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ThefirstgreatclicheoftheInternetwas"Informationwantstobefree."Thenotionwasthatnooneshouldhavetopayfor"content"wordsandpicturesandstufflikethatandinthefriction-freeworldofcyberspacenoonewouldhaveto. Thereigningnotiontodayisthatthelawsofeconomicsarenotafterallsuspendedincyberspacelikethelawsofgravityinouterspace.ContentneedstobepaidforontheWebjustasinanyothermedium.Anditprobablyhastobepaidforthesamewaymostotherthingsarepaidfor.bythepeoplewhouseit.WetriedchargingthecustomersatSlate.Itdidn’twork.Futureexperimentsmaybemoresuccessful.Butmeanwhilelet’slookagainatthisnotionthatineverymediumexcepttheInternetpeoplepayforthecontenttheyconsume.It’snotreallytrue. TVisthemostobviouscase.Afewweeksagoaproducerfrom"Nightline"contactedSlatewhileresearchingapossibleshowonthecrisisofcontentontheInternet.Hewantedtoknowhowonearthwecouldeverbeagoingbusinessifwegaveawayourcontentforfree.Iaskedhowmanypeoplepaytowatch"Nightline".Answer.none.PeoplepayfortheircableorsatellitetransmissionandtheypayforcontentonHBObut"Nightline"andotherbroadcastprogramsthrivewithoutapennydirectlyfromviewers.ThereareplentyofdifferencesofcourseandtheabilityofWebsitestosupportthemselvesonadvertisingisunproven.But"Nightline"itselfdisprovesthenotionthatgivingawaycontentissuicidal. Nowlookatmagazines.Themoneythatmagazinesubscriberspayoftendoesn’tevencoverthecostofpersuadingthemtosubscribe.Aglossymonthlywillhappilysendout$20ofjunkmail--sometimesfarmoretofindonesubscriberwhowillpay$12or$15forayearlysubscription.WhyPartlyinthehopethatsheorhewillrenewagainandagainuntilthesecostsarecovered.Butformanymagazinesincludingprofitableones--theaveragesubscriberneverpaysbackthecostoffindingsigningandkeepinghimorher.Themagazinesneedthesesubscribersinordertoselladvertising. Mostleadingprintmagazineswouldhappilysendyoutheirproductforfreeiftheyhadanywayofknowingandprovingtoadvertisersthatyoureadit.Advertisersfigurereasonablythatfolkswhopayforamagazinearemorelikelytoreaditandmaybeseetheiradthanthosewhodon’t.Somagazinesmakeyoupayevenifitcoststhemmorethantheygetfromyou. Thismadcaplogicdoesn’tapplyontheInternetwhereadvertiserspayonlyforadsthathavedefinitelyappearedinfrontofsomeone’s"eyeballs".Theycanevenknowexactlyhowmanypeoplehaveclickedontheirads.Sofaradvertisershavebeeninsufficientlygratefulforthisadvantage.ButwhethertheycomearoundornottherewillneverbeaneedontheInternettomakeyoupayjusttoprovethatyou’rewilling.SomaybetheInternet’sfirstgreatclichehaditexactlybackward:Informationhasbeenfreeallalong.It’stheInternetthatwantstoenslaveit. Manymagazineschargetheconsumerssomemoney
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 12
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhyarelatedexplosionof19921993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHOtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHO.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHOandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothetext
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly. 2explainitsintendedmeaningand 3giveyourcomments.
ItispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegreesinEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods.Theconsequencesofthisneglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularlyunfortunateforthestudyofwomenwriters.46．Ifthecanon-thelistofauthorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomenscholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting.Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearlymanuscriptslocaterarebooksestablishasequenceofeditionsandsoonarebereftofcrucialtoolsforrevisingthecanon.47．Toaddresssuchconcernsanexperimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscoursewasdesignedtoraisestudents’consciousnessabouttheusefulnessoftraditionallearningforanymoderncriticortheorist.48．Tominimizetheartificialaspectsoftheconventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmallproblemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthoughthisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficiallyfamiliarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Insteadstudentswereengagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglectedeighteenth-centurywriterElizabethGriffithtogivethemanauthenticexperienceofliteraryscholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibilityforthequalityoftheirownwork.Griffith’sworkpresentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogicalpurpose.49．FirstthebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatitcouldallbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmasteringtheliteratureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith’splayThePlatonicWifeexistsinthreeversionsenoughtoprovideillustrationsofeditorialissuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.50．InadditionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyashercontinuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthecanonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissuesconcerningthecurrentcanon.TherangeofGriffith’sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworld’sleadingauthorityonaparticularGriffithtext.ForexampleastudentstudyingGriffith’sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudieditforsomeweeks.ThisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitletransformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt’sBibliothecaBritannica.Suchexperiencesinevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittleattentionhasbeenpaidservetovaccinatethestudent-Ihopeforalifetime-againstcreduloususeofreferencesources.
