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加涅将人类学习分为______。
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加涅按照学习结果将学习分为哪些种类
加涅根据学习的结果将学习分为____________________________________
加涅将学习结果分为哪几类?
加涅将人类学习分为
认识策略
动作技能
智慧技能
情感
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Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.WhichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtothewordcushionsLine1Para.2
Honestycomesinmanyforms.Firstthere’sselfhonesty.IswhatpeopleseetherealarticleordoyouappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsIfindthatifItrytobesomethingI’mnotIfeelunsureofmyselfandtakeoutapartfrommyPBApersonalbankaccount.IlovehowsingerJudyGarlandputitAlwaysbeafirstclassversionofyourselfinsteadofasecondclassversionofsomebodyelse.Thenthere’shonestyinouractions.AreyouhonestatschoolwithyourparentsandwithyourbossIfyou’veeverbeendishonestIthinkweallhavetrybeinghonestandnoticehowwholeitmakesyoufeel.Rememberyoucan’tdowrongandfeelright.ThisstorybyJeffisagoodexampleofthat:Inmysecondyearofstudytherewerethreekidsinmymathclasswhodidn’tdowell.Iwasreallygoodatit.IwouldchargethemthreedollarsforeachtestthatIhelpedthempass.I’dwriteonalittlepieceofpaperalltherightanswersandhandthemoff.AtfirstIfeltlikeIwasmakingmoneykindofanicejob.Iwasn’tthinkingabouthowitcouldhurtallofus.AfterawhileIrealizedIshouldn’tdothatanymorebecauseIwasn’treallyhelpingthem!Theyweren’tlearninganythinganditwouldonlygetharderdowntheroad.Cheatingcertainlywasn’thelpingme.Ittakescouragetobehonestwhenpeopleallaroundyouwhoaregettingawaywithcheatingontestslyingtotheirparentsandstealingatwork.ButremembereveryactofhonestyisadepositintoyourPBAandwillbuildstrength.Theunderlinedpartappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsinthefirstparagraphmeans______.
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Specializationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin______.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 16
______sherealizeditwastoolatetogohome.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 22
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 24
Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.Interpersonalrelationshipsareimportantbecause______.
Marysendsyoubestwishes______aHappyNewYear.
Eventhebestwriterssometimesfindthemselves______forwords.
直接法强调______的重要性
Childrenstartoutasnaturalscientistseagertolookintotheworldaroundthem.Helpingthemenjoysciencecanbeeasy;there’snoneedforalotofscientifictermsorexpensivelabequipment.Youonlyhavetoshareyourchildren’scuriosity.Firstlylistentotheirquestions.Ioncevisitedaclassroomofseven-year-oldstotalkaboutscienceasajob.ThechildrenaskedmetextbookquestionsaboutschoolingsalaryandwhetherIlikedmyjob.WhenIfinishedansweringwesatfacingoneanotherinsilence.FinallyIsaidNowthatwe’vefinishedwithyourlistsdoyouhavequestionsofyourownaboutscienceAfteralongpauseaboyraisedhishandHaveyoueverseenagrasshopper蚱蜢eatWhenItryeatingleaveslikethatIgetastomachache.WhyThisbeganasetofquestionsthatlastednearlytwohours.Secondlygivethemtimetothink.Studiesoverthepast30yearshaveshownthatafteraskingaquestionadultstypicallywaitonlyonesecondorlesstorananswernotimeforachildtothink.Whenadultsincreasetheirwaittimetothreesecondsormorechildrengivemorelogicalcompleteandcreativeanswers.Thirdlywatchyourlanguage.Onceyouhaveachildinvolvedinasciencediscussiondon’tjumpinwithThat’srightorVerygood.Thesewordsworkwellwhenitcomestoencouraginggoodbehavior.Butintalkingaboutsciencequickpraisecansignalthatdiscussionisover.InsteadkeepthingsgoingbysayingThat’sinterestingorI’dneverthoughtofitthatway-beforeorcomingupwithmorequestionsorideas.NeverpushachildtoThink.Itdoesn’tmakesensechildrenarealwaysthinkingwithoutyourtellingthemto.What’smorethiscanturnaconversationintoaperformance.Thechildwilltrytofindtheansweryouwantinasfewwordsaspossiblesothathewillbeasmallertargetforyourdisagreement.Lastlyshow;don’ttell.Real-lifeimpressionsofnaturearefarmoreimpressivethananylessonchildrencanlearnfromabookoratelevisionprogram.Letchildrenlookattheirfingertipsthroughamagnifyingglassandthey’llunderstandwhyyouwantthemtowashbeforedinner.Ratherthansayingthatwaterevaporatessetapotofwatertoboilandletthemwatchthewaterleveldrop.Accordingtothepassagechildrencananswerquestionsinamorelogicalcompleteandcreativewayifadults______.
