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1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments You shou...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayin
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawi
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayin
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthef
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayin
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayin
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayi
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
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Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway. 47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad. 48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose. Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—not"Beperfect"not"Don’tevenmakeamistake"but"Bewhole." 48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 20
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 8
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 18
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttodoctorsfriendsandrelatives.You’dthinkinthiseraoflabor-savingandconvenienttransportationthatfewpeoplewouldhavereasontobesotired.Thecausesofmodern-dayfatiguearediverseandonlyrarelyrelatedtoexcessivephysicalexertion.Todayphysiciansreporttirednessismorelikelyaconsequenceofunderexercisethanofwearingyourselfdownwithoveractivity. Physicalfatigueisthewell-knownresultofoverworkingyourmuscles.46Physicalfatigueisusuallyapleasanttirednesssuchasthatwhichyoumightexperienceafterplayingahardsetoftennischoppingwoodorclimbingamountain.Thecureissimpleandfast:Yourestgivingyourbodyachancetogetridofaccumulatedwasteandrestoremusclefuel. 47Illnessinducedfatigueisawarningsignorconsequenceofsomeunderlyingphysicaldisorderperhapsthecommoncoldorfluorsomethingmoreseriouslikecancerwhileothersymptomsarepresentthatoftensuggestthetruecause.Evenafteranillnesspassedyou’relikelytofeeldraggedoutforaweekormore.48Takeyourfatigueasasignaltogoslowwhileyourbodyhasachancetorecoverfullyevenifallyouhadwasacold.Pushingyourselftoresumefullactivitytoosoonwillcertainlyprolongyourperiodoffatigue. Emotionalproblemsandconflictsespeciallydepressionandanxietyarebyfarthemostcommoncausesofprolongedfatigue.Whensuchfeelingsarenotexpressedopenlytheyoftencomeoutasphysicalsymptomswithfatigueasoneofthemostcommonmanifestations.49Understandingtheunderlyingemotionalproblemisthecrucialfirststeptowardcuringpsychologicalfatigueandbyitselfoftenresultsinconsiderablelesseningofthetiredness.Professionalpsychologicalhelporcareerormarriagecounselingmaybeneeded. Thereisagreatdealyoucandoonyourowntodealwithbothsevereprolongedfatigueandthoseperiodicwashed-outfeelings.Youmighttrytodomoderateexercise.50Contrarytowhatyoumaythinkexerciseenhancesratherthandrainsengeryandhelpsyoutoresistfatiguebyincreasingyourbody’sabilitytohandlemoreofaworkload.Attheendofadayexercisecanrelieveaccumulatedtensionsgiveyoumoreenergyintheeveningandhelpyousleepmorerestfully. 48Takeyourfatigueasasignaltogoslowwhileyourbodyhasachancetorecoverfullyevenifallyouhadwasacold.
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 6
FewbeyondCalifornia’stechnologycrowdrecognisethenameLarrySonsini;nonewithinitscirclecouldfailto.Forfourdecadeshehasbeenlawyeradviserandfriendtomanyprominentcompaniesandinvestors.SomeconsiderhimthemostpowerfulpersoninSiliconValley.Companiesbegforhislawfirmtorepresentthem.The65-year-oldchairmanofWilsonSonsiniGoodrich&RosatiWSG&Rhassuddenlybeenthrustintothespotlight:firstforcounsellingmanyofthetechnologyfirmsnowunderscrutinyforbackdatingstockoptionsandinsomecasesservingontheirboards;andmorerecentlyasoutsidecounseltoHewlett-PackardHPforinitiallydefendingtheboard’sdubiousinvestigativepractices. WSG&Rboasts600lawyersandrepresentsaroundhalfofSiliconValley’spubliccompaniesincludingAppleSunMicrosystemsandGoogle.Lastyearitrankedfirstinprivate-equityandventure-capitaldealswithnearlytwiceasmanyasitsclosestrival.OverthepastfiveyearsWSG&Rhasworkedonover1000mergersandacquisitionscollectivelyworthover$260billion. TherecenttroublescastashadowoverWSG&R’sreputation.AlthoughMr.Sonsiniisnotaccusedofwrongdoinghimselfmanyofhisfirm’sclientsareontheropes.FormerexecutivesatBrocadeCommunicationssufferedcriminalchargesinJulyMr.SonsiniServedonBrocade’sboarduntillastyearandhisfirmwasitsoutsidecounsel.HealsowasontheboardsofPixarEchelonLatticeSemiconductorLSILogicandNovellallfirmsatwhichtheissuingofstockoptionsisbeingcalledintoquestion. WSG&RdismissestheideathatMr.SonsinifacedaconflictofinterestbyactingasbothdirectorandlegaladvisertosomanyfirmsandsayshedidnotadviseHPinitsinvestigationofboardmembers.Mr.Sonsiniinitiallysaiditwas"welldoneandwithinlegallimits".Itnowseemsitwasneither. Thestatisticsinthetextindicate
Directions: Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayof160-200words. YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2. Youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints: ·explainthechart ·providepossiblereasonsforthisphenomenon ·drawaconclusion
Directions. A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160--200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.