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepictures 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 18
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 14
ItispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegreesinEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods.Theconsequencesofthisneglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularlyunfortunateforthestudyofwomenwriters.46．Ifthecanon-thelistofauthorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomenscholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting.Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearlymanuscriptslocaterarebooksestablishasequenceofeditionsandsoonarebereftofcrucialtoolsforrevisingthecanon.47．Toaddresssuchconcernsanexperimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscoursewasdesignedtoraisestudents’consciousnessabouttheusefulnessoftraditionallearningforanymoderncriticortheorist.48．Tominimizetheartificialaspectsoftheconventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmallproblemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthoughthisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficiallyfamiliarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Insteadstudentswereengagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglectedeighteenth-centurywriterElizabethGriffithtogivethemanauthenticexperienceofliteraryscholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibilityforthequalityoftheirownwork.Griffith’sworkpresentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogicalpurpose.49．FirstthebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatitcouldallbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmasteringtheliteratureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith’splayThePlatonicWifeexistsinthreeversionsenoughtoprovideillustrationsofeditorialissuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.50．InadditionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyashercontinuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthecanonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissuesconcerningthecurrentcanon.TherangeofGriffith’sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworld’sleadingauthorityonaparticularGriffithtext.ForexampleastudentstudyingGriffith’sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudieditforsomeweeks.ThisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitletransformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt’sBibliothecaBritannica.Suchexperiencesinevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittleattentionhasbeenpaidservetovaccinatethestudent-Ihopeforalifetime-againstcreduloususeofreferencesources.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 2
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhyarelatedexplosionof19921993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHOtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHO.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHOandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.ItcanbelearntfromthetextthattherulingpartyinIndia______.
ThefirstgreatclicheoftheInternetwas"Informationwantstobefree."Thenotionwasthatnooneshouldhavetopayfor"content"wordsandpicturesandstufflikethatandinthefriction-freeworldofcyberspacenoonewouldhaveto. Thereigningnotiontodayisthatthelawsofeconomicsarenotafterallsuspendedincyberspacelikethelawsofgravityinouterspace.ContentneedstobepaidforontheWebjustasinanyothermedium.Anditprobablyhastobepaidforthesamewaymostotherthingsarepaidfor.bythepeoplewhouseit.WetriedchargingthecustomersatSlate.Itdidn’twork.Futureexperimentsmaybemoresuccessful.Butmeanwhilelet’slookagainatthisnotionthatineverymediumexcepttheInternetpeoplepayforthecontenttheyconsume.It’snotreallytrue. TVisthemostobviouscase.Afewweeksagoaproducerfrom"Nightline"contactedSlatewhileresearchingapossibleshowonthecrisisofcontentontheInternet.Hewantedtoknowhowonearthwecouldeverbeagoingbusinessifwegaveawayourcontentforfree.Iaskedhowmanypeoplepaytowatch"Nightline".Answer.none.PeoplepayfortheircableorsatellitetransmissionandtheypayforcontentonHBObut"Nightline"andotherbroadcastprogramsthrivewithoutapennydirectlyfromviewers.ThereareplentyofdifferencesofcourseandtheabilityofWebsitestosupportthemselvesonadvertisingisunproven.But"Nightline"itselfdisprovesthenotionthatgivingawaycontentissuicidal. Nowlookatmagazines.Themoneythatmagazinesubscriberspayoftendoesn’tevencoverthecostofpersuadingthemtosubscribe.Aglossymonthlywillhappilysendout$20ofjunkmail--sometimesfarmoretofindonesubscriberwhowillpay$12or$15forayearlysubscription.WhyPartlyinthehopethatsheorhewillrenewagainandagainuntilthesecostsarecovered.Butformanymagazinesincludingprofitableones--theaveragesubscriberneverpaysbackthecostoffindingsigningandkeepinghimorher.Themagazinesneedthesesubscribersinordertoselladvertising. Mostleadingprintmagazineswouldhappilysendyoutheirproductforfreeiftheyhadanywayofknowingandprovingtoadvertisersthatyoureadit.Advertisersfigurereasonablythatfolkswhopayforamagazinearemorelikelytoreaditandmaybeseetheiradthanthosewhodon’t.Somagazinesmakeyoupayevenifitcoststhemmorethantheygetfromyou. Thismadcaplogicdoesn’tapplyontheInternetwhereadvertiserspayonlyforadsthathavedefinitelyappearedinfrontofsomeone’s"eyeballs".Theycanevenknowexactlyhowmanypeoplehaveclickedontheirads.Sofaradvertisershavebeeninsufficientlygratefulforthisadvantage.ButwhethertheycomearoundornottherewillneverbeaneedontheInternettomakeyoupayjusttoprovethatyou’rewilling.SomaybetheInternet’sfirstgreatclichehaditexactlybackward:Informationhasbeenfreeallalong.It’stheInternetthatwantstoenslaveit. Thepredominantideaoftodayisthat