Honestycomesinmanyforms.Firstthere’sselfhonesty.IswhatpeopleseetherealarticleordoyouappearthroughsmokeandmirrorsIfindthatifItrytobesomethingI’mnotIfeelunsureofmyselfandtakeoutapartfrommyPBApersonalbankaccount.IlovehowsingerJudyGarlandputitAlwaysbeafirstclassversionofyourselfinsteadofasecondclassversionofsomebodyelse.Thenthere’shonestyinouractions.AreyouhonestatschoolwithyourparentsandwithyourbossIfyou’veeverbeendishonestIthinkweallhavetrybeinghonestandnoticehowwholeitmakesyoufeel.Rememberyoucan’tdowrongandfeelright.ThisstorybyJeffisagoodexampleofthat:Inmysecondyearofstudytherewerethreekidsinmymathclasswhodidn’tdowell.Iwasreallygoodatit.IwouldchargethemthreedollarsforeachtestthatIhelpedthempass.I’dwriteonalittlepieceofpaperalltherightanswersandhandthemoff.AtfirstIfeltlikeIwasmakingmoneykindofanicejob.Iwasn’tthinkingabouthowitcouldhurtallofus.AfterawhileIrealizedIshouldn’tdothatanymorebecauseIwasn’treallyhelpingthem!Theyweren’tlearninganythinganditwouldonlygetharderdowntheroad.Cheatingcertainlywasn’thelpingme.Ittakescouragetobehonestwhenpeopleallaroundyouwhoaregettingawaywithcheatingontestslyingtotheirparentsandstealingatwork.ButremembereveryactofhonestyisadepositintoyourPBAandwillbuildstrength.WhatdoestheauthorexpecttoshowbyJeff’sstory
请设计一个活动达到以下目的1．学习使用形容词描述天气2．练习willbe句式
Someresearchersfeelthatcertainpeoplehavenervoussystemsparticularlytohotdrywinds.Theyarewhatwecall______weathersensitivepeople.
Formanyyearspeopleelectriccars.Howevermakingthemhasbeenmoredifficultthatpredicted.
