataregivingparentsheadaches
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern. LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives. Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield. Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains. BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years. AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation."Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital." WhichoneofthefollowingisNOToneofthemeasurestopromotetheuseofthenewlanterns
TheSupremeCourt’’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering. Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicidetheCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffectacenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects―agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen―ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect. Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyiiipatients’’paineventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient. NancyDublerdirectorofMontefioreMedicalCentercontendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswhountilnowhaveveryverystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath. GeorgeAnnaschairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversitymaintainsthataslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.It’’slikesurgeryhesays.Wedon’’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’’tintendtokilltheirpatientsalthoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’’reaphysicianyoucanriskyourpatients’’suicideaslongasyoudon’’tintendtheirsuicide. Onanotherlevelmanyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying. JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicidetheNationalAcademyofScienceNASreleasedatwo-volumereportApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseofineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdyingasthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare. TheprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospicestotestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapiestodevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcareandtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife. Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysufferingtotheextentthatitconstitutessystematicpatientabuse.Hesaysmedicallicensingboardsmustmakeitclear..thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension. Whichofthefollowingbestdefinesthewordaggressiveline3paragraph7
Sincethedawnofhumaningenuitypeoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerousboringburdensomeorjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics―thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefictiontheyhavebeguntocomeclose. Asaresultthemodemworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanicstherearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy―fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone. Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutilitytheywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves―goalsthatposearealchallenge.WhileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerrorsaysDaveLaverymanagerofaroboticsprogramatNASAwecan’’tyetgivearobotenough’’commonsense’’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld. Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies. Whattheyfoundinattemptingtomodelthoughtisthatthehumanbrain’’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented―andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated―thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevantinstantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’’tapproachthatkindofabilityandneuroscientistsstilldon’’tknowquitehowwedoit.
Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturycapitalandlabourwereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodemlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiativetowardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompaniesthoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholderswereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylightingtramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers. Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlargeimpersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclassanelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.AllthroughthenineteenthcenturyAmericaAfricaIndiaAustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapitalandBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’’smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselargecomfortableclasseswhohadretiredontheirincomesandwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.OntheotherhandshareholdingmeantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization. Theshareholdersassuchhadnoknowledgeofthelivesthoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldsharesandhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemandsbutevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunatelyhowevertheincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunionsatleastinallskilledtradesenabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation. AccordingtothepassageallofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTthat_________________.
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
It’’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’’misfortunes. Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Todaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoydoesnotenableusertofly. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt. Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.We’’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuriessaysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgelawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.ImportantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialitiessaysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouanswered"yes"tooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren. Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline. Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisan"addiction"withsomepreferringtoidentifyitas"behaviorcontrolproblems. Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecome"hooked"ononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoare"lonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool." Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers. Whatgroupofpeopleisthispassageintendedtotalkto
Achildmayleanagainstadoorpostwithhisorherarmsfolded.Totheonlookeritmaylooklikeabenignposture—howevertheremaybeavictimizedchildwhounderstandsthatthisisthebully’s"shorthand"codeofconveyingthemessage:"Handmeyourlunchasyouwalkbymeorelse." Bullyingmaybeexpressedinmanyforms.Boysaregenerallytargetedmorethangirls.Boystendtousephysicalaggressionwhentheybully.byhittingkickingandfighting.Girlsontheotherhandmoreoftenuseexclusionarytechniquestobully—aformofaggressionoftenreferredtoasrelationalaggression.Girlsoftenstartrumorsformcliquestokeepcertainpeopleoutandignoreotherchildreninattemptstoshowdominanceoveranotherchild. Manychildrenwhoarevictimizedfitintooneoftwotypes:thepassivevictimandtheprovocativevictim.Whilepeopleoftenfeelbadaboutpassivevictimsprovocativevictimsoftenelicitlesscompassionfromothers.Sometimesitappearsthattheprovocativevictimhas"broughton"hisorherownfate—butdoesanychilddeservetobethetargetofrepeatedphysicalorverbalaggressionWhymightso-calledprovocativevictimsactivelyparticipateinbeingthetargetofbullying:ForexamplearetheirprovocativegesturessimplyaclumsywayofattemptingtointeractwithothersOnefeelscompassionfortheinhibitedchildbecauseheisreserved;asocialmisfortuneinoursocietybutanaggressivechildisgivennoneofthis. Thedynamicsofthebully/victimrelationshipneedtobeunderstoodinalargercontextPeplerCraig&O’Connell1999.Itisnotonlythebullyandthevictimthatisinvolvedinasystemofinteraction:Thebullyingcontextincludesmultiplelevelsofthechild’ssocialenvironment.Thebullymayenlistthehelpof"henchmen"thosewhoassistthebullybutoftendonothavetheinitiativeorleadershiptoinitiatebullying.Alsobystanderswhetheractivelyencouragingthebullyingactorpassivelystandingbyplayaroleinmaintainingthepatternofbullying.Eventhestudentswhohabituallyfleethesiteofabullyingactplayaroleinmaintainingthebully/victiminteraction. Inhandlingthesituationitisimportantnottofocusonlyontheoneortwostudentsthataredirectlyinvolvedbutontheplaygroundandschoolasawhole.Studieshaveshownthatinordertobreakdownthestabilityofpeerbullyingyoumustinitiatechangeonmanylevels:Notonlyinteachingthebulliedchildhowtoasserthimselforherselfandtodeflectattacksbutalsotoraiseawarenessabouttheproblemofbullyingandencouragetheschoolcommunityatlargetotakeaunitedstanceagainstbullying WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasonepartofthelargercontextofbullying
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction.
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern. LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives. Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield. Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains. BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years. AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation."Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital." ThepurposeoftheLightingAfricaprogramisto
Theterm"nationalism"isgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination. Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism. Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture."Nationalawakenings"andstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionand"cleansing"ofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother. Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation. Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation. Thetwophenomenamentionedinparagraph1canbesummarizedas
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.I nasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscamethetermprotection.
ManpowerInc.with560000workersistheworld’’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorningitspeople________intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmericaseekingaday’’sworkforaday’’spayonedayatatime.________industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive________reducingthenumberofemployeesManpowerbasedinMilwaukeeWisconsinisbooming. ________itseconomycontinuestorecovertheUSisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.This______workforceisthemostimportant______inAmericanbusinesstodayanditis______changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive________avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens________byemploymentruleshealthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecuritybenefitsandsenseof________thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.
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