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 8
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 20
[A]Demographicdeclineworriespeoplebecauseitisbelievedtogohandinhandwitheconomicdecline.Attheextremesitmaywellbetheresultofeconomicfactors:pessimismmaydepressthebirthrateandpushupratesofsuicideandalcoholism.Butinthemaindemographicdeclineistheconsequenceofthelowfertilitythatgenerallygoeswithgrowingprosperity.InJapanforinstancebirthratesfellbelowthereplacementrateof2.1childrenperwomaninthemid-1970sandhavebeenparticularlylowinthepast15years. [B]Duringthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturytheglobalpopulationexplosionwasthebigdemographicannoyance.RobertMcNamarapresidentoftheWorldBankinthe1970scomparedthethreatofunmanageablepopulationpressureswiththedangerofnuclearwar.Nowthatworryhasevaporatedandthiscenturyisfrighteningitselfwiththeoppositefear:theonsetofdemographicdecline. [C]GovernmentshatetheideaofashrinkingpopulationbecausetheabsolutesizeofGDPmattersforgreat-powerstatus.Thebiggertheeconomythebiggerthemilitarythegreaterthegeopoliticalclout:annualGDPestimateswerefirstintroducedinAmericainthe1940saspartofitswareffort.Companiesworrytoo:theydonotliketheideaoftheirdomesticmarketsshrinking.Peopleshouldnotmindthough.WhatmattersforeconomicwelfareisGDPperperson. [D]Peoplelovetoworry--maybeit’sasymptomofageingpopulations--butthegloomsurroundingpopulationdeclinesmissesthemainpoint.Thenewdemographicsthatarecausingpopulationstoageandtoshrinkaresomethingtocelebrate.Humanitywasoncecaughtinthetrapofhighfertilityandhighmortality.Nowithasescapedintothefreedomoflowfertilityandlowmortality.Women’scontroloverthenumberofchildrentheyhaveisanunqualifiedgood--asistheaverageperson’senjoymentinrichcountriesoftenmoreyearsoflifethantheyhadin1960.Politiciansmayfearthedeclineoftheirnations’economicpowerbutpeopleshouldcelebratethenewdemographicsasheraldingagoldenage. [E]TheshrinkageofRussiaandeasternEuropeisfamiliarthoughnotperhapsthescaleofit:Russia’spopulationisexpectedtofallby22%between2005and2050Ukraine’sbyastaggering43%.Nowthephenomenoniscreepingintotherichworld:JapanhasstartedtoshrinkandotherssuchasItalyandGermanywillsoonfollow.EvenChina’spopulationwillbedecliningbytheearly2030saccordingtotheUNwhichprojectsthatby2050populationswillbelowerthantheyaretodayin50countries. [F]ButifdemographicdeclineisnotgenerallyaconsequenceofeconomicdeclinesurelyitmustbeacauseInacrudesenseyes.AspopulationsshrinkGDPgrowthwillslow.Someeconomiesmayevenstarttoshrinktoo.Theresultwillbealossofeconomicinfluence. [G]ThecrucialquestionisthereforewhattheeffectofdemographicdeclineisonthegrowthofGDPperperson.Thebadnewsisthatthislookslikelytoslowbecauseworking-agepopulationsWilldeclinemorerapidlythanoverallpopulations.Yetthisneednothappen.ProductivitygrowthmaykeepupgrowthinGDPperperson:aslabourbecomesscarcerandpressuretointroducenewtechnologiestoboostworkers’efficiencyincreasessotheproductivityoflabourmayrisefaster.Anywayretirementagescanbeliftedtoincreasethesupplyoflabourevenwhenthepopulationisdeclining. 44
TheFrencharethemastersofgrandsprojets.46Theyhavethecruelnesnationalprideandwillingnesstospendthatareneededforgreatpublicworks.47TheBritishontheotherhandareusuallydismissedastoomeantroubledbyregulationsandlackinginvisiontobuildanythingworthwhile.Butoccasionallythebulldogtriumphs.Takeforexamplethatgrandestofgrandsprojetsthenationallibrary.TheBibliothequeNationaledeFrance.fast-trackedbyPresidentMitterrandwasplannedandbuiltinlessthanadecade.Withitsfour80-metre-highglasstowersdesignedtoresembleopenbooksthelibrarywashailedasawonderofdesignandconstructionwhenitopenedin1998.48Its11millionbooksprotectedbyautomaticclimatecontrolwereplannedtobeinstantlyaccessiblewiththehelpofcomputerisedautomaticloadingtrainsrunningonmilesoftrains.AllthisforFFr8billionpounds861millionwashailedasevidencethatthegloryofFrancewasaliveandwell.TheBritishLibrarywhichcostathirdlessbecameasymbolofnationalincompetence.Firstconceivedin1962it.ranintotroublefromthestart.49Afterthreedecadesofbittercontroversyplanningdelaysandmoneyproblemsthenewred-bricklibrarydesignedbyColinStJohnWilsonfinallyopenedforbusinessin1997.Thereviewsgivenitstroubledhistorywerepredictablymixed.ThePrinceofWaleswhohadunveiledthefoundationstonecomparedittoanacademyforsecretpolice.Matterslookdifferenttoday.TheBritishLibraryiswidelyacknowledgedasoneofLondon’sbestmodembuildingsatriumphofdesignoveradversity.Thosewhoworktheresingitspraises.TheBibliothequeNationalebycontrasthasbecomenotoriousforitspoordesignandevenworseconstruction.Itshightechnologysearchsystemhas.provedanightmare.Itsglassconstructionbakesbooksinsummer.Itsfreezingwintertemperatureshaveprovokedits3000stafftostrike.50ConditionsbecamesointolerablethatsoonafteritopenedseveralhundredfrustratedstudentsstormedareadingroomtramplinglibrarystaffunderfootDismissedbythreefamousFrenchprofessorsasasinisterfamelagrandebibliothequeprovesthatvictorydoesnotalwaysgototheswiftest.