Childrenstartoutasnaturalscientistseagertolookintotheworldaroundthem.Helpingthemenjoysciencecanbeeasy;there’snoneedforalotofscientifictermsorexpensivelabequipment.Youonlyhavetoshareyourchildren’scuriosity.Firstlylistentotheirquestions.Ioncevisitedaclassroomofseven-year-oldstotalkaboutscienceasajob.ThechildrenaskedmetextbookquestionsaboutschoolingsalaryandwhetherIlikedmyjob.WhenIfinishedansweringwesatfacingoneanotherinsilence.FinallyIsaidNowthatwe’vefinishedwithyourlistsdoyouhavequestionsofyourownaboutscienceAfteralongpauseaboyraisedhishandHaveyoueverseenagrasshopper蚱蜢eatWhenItryeatingleaveslikethatIgetastomachache.WhyThisbeganasetofquestionsthatlastednearlytwohours.Secondlygivethemtimetothink.Studiesoverthepast30yearshaveshownthatafteraskingaquestionadultstypicallywaitonlyonesecondorlesstorananswernotimeforachildtothink.Whenadultsincreasetheirwaittimetothreesecondsormorechildrengivemorelogicalcompleteandcreativeanswers.Thirdlywatchyourlanguage.Onceyouhaveachildinvolvedinasciencediscussiondon’tjumpinwithThat’srightorVerygood.Thesewordsworkwellwhenitcomestoencouraginggoodbehavior.Butintalkingaboutsciencequickpraisecansignalthatdiscussionisover.InsteadkeepthingsgoingbysayingThat’sinterestingorI’dneverthoughtofitthatway-beforeorcomingupwithmorequestionsorideas.NeverpushachildtoThink.Itdoesn’tmakesensechildrenarealwaysthinkingwithoutyourtellingthemto.What’smorethiscanturnaconversationintoaperformance.Thechildwilltrytofindtheansweryouwantinasfewwordsaspossiblesothathewillbeasmallertargetforyourdisagreement.Lastlyshow;don’ttell.Real-lifeimpressionsofnaturearefarmoreimpressivethananylessonchildrencanlearnfromabookoratelevisionprogram.Letchildrenlookattheirfingertipsthroughamagnifyingglassandthey’llunderstandwhyyouwantthemtowashbeforedinner.Ratherthansayingthatwaterevaporatessetapotofwatertoboilandletthemwatchthewaterleveldrop.Accordingtothepassagechildrenarenaturalscientistsandtoraisetheirinterestthemostimportantthingforadultstodois______.
Salariesforpositionsseemtobehigherthanforpermanentones.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 20
中小学教师职业道德规范的基本内容包括
—HowaboutyourtriptoHainan—Itcouldn'thavebeen______.SometimesIwentswimminginthesea;sometimesIlayonthesand.
GalileolivedintheCityofPisa______thereisaleaningtowerabout180feet______.
Childrenstartoutasnaturalscientistseagertolookintotheworldaroundthem.Helpingthemenjoysciencecanbeeasy;there’snoneedforalotofscientifictermsorexpensivelabequipment.Youonlyhavetoshareyourchildren’scuriosity.Firstlylistentotheirquestions.Ioncevisitedaclassroomofseven-year-oldstotalkaboutscienceasajob.ThechildrenaskedmetextbookquestionsaboutschoolingsalaryandwhetherIlikedmyjob.WhenIfinishedansweringwesatfacingoneanotherinsilence.FinallyIsaidNowthatwe’vefinishedwithyourlistsdoyouhavequestionsofyourownaboutscienceAfteralongpauseaboyraisedhishandHaveyoueverseenagrasshopper蚱蜢eatWhenItryeatingleaveslikethatIgetastomachache.WhyThisbeganasetofquestionsthatlastednearlytwohours.Secondlygivethemtimetothink.Studiesoverthepast30yearshaveshownthatafteraskingaquestionadultstypicallywaitonlyonesecondorlesstorananswernotimeforachildtothink.Whenadultsincreasetheirwaittimetothreesecondsormorechildrengivemorelogicalcompleteandcreativeanswers.Thirdlywatchyourlanguage.Onceyouhaveachildinvolvedinasciencediscussiondon’tjumpinwithThat’srightorVerygood.Thesewordsworkwellwhenitcomestoencouraginggoodbehavior.Butintalkingaboutsciencequickpraisecansignalthatdiscussionisover.InsteadkeepthingsgoingbysayingThat’sinterestingorI’dneverthoughtofitthatway-beforeorcomingupwithmorequestionsorideas.NeverpushachildtoThink.Itdoesn’tmakesensechildrenarealwaysthinkingwithoutyourtellingthemto.What’smorethiscanturnaconversationintoaperformance.Thechildwilltrytofindtheansweryouwantinasfewwordsaspossiblesothathewillbeasmallertargetforyourdisagreement.Lastlyshow;don’ttell.Real-lifeimpressionsofnaturearefarmoreimpressivethananylessonchildrencanlearnfromabookoratelevisionprogram.Letchildrenlookattheirfingertipsthroughamagnifyingglassandthey’llunderstandwhyyouwantthemtowashbeforedinner.Ratherthansayingthatwaterevaporatessetapotofwatertoboilandletthemwatchthewaterleveldrop.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingtechniquesforadultstosharewiththeirchildren’scuriosityexceptthatadultsshould______.