[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]SecretofSuccess [D]QuestionstoAsk [E]UnderstandingYourMarket [F]MarketResearch Successfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjobformationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity. InrecognitionoftheimportanceofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationSBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessownersandaspiringentrepreneurs. 41.______ Yourbusinesswillnotsucceedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarketforyourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyoudecideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocessinvolvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers. Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakeabriefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint.Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions: --Isthisproductorserviceinconstantdemand --Howmanycompetitorsprovidethesameserviceorproduct --CanIcreateademandformyproductorservice --CanIcompeteeffectivelyinpricequalityanddelivery —CanIpricemyproductorservicetoassureaprofit Onceyouaresatisfiedthatthesepreliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch. 42.______. Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarketbecausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential.Specificallyit: --Indicatesalternativesalesapproachestoyourmarket. --Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofitassumptions. --Aidsintheorganizationofmarketingactivities. --Assistsinthedevelopmentofcriticalshort/mid-termgoals. --Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofitboundaries. Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocompletethiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbefrustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionandanalysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwillcollectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhichtostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded. 43.______. Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions.. --Whoareyourcustomers --Wherearetheylocated --Whataretheirneedsandresources --Isyourserviceorproductessentialintheiroperationspractivities —Canthecustomeraffordyourserviceorproduct —Wherecanyoucreateademandforyourserviceorproduct --Whatareaswithinyourmarketaredecliningorgrowing --Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyourserviceorproductarea 44.______. Knowingyourmarketrequiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwillserveasamapinlettingyouknowwhatisahead. Moremarketinformationcanbefoundin --Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsandjournals. --Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowthtrends. --Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies. —Competitors. --Customersurveysinyourmarketarea. Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationitwillbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationisimportantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancialprojection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness. 45.______ Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Marketresearchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--thepeoplewhowillbuyfromyou. 44
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 4
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood." That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience--thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecision-makingskillsandconditioningkickin--salienceinoverdrive--tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol." Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli--includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough. Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsers--aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.ThehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectOfthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold. Accordingtothetextanyonemaybeaddictedtodrugsifthey
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 14
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 12
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 2