ThefirstgreatclicheoftheInternetwas"Informationwantstobefree."Thenotionwasthatnooneshouldhavetopayfor"content"wordsandpicturesandstufflikethatandinthefriction-freeworldofcyberspacenoonewouldhaveto. Thereigningnotiontodayisthatthelawsofeconomicsarenotafterallsuspendedincyberspacelikethelawsofgravityinouterspace.ContentneedstobepaidforontheWebjustasinanyothermedium.Anditprobablyhastobepaidforthesamewaymostotherthingsarepaidfor.bythepeoplewhouseit.WetriedchargingthecustomersatSlate.Itdidn’twork.Futureexperimentsmaybemoresuccessful.Butmeanwhilelet’slookagainatthisnotionthatineverymediumexcepttheInternetpeoplepayforthecontenttheyconsume.It’snotreallytrue. TVisthemostobviouscase.Afewweeksagoaproducerfrom"Nightline"contactedSlatewhileresearchingapossibleshowonthecrisisofcontentontheInternet.Hewantedtoknowhowonearthwecouldeverbeagoingbusinessifwegaveawayourcontentforfree.Iaskedhowmanypeoplepaytowatch"Nightline".Answer.none.PeoplepayfortheircableorsatellitetransmissionandtheypayforcontentonHBObut"Nightline"andotherbroadcastprogramsthrivewithoutapennydirectlyfromviewers.ThereareplentyofdifferencesofcourseandtheabilityofWebsitestosupportthemselvesonadvertisingisunproven.But"Nightline"itselfdisprovesthenotionthatgivingawaycontentissuicidal. Nowlookatmagazines.Themoneythatmagazinesubscriberspayoftendoesn’tevencoverthecostofpersuadingthemtosubscribe.Aglossymonthlywillhappilysendout$20ofjunkmail--sometimesfarmoretofindonesubscriberwhowillpay$12or$15forayearlysubscription.WhyPartlyinthehopethatsheorhewillrenewagainandagainuntilthesecostsarecovered.Butformanymagazinesincludingprofitableones--theaveragesubscriberneverpaysbackthecostoffindingsigningandkeepinghimorher.Themagazinesneedthesesubscribersinordertoselladvertising. Mostleadingprintmagazineswouldhappilysendyoutheirproductforfreeiftheyhadanywayofknowingandprovingtoadvertisersthatyoureadit.Advertisersfigurereasonablythatfolkswhopayforamagazinearemorelikelytoreaditandmaybeseetheiradthanthosewhodon’t.Somagazinesmakeyoupayevenifitcoststhemmorethantheygetfromyou. Thismadcaplogicdoesn’tapplyontheInternetwhereadvertiserspayonlyforadsthathavedefinitelyappearedinfrontofsomeone’s"eyeballs".Theycanevenknowexactlyhowmanypeoplehaveclickedontheirads.Sofaradvertisershavebeeninsufficientlygratefulforthisadvantage.ButwhethertheycomearoundornottherewillneverbeaneedontheInternettomakeyoupayjusttoprovethatyou’rewilling.SomaybetheInternet’sfirstgreatclichehaditexactlybackward:Informationhasbeenfreeallalong.It’stheInternetthatwantstoenslaveit. ThelastsentenceofthetextmeansthatitistheInternetthat
ItispossibleforstudentstoobtainadvanceddegreesinEnglishwhileknowinglittleornothingabouttraditionalscholarlymethods.Theconsequencesofthisneglectoftraditionalscholarshipareparticularlyunfortunateforthestudyofwomenwriters.46．Ifthecanon-thelistofauthorswhoseworksaremostwidelytaught-isevertoincludemorewomenscholarsmustbewelltrainedinhistoricalscholarshipandtextualediting.Scholarswhodonotknowhowtoreadearlymanuscriptslocaterarebooksestablishasequenceofeditionsandsoonarebereftofcrucialtoolsforrevisingthecanon.47．Toaddresssuchconcernsanexperimentalversionofthetraditionalscholarlymethodscoursewasdesignedtoraisestudents’consciousnessabouttheusefulnessoftraditionallearningforanymoderncriticortheorist.48．Tominimizetheartificialaspectsoftheconventionalcoursetheusualprocedureofassigningalargenumberofsmallproblemsdrawnfromtheentirerangeofhistoricalperiodswasabandonedthoughthisprocedurehastheobviousadvantageofatleastsuperficiallyfamiliarizingstudentswithawiderangeofreferencesources.Insteadstudentswereengagedinacollectiveefforttodooriginalworkonaneglectedeighteenth-centurywriterElizabethGriffithtogivethemanauthenticexperienceofliteraryscholarshipandtoinspirethemtotakeresponsibilityforthequalityoftheirownwork.Griffith’sworkpresentedanumberofadvantagesforthisparticularpedagogicalpurpose.49．FirstthebodyofextantscholarshiponGriffithwassotinythatitcouldallbereadinaday;thusstudentsspentlittletimeandeffortmasteringtheliteratureandhadaclearfieldfortheirowndiscoveries.Griffith’splayThePlatonicWifeexistsinthreeversionsenoughtoprovideillustrationsofeditorialissuesbutnottoomanyforbeginningstudentstomanage.50．