新课程提倡的学习方式是
Sincewearesocialbeingsthequalityofourlivesdependsinlargemeasureonourinterpersonalrelationships.Onestrengthofthehumanconditionisourtendencytogiveandreceivesupportfromoneanotherunderstressfulcircumstances.Socialsupportconsistsoftheexchangeofresourcesamongpeoplebasedontheirinterpersonalties.Thoseofuswithstrongsupportsystemsappearbetterabletocopewithmajorlifechangesanddailyhassles.Peoplewithstrongsocialtieslivelongerandhavebetterhealththanthosewithoutsuchties.Studiesoverarangeofillnessesfromdepressiontoheartdiseaserevealthatthepresenceofsocialsupporthelpspeoplefendoffillnessandtheabsenceofsuchsupportmakespoorhealthmorelikely.Socialsupportcushionsstressinanumberofways.Firstfriendsrelativesandco-workersmayletusknowthattheyvalueus.Ourself-respectisstrengthenedwhenwefeelacceptedbyothersdespiteourfaultsanddifficulties.Secondotherpeopleoftenprovideuswithinformationalsupport.Theyhelpustodefineandunderstandourproblemsandfindsolutionstothem.Thirdwetypicallyfindsocialcompanionshipsupportive.Engaginginleisure-timeactivitieswithothershelpsustomeetoursocialneedswhileatthesametimedistractingusfromourworriesandtroubles.Finallyotherpeoplemaygiveusinstrumentalsupport—financialaidmaterialresourcesandneededservices—thatreducesstressbyhelpingusresolveandcopewithourproblems.Socialcompanionshipisbeneficialinthat______.
Expressinggratitudeisanimportantformofgoodmanners.NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleinChinahavefoundit’shightimeto16athankfulheartfortheyoung. Everyonelikestogetpraisedandappreciated.Gratitudeisthegreatestofvirtueswhichletsotherssmileandmakestheworldmorebeautiful.Youjustneedseveralminutestowritedownathank-younotebutitbringsmuchjoytothe17. Weliveinasocietywhereweenjoythedifferentservicesofothers.But18ofthemshouldbetakenforgranted. Gratitudeisalsoakindof19inlife.Indevelopinggratitudeforeverymoment--forthesimplejoysandevenforthe20times--wecometotrulyenjoyandappreciatelife.Thenweareabletoseethe21thatsurroundsus. Trytowriteathank-youlettertoyourparentsforworkinghardto22youahappylife. Begratefultoyourteachersbecauseoftheir23withyourstudiesandcharacterbuilding. Saythankstoyourfriendswho24bothyourhappinessandsorrow.Wearesureitwillbringthemmuchjoyandadd25intoyourownlifeaswell. 18
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowthandasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculturewheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.Tostartwithitisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistoryandwillcontinuetodoso.MedievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefedclothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversityandanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheapersaferandmorereliable.Howeverthesechangeshavealsoledtohabitatloss.What’smoredemandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.Yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.Thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexampleweneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbezeroimpact.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainabilitywhichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretationonethatlooksattheprosandconsofallthevariouswayslandisused.Therearemanydifferentagriculturalperformancesbesidesfoodyield:energyuseenvironmentalcostswaterpuritycarbonfootprintandbiodiversity.ItisclearforexamplethatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury
fromthetopofthetowerthesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.
Lastyearthenumberofstudentswhograduatedwithadrivinglicencereached200000anof40000peryear.
Thevillagershavealreadyknown______we'lldoistobuildthebridge.
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