MichaelPorterwhohasmadehisnamethroughoutthebusinesscommunitybyadvocatinghistheoriesofcompetitiveadvantagesisnowswimmingintoevenmoreshark-infestedwatersarguingthatcompetitioncansaveevenAmerica’stroubledhealth-caresystemthelargestintheworld.Mr.Porterarguesin"RedefiningHealthCare"thatcompetitionifproperlyappliedcanalsofixwhatailsthissector. ThatisaboldclaimgiventhehorriblestateofAmerica’shealth-caresystem.Justconsiderafewofitsfailings:Americapaysmorepercapitaforhealthcarethanmostcountriesbutitstillhassome45mcitizenswithnohealthinsuranceatall.Whileafewreceiveoutstandingtreatmentheshowsinheart-wrenchingdetailthatmostdonot.Thesystemwasteshugeresourcesonpaperworkignorespreventivecareandaboveallhasperverseincentivesthatencourageshiftingcostsratherthancuttingthemoutright.Heconcludesthatitis"onadangerouspathwithatoxiccombinationofhighcostsunevenqualityfrequenterrorsandlimitedaccesstocare." Manyobserverswouldagreewiththisdiagnosisbutmanywouldundoubtedlydisagreewiththisadvocacyofmoremarketforces.Doctorshaveanintuitivedistrustofcompetitionwhichtheyoftenequatewithgreedwhilemanypublic-policythinkersarguethattheonlywaytofixAmerica’sproblemistoquashtheprivatesector’srolealtogetherandinsteadsetupagovernmentmonopolylikeBritain’sNationalHealthService. Mr.Porterstronglydisagrees.HestartsbyacknowledgingthatcompetitionasithasbeenintroducedtoAmerica’shealthsystemhasinfactdonemoreharmthangood.Buthearguesthatcompetitionhasbeenintroducedpiecemealinincoherentandcounter-productivewaysthatleadtoperverseincentivesandworseoutcomes:"health-carecompetitionisnotfocusedondeliveringvalueforpatients"hesays. Mr.Porteroffersamixofsolutionstofixthismessandtherebytoputthesectoronagenuinelycompetitivefooting.Firstcomestheseeminglyobviousbutasyetunrealizedgoalofdatatransparency.Secondisaredirectionofcompetitionfromthelevelofhealthplansdoctorsclinicsandhospitalstocompetition"atthelevelofmedicalconditionswhichisallbutabsent".Theauthorsarguethattherightmeasureof"value"forthehealthoftreatmentandwhatthecostisforthatentirecycle.Thatrightlyemphasizestheroleofearlydetectionandpreventivecareovertechno-fixespriceypillsandtheotherfailingsoftoday’ssystem. Ifthereisafailinginthisargumentitisthathesometimesstraystowardnaiveoptimism.Mr.Porterarguesforexamplethathissolutionsaresocommonsensicalthatprivateactorsinthehealthsystemcouldforgeaheadwiththemprofitablywithoutwaitingforthegovernmenttofixitspolicymistakes.Thatisatemptingnotionbutitfallsintoatrapthateconomistscallthefallacyofthe$20billonthestreet.Iftherereallywereeasymoneyonthepavementgoestheargumentsurelypreviouspassers-bywouldhavebentoverandpickeditupbynow. InthesameveinifMr.Porter’sprescriptionsaresosensiblethatcompaniescanmakemoneyevennowintheabsenceofgovernmentpolicychangeswhyintheworldhavetheynotdonesoalreadyOnereasonmaybethattheycanmakemoremoneyinthecurrentsub-optimalequilibriumthaninaperfectlycompetitivemarket--whichiswhygovernmentactionisprobablyneededtosweepasidethemanyobstaclesinthewayofMr.Porter’spowerfulvision. WhatseemstobethebiggestproblemwithAmerica’shealthcaresystem
FewbeyondCalifornia’stechnologycrowdrecognisethenameLarrySonsini;nonewithinitscirclecouldfailto.Forfourdecadeshehasbeenlawyeradviserandfriendtomanyprominentcompaniesandinvestors.SomeconsiderhimthemostpowerfulpersoninSiliconValley.Companiesbegforhislawfirmtorepresentthem.The65-year-oldchairmanofWilsonSonsiniGoodrich&RosatiWSG&Rhassuddenlybeenthrustintothespotlight:firstforcounsellingmanyofthetechnologyfirmsnowunderscrutinyforbackdatingstockoptionsandinsomecasesservingontheirboards;andmorerecentlyasoutsidecounseltoHewlett-PackardHPforinitiallydefendingtheboard’sdubiousinvestigativepractices. WSG&Rboasts600lawyersandrepresentsaroundhalfofSiliconValley’spubliccompaniesincludingAppleSunMicrosystemsandGoogle.Lastyearitrankedfirstinprivate-equityandventure-capitaldealswithnearlytwiceasmanyasitsclosestrival.OverthepastfiveyearsWSG&Rhasworkedonover1000mergersandacquisitionscollectivelyworthover$260billion. TherecenttroublescastashadowoverWSG&R’sreputation.AlthoughMr.Sonsiniisnotaccusedofwrongdoinghimselfmanyofhisfirm’sclientsareontheropes.FormerexecutivesatBrocadeCommunicationssufferedcriminalchargesinJulyMr.SonsiniServedonBrocade’sboarduntillastyearandhisfirmwasitsoutsidecounsel.HealsowasontheboardsofPixarEchelonLatticeSemiconductorLSILogicandNovellallfirmsatwhichtheissuingofstockoptionsisbeingcalledintoquestion. WSG&RdismissestheideathatMr.SonsinifacedaconflictofinterestbyactingasbothdirectorandlegaladvisertosomanyfirmsandsayshedidnotadviseHPinitsinvestigationofboardmembers.Mr.Sonsiniinitiallysaiditwas"welldoneandwithinlegallimits".Itnowseemsitwasneither. Theauthor’sattitudetowardMr.Sonsini’sremarksis
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 16
Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerintheScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlongerthatthereisan4innotbeingtoobright. Intelligenceit5isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeepburnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—an7process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearnandoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8. Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligenceThat’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wiseitimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet. Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner14isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat15animalsranthelabstheywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatienceourfaithfulnessourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18theywouldhopetostudyan19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein20theresultsareinconclusive. 10
[A]MarketData [B]MarketProsperity [C]SecretofSuccess [D]QuestionstoAsk [E]UnderstandingYourMarket [F]MarketResearch Successfulsmallbusinessexpansionsandnewjobformationleadthewayincreatingnewmarketsinnovationsandjobsthatfueleconomicgrowthandprosperity. InrecognitionoftheimportanceofsmallbusinesstoastrongeconomytheU.S.SmallBusinessAdministrationSBAispleasedtohelpmeettheinformationneedsofexistingbusinessownersandaspiringentrepreneurs. 41.______ Yourbusinesswillnotsucceedjustbecauseyouwantittosucceed.Determiningifthereisamarketforyourproductsorservicesisthemostcriticalitemofplanning.Onceyoudecideonyourproductorserviceyoumustanalyzeyourmarket--aprocessinvolvinginterviewingcompetitorssuppliersandnewcustomers. Beforeyoubeginresearchingyourmarkethoweveryoushouldtakeabriefbutcloselookatyourproductorservicefromanobjectivestandpoint.Youshouldaskyourselfthefollowingquestions: --Isthisproductorserviceinconstantdemand --Howmanycompetitorsprovidethesameserviceorproduct --CanIcreateademandformyproductorservice --CanIcompeteeffectivelyinpricequalityanddelivery —CanIpricemyproductorservicetoassureaprofit Onceyouaresatisfiedthatthesepreliminaryquestionsareansweredmoveontoperformingyourresearch. 42.______. Itisextremelybeneficialtoinvestigateamarketbecausetheinformationgatheredcanincreaseyourprofitpotential.Specificallyit: --Indicatesalternativesalesapproachestoyourmarket. --Providesamoreaccuratebaseformakingprofitassumptions. --Aidsintheorganizationofmarketingactivities. --Assistsinthedevelopmentofcriticalshort/mid-termgoals. --Helpsestablishyourmarket’sprofitboundaries. Unfortunatelymanyentrepreneursfailtocompletethiscriticalsectionoftheirbusinessplan.Collectingresearchdatacanbefrustratingunlessyouhavedefinedyourgoalsandorganizedthecollectionandanalysisprocess.Topreventthisfromhappeningyoumustplanhowyouwillcollectsortandanalyzetheinformation.Maintainanotebookandfileinwhichtostoreorganizeandretrievedataasneeded. 43.______. Yourresearchshouldaskthesequestions.. --Whoareyourcustomers --Wherearetheylocated --Whataretheirneedsandresources --Isyourserviceorproductessentialintheiroperationspractivities —Canthecustomeraffordyourserviceorproduct —Wherecanyoucreateademandforyourserviceorproduct --Whatareaswithinyourmarketaredecliningorgrowing --Whatisthegeneraleconomyofyourserviceorproductarea 44.______. Knowingyourmarketrequiresanunderstandingnotonlyofyourproductbutalsoofyourcustomers’socioeconomiccharacteristics.Thisinformationwillserveasamapinlettingyouknowwhatisahead. Moremarketinformationcanbefoundin --Librarylistingsoftradeassociationsandjournals. --Regionalplanningorganizations’studiesongrowthtrends. --Banksrealtorsandinsurancecompanies. —Competitors. --Customersurveysinyourmarketarea. Onceyouhaveobtainedandanalyzedthisinformationitwillbecomethefoundationofyourbusinessplan.Researchinformationisimportantbecauseitsupportsthebasicassumptionsinyourfinancialprojection--yourreasonforgoingintobusiness. 45.______ Tobesuccessfulasmallbusinessownermustknowthemarket.Marketresearchissimplyanorderlyobjectivewayoflearningaboutpeople--thepeoplewhowillbuyfromyou. 42