InadditionbecauseGriffithwassuccessfulintheeighteenthcenturyashercontinuedproductivityandfavorablereviewsdemonstrateherexclusionfromthecanonandvirtualdisappearancefromliteraryhistoryalsohelpedraiseissuesconcerningthecurrentcanon.TherangeofGriffith’sworkmeantthateachstudentcouldbecometheworld’sleadingauthorityonaparticularGriffithtext.ForexampleastudentstudyingGriffith’sWifeintheRightobtainedafirsteditionoftheplayandstudieditforsomeweeks.ThisstudentwassuitablyshockedandoutragedtofinditstitletransformedintoAwifeintheNightinWatt’sBibliothecaBritannica.Suchexperiencesinevitableandcommoninworkingonawritertowhomsolittleattentionhasbeenpaidservetovaccinatethestudent-Ihopeforalifetime-againstcreduloususeofreferencesources.
Intheendadegreeofsanityprevailed.ThemilitantHinduswhohadvowedtobreachapolicecordonandstarttheworkofbuildingatempletothegodRamatthedisputedsiteofAyodhyadecidedtorespectaSupremeCourtdecisionbarringthemfromthearea.SochargedhaveHindu-MuslimrelationsinIndiabecomeinrecentweeksasthedeclareddeadlineofMarch15thnearedthataclashatRam’ssupposedbirthplacemightwellhaveprovokedbloodshedonanappallingscaleacrossthenation.Ithasunfortunatelyhappenedoftenenoughbefore.Butthethreathasnotvanished.Thecourt’sdecisionisonlyaninterimoneandthemainHindugroupshavenotgivenupontheirquesttobuildtheirtemple.ExtremereligiousviolencewhichseemedinrecentyearstohavefadedaftertheAyodhyarelatedexplosionof19921993isagainafeatureofthepoliticallandscape.ThoughfaultslieonbothsidesitwasaMuslimattackonHindusinatraininGujaratthatstartedtherecentslaughterthegreatbulkofvictimswereasalwaysMuslims.OnceagaineducatedHindusaretobeheardinveighingagainsttheappeasingofMuslimsthroughsuchconcessionsasseparateconstitutionalstatusforKashmirortherighttopracticeIslamiccivillaw.OnceagainthepolicearebeingaccusedofdoinglittleornothingtohelpMuslimvictimsoframpagingHindumobs.OnceagainIndia’s130mMuslimsfeelunequalandunsafeintheirowncountry.FartoomanyHinduswouldrefusetoacceptthatitistheirowncountryatall.Thewonderofitperhapsisthatthingsarenotworse.WhiletheworldapplaudsPakistanforatlastlockinguptheleadersofitsextremereligiousgroupsinIndiathezealotsstillsupportsustainandtoadegreeconstitutethegovernment.TheBJPwhichleadstherulingcoalitionwasfoundedasapoliticalfrontfortheHindumovement.ItissimplyoneandbynomeansthedominantmemberofwhatiscalledtheSanghPariwarthefamilyoforganizations.Othermembersofthefamilyaremuchlesssavoury.ThereistheVHOtheWorldHinduOrganizationwhichledthemovementtobuildtheRamtemple.ThereistheBajrangDalthebrutalistyouthwingoftheVHO.ThereissubstantialevidencethatmembersoftheVHOandtheBajrangDalhelpedtoorganizetheslaughterofhundredsofMuslimsinGujaratafter58HinduswerekilledonatrainastheyreturnedfromAyodhya.TowardstheissueofHindu-Muslimrelationsthewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe______.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 4
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 16
TheEuropeanUnion’sBarcelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisyanti-globalizati0n’demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope--themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.InfluentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatenssocialEuropetheidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate.InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonait.madeawell-flaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountforatleast60%ofthemarket.SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion＄309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket.InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthatdisincentivesagainsttakingupjobsshouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.Sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirectiveanabsolutedisaster.Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingonresearchanddevelopmentfromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileothecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace./Thepubliclaunchedademonstrationsagainstthesummitwithrespectto
ThesubjectofmystudyisawomanwhoisinitiatingsocialchangeinasmallregioninTexas.ThewomenareMexicanAmericanswhoareorweremigrantagriculturalworkers.ThereismorethanonekindofinnovationatworkintheregionofcoursebutIhavechosentofocusonthreerelatedpatternsoffamilybehavior. ThepatternIlifestylerepresentshowmigrantfarmworkersofallnationalitieslivedinthepastandhowmanycontinuetolive.ItreatthispatternasabaselinewithwhichtocomparethechangesrepresentedbypatternIIandIII.FamiliesinpatternIworkandtravelinextendedkinunitswiththeeldestmaleoccupyingthepositionofauthority.Familiesarelarge7EightorninechildrenarenotunusualAndallmembersareeconomiccontributorsinthisstrategyoffamilymigration.FamiliesinpatternIImanifestsomedifferencesinbehaviorwhilestillmaintainingaspectsofpatternI.Theycontinuetomigratebutonareducedscaleoftenmodifyingtheirschedulesofmigrationtoallowchildrentofinishtheschoolyear.Parentsinthispatternoftenfindtemporarylocaljobsascheckerstomakeupforlostfarmingincome.PatternⅡfamiliesusuallyhavefewerchildrenthandopatternⅠfamilies. ThegreatestamountofchangefrompatternIhoweverisinpatternIIIfamilieswhonolongermigrateatall.Bothparentsworkfulltimeintheareaandhaveanaverageofthreechildren.Childrenattendschoolfortheentireyear.InpatternⅢthewomeninparticularcreatenewrolesforthemselvesforwhichnolocalmodelsexist.Theynotonlyworkfulltimebutmayinadditionreturntoschool.Theyalsoassumeagreaterresponsibilityinfamilydecisionsthandowomenintheotherpatterns.Althoughthesewomenareintheminorityamongresidentsoftheregiontheyserveasrolemodelsforotherscausingmoderatechangestospreadintheircommunities. Nowopportunitieshavecontinuedtobedeterminedbypre-existingvalues.Whenfederaljobsbecameavailableintheregionmostinvolvedworkingunderthedirectionoffemaleprofessionalssuchasteachersornurses.Suchpositionswereunacceptedtomanymenintheareabecausetheywerenotaccustomedtobeingsubordinatetowomen.Womenthereforetookthejobsatfirstbecausetheincomewasdesperatelyneeded.Butsomeofthewomendecidedtostayattheirjobsatfirstafterthefamily’sdistress.wasover.Thesewomenenjoyedtheirworkitsresponsibilityandthecompanionshipoffellowwomenworkers.Thesteadyrelativelyhighincomeallowedtheirfamiliestostopmigrating.Andasthebenefitstothesewomenbecameincreasinglyapparenttheyandtheirfamiliesbecameevenmorewillingtoconsiderchangesintheirlivesthattheywouldnothaveconsideredbefore. haveanaverageofthreechildren.
TheFrencharethemastersofgrandsprojets.46Theyhavethecruelnesnationalprideandwillingnesstospendthatareneededforgreatpublicworks.47TheBritishontheotherhandareusuallydismissedastoomeantroubledbyregulationsandlackinginvisiontobuildanythingworthwhile.Butoccasionallythebulldogtriumphs.Takeforexamplethatgrandestofgrandsprojetsthenationallibrary.TheBibliothequeNationaledeFrance.fast-trackedbyPresidentMitterrandwasplannedandbuiltinlessthanadecade.Withitsfour80-metre-highglasstowersdesignedtoresembleopenbooksthelibrarywashailedasawonderofdesignandconstructionwhenitopenedin1998.48Its11millionbooksprotectedbyautomaticclimatecontrolwereplannedtobeinstantlyaccessiblewiththehelpofcomputerisedautomaticloadingtrainsrunningonmilesoftrains.AllthisforFFr8billionpounds861millionwashailedasevidencethatthegloryofFrancewasaliveandwell.TheBritishLibrarywhichcostathirdlessbecameasymbolofnationalincompetence.Firstconceivedin1962it.ranintotroublefromthestart.49Afterthreedecadesofbittercontroversyplanningdelaysandmoneyproblemsthenewred-bricklibrarydesignedbyColinStJohnWilsonfinallyopenedforbusinessin1997.Thereviewsgivenitstroubledhistorywerepredictablymixed.ThePrinceofWaleswhohadunveiledthefoundationstonecomparedittoanacademyforsecretpolice.Matterslookdifferenttoday.TheBritishLibraryiswidelyacknowledgedasoneofLondon’sbestmodembuildingsatriumphofdesignoveradversity.Thosewhoworktheresingitspraises.TheBibliothequeNationalebycontrasthasbecomenotoriousforitspoordesignandevenworseconstruction.Itshightechnologysearchsystemhas.provedanightmare.Itsglassconstructionbakesbooksinsummer.Itsfreezingwintertemperatureshaveprovokedits3000stafftostrike.50ConditionsbecamesointolerablethatsoonafteritopenedseveralhundredfrustratedstudentsstormedareadingroomtramplinglibrarystaffunderfootDismissedbythreefamousFrenchprofessorsasasinisterfamelagrandebibliothequeprovesthatvictorydoesnotalwaysgototheswiftest.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 10
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. 6