MichaelPorterwhohasmadehisnamethroughoutthebusinesscommunitybyadvocatinghistheoriesofcompetitiveadvantagesisnowswimmingintoevenmoreshark-infestedwatersarguingthatcompetitioncansaveevenAmerica’stroubledhealth-caresystemthelargestintheworld.Mr.Porterarguesin"RedefiningHealthCare"thatcompetitionifproperlyappliedcanalsofixwhatailsthissector. ThatisaboldclaimgiventhehorriblestateofAmerica’shealth-caresystem.Justconsiderafewofitsfailings:Americapaysmorepercapitaforhealthcarethanmostcountriesbutitstillhassome45mcitizenswithnohealthinsuranceatall.Whileafewreceiveoutstandingtreatmentheshowsinheart-wrenchingdetailthatmostdonot.Thesystemwasteshugeresourcesonpaperworkignorespreventivecareandaboveallhasperverseincentivesthatencourageshiftingcostsratherthancuttingthemoutright.Heconcludesthatitis"onadangerouspathwithatoxiccombinationofhighcostsunevenqualityfrequenterrorsandlimitedaccesstocare." Manyobserverswouldagreewiththisdiagnosisbutmanywouldundoubtedlydisagreewiththisadvocacyofmoremarketforces.Doctorshaveanintuitivedistrustofcompetitionwhichtheyoftenequatewithgreedwhilemanypublic-policythinkersarguethattheonlywaytofixAmerica’sproblemistoquashtheprivatesector’srolealtogetherandinsteadsetupagovernmentmonopolylikeBritain’sNationalHealthService. Mr.Porterstronglydisagrees.HestartsbyacknowledgingthatcompetitionasithasbeenintroducedtoAmerica’shealthsystemhasinfactdonemoreharmthangood.Buthearguesthatcompetitionhasbeenintroducedpiecemealinincoherentandcounter-productivewaysthatleadtoperverseincentivesandworseoutcomes:"health-carecompetitionisnotfocusedondeliveringvalueforpatients"hesays. Mr.Porteroffersamixofsolutionstofixthismessandtherebytoputthesectoronagenuinelycompetitivefooting.Firstcomestheseeminglyobviousbutasyetunrealizedgoalofdatatransparency.Secondisaredirectionofcompetitionfromthelevelofhealthplansdoctorsclinicsandhospitalstocompetition"atthelevelofmedicalconditionswhichisallbutabsent".Theauthorsarguethattherightmeasureof"value"forthehealthoftreatmentandwhatthecostisforthatentirecycle.Thatrightlyemphasizestheroleofearlydetectionandpreventivecareovertechno-fixespriceypillsandtheotherfailingsoftoday’ssystem. Ifthereisafailinginthisargumentitisthathesometimesstraystowardnaiveoptimism.Mr.Porterarguesforexamplethathissolutionsaresocommonsensicalthatprivateactorsinthehealthsystemcouldforgeaheadwiththemprofitablywithoutwaitingforthegovernmenttofixitspolicymistakes.Thatisatemptingnotionbutitfallsintoatrapthateconomistscallthefallacyofthe$20billonthestreet.Iftherereallywereeasymoneyonthepavementgoestheargumentsurelypreviouspassers-bywouldhavebentoverandpickeditupbynow. InthesameveinifMr.Porter’sprescriptionsaresosensiblethatcompaniescanmakemoneyevennowintheabsenceofgovernmentpolicychangeswhyintheworldhavetheynotdonesoalreadyOnereasonmaybethattheycanmakemoremoneyinthecurrentsub-optimalequilibriumthaninaperfectlycompetitivemarket--whichiswhygovernmentactionisprobablyneededtosweepasidethemanyobstaclesinthewayofMr.Porter’spowerfulvision. Mr.Porter’sargumentseemstobebasedontheassumptionthat
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttodoctorsfriendsandrelatives.You’dthinkinthiseraoflabor-savingandconvenienttransportationthatfewpeoplewouldhavereasontobesotired.Thecausesofmodern-dayfatiguearediverseandonlyrarelyrelatedtoexcessivephysicalexertion.Todayphysiciansreporttirednessismorelikelyaconsequenceofunderexercisethanofwearingyourselfdownwithoveractivity. Physicalfatigueisthewell-knownresultofoverworkingyourmuscles.46Physicalfatigueisusuallyapleasanttirednesssuchasthatwhichyoumightexperienceafterplayingahardsetoftennischoppingwoodorclimbingamountain.Thecureissimpleandfast:Yourestgivingyourbodyachancetogetridofaccumulatedwasteandrestoremusclefuel. 47Illnessinducedfatigueisawarningsignorconsequenceofsomeunderlyingphysicaldisorderperhapsthecommoncoldorfluorsomethingmoreseriouslikecancerwhileothersymptomsarepresentthatoftensuggestthetruecause.Evenafteranillnesspassedyou’relikelytofeeldraggedoutforaweekormore.48Takeyourfatigueasasignaltogoslowwhileyourbodyhasachancetorecoverfullyevenifallyouhadwasacold.Pushingyourselftoresumefullactivitytoosoonwillcertainlyprolongyourperiodoffatigue. Emotionalproblemsandconflictsespeciallydepressionandanxietyarebyfarthemostcommoncausesofprolongedfatigue.Whensuchfeelingsarenotexpressedopenlytheyoftencomeoutasphysicalsymptomswithfatigueasoneofthemostcommonmanifestations.49Understandingtheunderlyingemotionalproblemisthecrucialfirststeptowardcuringpsychologicalfatigueandbyitselfoftenresultsinconsiderablelesseningofthetiredness.Professionalpsychologicalhelporcareerormarriagecounselingmaybeneeded. Thereisagreatdealyoucandoonyourowntodealwithbothsevereprolongedfatigueandthoseperiodicwashed-outfeelings.Youmighttrytodomoderateexercise.50Contrarytowhatyoumaythinkexerciseenhancesratherthandrainsengeryandhelpsyoutoresistfatiguebyincreasingyourbody’sabilitytohandlemoreofaworkload.Attheendofadayexercisecanrelieveaccumulatedtensionsgiveyoumoreenergyintheeveningandhelpyousleepmorerestfully. 50Contrarytowhatyoumaythinkexerciseenhancesratherthandrainsengeryandhelpsyoutoresistfatiguebyincreasingyourbody’sabilitytohandlemoreofaworkload.
Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersof"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthe"genewriter".DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. TheDNAdesignedbyEvan’stechnologydiffersstrikinglyfromthatsynthesizedbyexistingtechnologyinthattheformerischaracterizedbyits
GermanChancellorAngelaMerkelwonoverGermanvotersintheFederalElectiononSept.27.CanshenowbewonoverbyaFrenchcharmoffensive1atrepairingtherelationshipthatwasonceattheheartofEuropeThat’sthequestionbeingaskedinParis2topgovernmentofficialsare3talkingabouttheirdesiretorekindlecloserties4theirneighborsacrosstheRhine.5theendofWorldWarIItheFranco-GermanrelationshiphasbeenthemotorofEuropeanintegrationthe6forcebehindthecreationoftheEuropeanUnionandmorerecentlytheintroductionoftheeuro.Buttheardorhas7inthisdecadeparticularlyunderMerkelwhohasregularlystruggledto8herirritationwithFrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozy’sgrandstanding.Sarkozy9hasoftenbeenimpatientwithwhathe10Merkel’slackofresolve. Thesometimes11personalrapportisalongwayfromthepublicshowsofaffectiontheirpredecessorsstagedparticularlyHelmutKohlandFranCoisMitterrandwhomovinglyheld12in1984inaVerduncemetery.There’sbeentensionon13too.CharlesGrantdirectoroftheLondon-basedthinktankCentreforEuropeanReformpointsoutthatFranceandGermanyhavebeen14onissuesfromhowbesttoreflatetheireconomiesduringtheeconomic15tothesmarteststrategiesfordealingwithRussia. ButinfluentialmoversinFrancearenow16toputtherelationshipbackonafriendlierfooting.InarecentpaperFrenchthinktankInstituteMontaigne17anambitiousagendaforthetwonations18thatanewimpetusisneededifEurope’svoiceistobeheardinaworld19ofbignewplayerssuchasBrazilandIndiaandatatimewhenPresidentObamaseemsfaxmore20withChinaandtherestofAsiathanwithAmerica’straditionalalliesinEurope. 2
Fatigueisoneofthemostcommoncomplaintsbroughttodoctorsfriendsandrelatives.You’dthinkinthiseraoflabor-savingandconvenienttransportationthatfewpeoplewouldhavereasontobesotired.Thecausesofmodern-dayfatiguearediverseandonlyrarelyrelatedtoexcessivephysicalexertion.Todayphysiciansreporttirednessismorelikelyaconsequenceofunderexercisethanofwearingyourselfdownwithoveractivity. Physicalfatigueisthewell-knownresultofoverworkingyourmuscles.46Physicalfatigueisusuallyapleasanttirednesssuchasthatwhichyoumightexperienceafterplayingahardsetoftennischoppingwoodorclimbingamountain.Thecureissimpleandfast:Yourestgivingyourbodyachancetogetridofaccumulatedwasteandrestoremusclefuel. 47Illnessinducedfatigueisawarningsignorconsequenceofsomeunderlyingphysicaldisorderperhapsthecommoncoldorfluorsomethingmoreseriouslikecancerwhileothersymptomsarepresentthatoftensuggestthetruecause.Evenafteranillnesspassedyou’relikelytofeeldraggedoutforaweekormore.48Takeyourfatigueasasignaltogoslowwhileyourbodyhasachancetorecoverfullyevenifallyouhadwasacold.Pushingyourselftoresumefullactivitytoosoonwillcertainlyprolongyourperiodoffatigue. Emotionalproblemsandconflictsespeciallydepressionandanxietyarebyfarthemostcommoncausesofprolongedfatigue.Whensuchfeelingsarenotexpressedopenlytheyoftencomeoutasphysicalsymptomswithfatigueasoneofthemostcommonmanifestations.49Understandingtheunderlyingemotionalproblemisthecrucialfirststeptowardcuringpsychologicalfatigueandbyitselfoftenresultsinconsiderablelesseningofthetiredness.Professionalpsychologicalhelporcareerormarriagecounselingmaybeneeded. Thereisagreatdealyoucandoonyourowntodealwithbothsevereprolongedfatigueandthoseperiodicwashed-outfeelings.Youmighttrytodomoderateexercise.50Contrarytowhatyoumaythinkexerciseenhancesratherthandrainsengeryandhelpsyoutoresistfatiguebyincreasingyourbody’sabilitytohandlemoreofaworkload.Attheendofadayexercisecanrelieveaccumulatedtensionsgiveyoumoreenergyintheeveningandhelpyousleepmorerestfully. 46Physicalfatigueisusuallyapleasanttirednesssuchasthatwhichyoumightexperienceafterplayingahardsetoftennischoppingwoodorclimbingamountain.
Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersof"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthe"genewriter".DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. Thepassageisprimarilyinthedevelopmentofthethesis.
MichaelPorterwhohasmadehisnamethroughoutthebusinesscommunitybyadvocatinghistheoriesofcompetitiveadvantagesisnowswimmingintoevenmoreshark-infestedwatersarguingthatcompetitioncansaveevenAmerica’stroubledhealth-caresystemthelargestintheworld.Mr.Porterarguesin"RedefiningHealthCare"thatcompetitionifproperlyappliedcanalsofixwhatailsthissector. ThatisaboldclaimgiventhehorriblestateofAmerica’shealth-caresystem.Justconsiderafewofitsfailings:Americapaysmorepercapitaforhealthcarethanmostcountriesbutitstillhassome45mcitizenswithnohealthinsuranceatall.Whileafewreceiveoutstandingtreatmentheshowsinheart-wrenchingdetailthatmostdonot.Thesystemwasteshugeresourcesonpaperworkignorespreventivecareandaboveallhasperverseincentivesthatencourageshiftingcostsratherthancuttingthemoutright.Heconcludesthatitis"onadangerouspathwithatoxiccombinationofhighcostsunevenqualityfrequenterrorsandlimitedaccesstocare." Manyobserverswouldagreewiththisdiagnosisbutmanywouldundoubtedlydisagreewiththisadvocacyofmoremarketforces.Doctorshaveanintuitivedistrustofcompetitionwhichtheyoftenequatewithgreedwhilemanypublic-policythinkersarguethattheonlywaytofixAmerica’sproblemistoquashtheprivatesector’srolealtogetherandinsteadsetupagovernmentmonopolylikeBritain’sNationalHealthService. Mr.Porterstronglydisagrees.HestartsbyacknowledgingthatcompetitionasithasbeenintroducedtoAmerica’shealthsystemhasinfactdonemoreharmthangood.Buthearguesthatcompetitionhasbeenintroducedpiecemealinincoherentandcounter-productivewaysthatleadtoperverseincentivesandworseoutcomes:"health-carecompetitionisnotfocusedondeliveringvalueforpatients"hesays. Mr.Porteroffersamixofsolutionstofixthismessandtherebytoputthesectoronagenuinelycompetitivefooting.Firstcomestheseeminglyobviousbutasyetunrealizedgoalofdatatransparency.Secondisaredirectionofcompetitionfromthelevelofhealthplansdoctorsclinicsandhospitalstocompetition"atthelevelofmedicalconditionswhichisallbutabsent".Theauthorsarguethattherightmeasureof"value"forthehealthoftreatmentandwhatthecostisforthatentirecycle.Thatrightlyemphasizestheroleofearlydetectionandpreventivecareovertechno-fixespriceypillsandtheotherfailingsoftoday’ssystem. Ifthereisafailinginthisargumentitisthathesometimesstraystowardnaiveoptimism.Mr.Porterarguesforexamplethathissolutionsaresocommonsensicalthatprivateactorsinthehealthsystemcouldforgeaheadwiththemprofitablywithoutwaitingforthegovernmenttofixitspolicymistakes.Thatisatemptingnotionbutitfallsintoatrapthateconomistscallthefallacyofthe$20billonthestreet.Iftherereallywereeasymoneyonthepavementgoestheargumentsurelypreviouspassers-bywouldhavebentoverandpickeditupbynow. InthesameveinifMr.Porter’sprescriptionsaresosensiblethatcompaniescanmakemoneyevennowintheabsenceofgovernmentpolicychangeswhyintheworldhavetheynotdonesoalreadyOnereasonmaybethattheycanmakemoremoneyinthecurrentsub-optimalequilibriumthaninaperfectlycompetitivemarket--whichiswhygovernmentactionisprobablyneededtosweepasidethemanyobstaclesinthewayofMr.Porter’spowerfulvision. Wecaninferfromthelasttwoparagraphsthat
Inascience-fictionmoviecalled"Species"amysterioussignalfromouterspaceturnsouttodescribethegenomeofanunknownorganism.WhentheinevitablemadscientistsynthesizestheDNAdescribedbytheinstructionsthecreaturehebreedsfromitturnsouttoresembleNatashaHenstridgeanathleticactress.UnfortunatelythealienharborswithinherdelicateformthedestructivepowersofaPanzerdivisionanditallendsbadlyfortherashgeneticistandhislaboratory. GlenEvanschiefexecutiveofEgeaBiosciencesinSanDiegoCaliforniaacknowledgesregretfullythatdespiteseekinghisexpertopinion--inreturnforwhichhewaspresentedwiththeposterofthestrikingMrHenstridgethathangsonhisofficewall--theproducersof"Species"didnothewverycloselytohissuggestionsaboutthefeasibilityoftheirscriptideas.Stilltheyhadcometotherightman.DrEvansbelievesthathisfirmwillsoonbeabletocreateifnotanaliensuccubusatleastatinybiologicalmachinemadeofartificialproteinsthatcouldmimicthebehaviorofalivingcell. MakingsuchproteinswillrequiretheabilitytosynthesizelongstretchesofDNA.ExistingtechnologyforsynthesizingDNAcanmanagetomakegenesthatencodeafewdozenaminoacidsbutthisistooshorttoproduceanyinterestingproteins.Egea’stechnologybycontrastwouldallowbiologiststomanufacturegeneswholesale.Thefirm’sscientistscanmakegeneslongenoughtoencode6000aminoacids.Theyaimtosynthesizeagenefor30000aminoacidswithintwoyears. Usingalibraryoftheroughly1500possible"motifs"orfoldsthataproteincanadoptEgea’sscientistsemploycomputerstodesignnewproteinsthatarelikelytohavedesirableshapesandproperties.TosynthesizetheDNAthatencodestheseproteinsEgeausesamachineithasdubbedthe"genewriter".DrEvanslikensthisdevicetoaword-processorforDNAonwhichyoucantypeinthesequenceoflettersdefiningapieceofDNAandgetthatmoleculeout. AsEgeaextendsthelengthofDNAitcansynthesizeDrEvansenvisagesencodingnotjustproteinsbutentirebiochemicalpathwayswhichareteamsofproteinsthatconductmetabolicprocesses.Acollectionofsuchmoleculescouldconceivablyfunctionasaminiaturemachinethatwouldoperateinthebodyandattackdiseasejustasthebody’sowndefensivecellsdo.PerhapsDrEvansandhiscolleaguesoughttogetintouchwiththeirfriendsinHollywood. Thispassageismainly
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood." That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience--thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecision-makingskillsandconditioningkickin--salienceinoverdrive--tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol." Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli--includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough. Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsers--aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.ThehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectOfthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold. Pauluscouldaccuratelypredicttherelapsersbecause
Onceacirclemissedawedge.Thecirclewantedtobewholesoitwentaroundlookingforitsmissingpiece.Butbecauseitwasincompleteandthereforecouldrollonlyveryslowlyitadmiredtheflowersalongtheway.Itchattedwithworms.Itenjoyedthesunshine.Itfoundlotsofdifferentpiecesbutnoneofthemfit.Soitleftthemallbythesideoftheroadandkeptonsearching.Thenonedaythecirclefoundapiecethatfitperfectly.Itwassohappy.Nowitcouldbewholewithnothingmissing.Itincorporatedthemissingpieceintoitselfandbegantoroll.Nowthatitwasaperfectcircleitcouldrollveryfasttoofasttonoticeflowersortalktotheworms.46Whenitrealizedhowdifferenttheworldseemedwhenitrolledsoquicklyitstoppedleftitsfoundpiecebythesideoftheroadandrolledslowlyaway. 47ThelessonofthestoryIsuggestedwasthatinsomestrangesensewearemorewholewhenwearemissingsomething.Themanwhohaseverythingisinsomewaysapoorman.Hewillneverknowwhatitfeelsliketoyearntohopetonourishhissoulwiththedreamofsomethingbetter.Hewillneverknowtheexperienceofhavingsomeonewholoveshimgivehimsomethinghehasalwayswantedorneverhad. 48Thereisawholenessaboutthepersonwhohascronetotermswithhislimitationswhohasbeenbraveenoughtoletgoofhisunrealisticdreamsandnotfeellikeafailurefordoingso.Thereisawholenessaboutthemanorwomanwhohaslearnedthatheorsheisstrongenoughtogothroughatragedyandsurviveshecanlosesomeoneandstillfeellikeacompleteperson.LifeisnotatrapsetforusbyGodsothathecancondemnusforfailing.Lifeisnotaspellingbeewherenomatterhowmanywordsyou’vegottenright;you’redisqualifiedifyoumakeonemistake.49Lifeismorelikeabaseballseasonwhereeventhebestteamlosesonethirdofitsgamesandeventheworstteamhasitsdaysofbrilliance.Ourgoalistowinmoregamesthanwelose. Whenweacceptthatimperfectionispartofbeinghumanandwhenwecancontinuerollingthroughlifeandappreciateitwewillhaveachievedawholenessthatotherscanonlyaspireto.50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—not"Beperfect"not"Don’tevenmakeamistake"but"Bewhole." 50ThatIbelieveiswhatGodasksofus—notBeperfectnotDon’tevenmakeamistakebutBewhole.
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