TheEuropeanUnion’sBarcelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisyanti-globalizati0n’demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope--themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.InfluentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatenssocialEuropetheidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate.InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonait.madeawell-flaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountforatleast60%ofthemarket.SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion＄309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket.InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthatdisincentivesagainsttakingupjobsshouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.Sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirectiveanabsolutedisaster.Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingonresearchanddevelopmentfromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileothecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace./WelearnfromthetextthatEdwardBannermanisprobably
[A]Demographicdeclineworriespeoplebecauseitisbelievedtogohandinhandwitheconomicdecline.Attheextremesitmaywellbetheresultofeconomicfactors:pessimismmaydepressthebirthrateandpushupratesofsuicideandalcoholism.Butinthemaindemographicdeclineistheconsequenceofthelowfertilitythatgenerallygoeswithgrowingprosperity.InJapanforinstancebirthratesfellbelowthereplacementrateof2.1childrenperwomaninthemid-1970sandhavebeenparticularlylowinthepast15years. [B]Duringthesecondhalfofthe20thcenturytheglobalpopulationexplosionwasthebigdemographicannoyance.RobertMcNamarapresidentoftheWorldBankinthe1970scomparedthethreatofunmanageablepopulationpressureswiththedangerofnuclearwar.Nowthatworryhasevaporatedandthiscenturyisfrighteningitselfwiththeoppositefear:theonsetofdemographicdecline. [C]GovernmentshatetheideaofashrinkingpopulationbecausetheabsolutesizeofGDPmattersforgreat-powerstatus.Thebiggertheeconomythebiggerthemilitarythegreaterthegeopoliticalclout:annualGDPestimateswerefirstintroducedinAmericainthe1940saspartofitswareffort.Companiesworrytoo:theydonotliketheideaoftheirdomesticmarketsshrinking.Peopleshouldnotmindthough.WhatmattersforeconomicwelfareisGDPperperson. [D]Peoplelovetoworry--maybeit’sasymptomofageingpopulations--butthegloomsurroundingpopulationdeclinesmissesthemainpoint.Thenewdemographicsthatarecausingpopulationstoageandtoshrinkaresomethingtocelebrate.Humanitywasoncecaughtinthetrapofhighfertilityandhighmortality.Nowithasescapedintothefreedomoflowfertilityandlowmortality.Women’scontroloverthenumberofchildrentheyhaveisanunqualifiedgood--asistheaverageperson’senjoymentinrichcountriesoftenmoreyearsoflifethantheyhadin1960.Politiciansmayfearthedeclineoftheirnations’economicpowerbutpeopleshouldcelebratethenewdemographicsasheraldingagoldenage. [E]TheshrinkageofRussiaandeasternEuropeisfamiliarthoughnotperhapsthescaleofit:Russia’spopulationisexpectedtofallby22%between2005and2050Ukraine’sbyastaggering43%.Nowthephenomenoniscreepingintotherichworld:JapanhasstartedtoshrinkandotherssuchasItalyandGermanywillsoonfollow.EvenChina’spopulationwillbedecliningbytheearly2030saccordingtotheUNwhichprojectsthatby2050populationswillbelowerthantheyaretodayin50countries. [F]ButifdemographicdeclineisnotgenerallyaconsequenceofeconomicdeclinesurelyitmustbeacauseInacrudesenseyes.AspopulationsshrinkGDPgrowthwillslow.Someeconomiesmayevenstarttoshrinktoo.Theresultwillbealossofeconomicinfluence. [G]ThecrucialquestionisthereforewhattheeffectofdemographicdeclineisonthegrowthofGDPperperson.Thebadnewsisthatthislookslikelytoslowbecauseworking-agepopulationsWilldeclinemorerapidlythanoverallpopulations.Yetthisneednothappen.ProductivitygrowthmaykeepupgrowthinGDPperperson:aslabourbecomesscarcerandpressuretointroducenewtechnologiestoboostworkers’efficiencyincreasessotheproductivityoflabourmayrisefaster.Anywayretirementagescanbeliftedtoincreasethesupplyoflabourevenwhenthepopulationisdeclining. 42
ThesubjectofmystudyisawomanwhoisinitiatingsocialchangeinasmallregioninTexas.ThewomenareMexicanAmericanswhoareorweremigrantagriculturalworkers.ThereismorethanonekindofinnovationatworkintheregionofcoursebutIhavechosentofocusonthreerelatedpatternsoffamilybehavior. ThepatternIlifestylerepresentshowmigrantfarmworkersofallnationalitieslivedinthepastandhowmanycontinuetolive.ItreatthispatternasabaselinewithwhichtocomparethechangesrepresentedbypatternIIandIII.FamiliesinpatternIworkandtravelinextendedkinunitswiththeeldestmaleoccupyingthepositionofauthority.Familiesarelarge7EightorninechildrenarenotunusualAndallmembersareeconomiccontributorsinthisstrategyoffamilymigration.FamiliesinpatternIImanifestsomedifferencesinbehaviorwhilestillmaintainingaspectsofpatternI.Theycontinuetomigratebutonareducedscaleoftenmodifyingtheirschedulesofmigrationtoallowchildrentofinishtheschoolyear.Parentsinthispatternoftenfindtemporarylocaljobsascheckerstomakeupforlostfarmingincome.PatternⅡfamiliesusuallyhavefewerchildrenthandopatternⅠfamilies. ThegreatestamountofchangefrompatternIhoweverisinpatternIIIfamilieswhonolongermigrateatall.Bothparentsworkfulltimeintheareaandhaveanaverageofthreechildren.Childrenattendschoolfortheentireyear.InpatternⅢthewomeninparticularcreatenewrolesforthemselvesforwhichnolocalmodelsexist.Theynotonlyworkfulltimebutmayinadditionreturntoschool.Theyalsoassumeagreaterresponsibilityinfamilydecisionsthandowomenintheotherpatterns.Althoughthesewomenareintheminorityamongresidentsoftheregiontheyserveasrolemodelsforotherscausingmoderatechangestospreadintheircommunities. Nowopportunitieshavecontinuedtobedeterminedbypre-existingvalues.Whenfederaljobsbecameavailableintheregionmostinvolvedworkingunderthedirectionoffemaleprofessionalssuchasteachersornurses.Suchpositionswereunacceptedtomanymenintheareabecausetheywerenotaccustomedtobeingsubordinatetowomen.Womenthereforetookthejobsatfirstbecausetheincomewasdesperatelyneeded.Butsomeofthewomendecidedtostayattheirjobsatfirstafterthefamily’sdistress.wasover.Thesewomenenjoyedtheirworkitsresponsibilityandthecompanionshipoffellowwomenworkers.Thesteadyrelativelyhighincomeallowedtheirfamiliestostopmigrating.Andasthebenefitstothesewomenbecameincreasinglyapparenttheyandtheirfamiliesbecameevenmorewillingtoconsiderchangesintheirlivesthattheywouldnothaveconsideredbefore. AllofthefollowingstatementsaboutpatternⅡchildrenexpressdifferencesEXCEPT
TheFrencharethemastersofgrandsprojets.46Theyhavethecruelnesnationalprideandwillingnesstospendthatareneededforgreatpublicworks.47TheBritishontheotherhandareusuallydismissedastoomeantroubledbyregulationsandlackinginvisiontobuildanythingworthwhile.Butoccasionallythebulldogtriumphs.Takeforexamplethatgrandestofgrandsprojetsthenationallibrary.TheBibliothequeNationaledeFrance.fast-trackedbyPresidentMitterrandwasplannedandbuiltinlessthanadecade.Withitsfour80-metre-highglasstowersdesignedtoresembleopenbooksthelibrarywashailedasawonderofdesignandconstructionwhenitopenedin1998.48Its11millionbooksprotectedbyautomaticclimatecontrolwereplannedtobeinstantlyaccessiblewiththehelpofcomputerisedautomaticloadingtrainsrunningonmilesoftrains.AllthisforFFr8billionpounds861millionwashailedasevidencethatthegloryofFrancewasaliveandwell.TheBritishLibrarywhichcostathirdlessbecameasymbolofnationalincompetence.Firstconceivedin1962it.ranintotroublefromthestart.49Afterthreedecadesofbittercontroversyplanningdelaysandmoneyproblemsthenewred-bricklibrarydesignedbyColinStJohnWilsonfinallyopenedforbusinessin1997.Thereviewsgivenitstroubledhistorywerepredictablymixed.ThePrinceofWaleswhohadunveiledthefoundationstonecomparedittoanacademyforsecretpolice.Matterslookdifferenttoday.TheBritishLibraryiswidelyacknowledgedasoneofLondon’sbestmodembuildingsatriumphofdesignoveradversity.Thosewhoworktheresingitspraises.TheBibliothequeNationalebycontrasthasbecomenotoriousforitspoordesignandevenworseconstruction.Itshightechnologysearchsystemhas.provedanightmare.Itsglassconstructionbakesbooksinsummer.Itsfreezingwintertemperatureshaveprovokedits3000stafftostrike.50ConditionsbecamesointolerablethatsoonafteritopenedseveralhundredfrustratedstudentsstormedareadingroomtramplinglibrarystaffunderfootDismissedbythreefamousFrenchprofessorsasasinisterfamelagrandebibliothequeprovesthatvictorydoesnotalwaysgototheswiftest.
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