首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
针对班级授课制的弊端，美国进步主义教育家帕克赫斯特所提出的个别教学制度被称为 ( )
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选题》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
以下关于班级授课制的说法中正确的有
班级授课制是社会教育发展到一定历史阶段的产物
班级授课制的产生大大提高了教学效率
班级授课制最早是由美国教育家夸美纽斯提出的
最早阐述班级授课制的著作是《大教学论》
班级授课制仍然是我国教育教学的重要组织形式
柏克赫斯特创立的教学组织形式是
班级授课
设计教学法
道尔顿制
分组教学
文纳特卡计划是进步教育运动期间最著名的教育实验之一它是教育家提出的
兰喀斯特
克伯屈
帕克赫斯特
华虚朋
文纳特卡制的主要制定者是美国进步主义教育家
在美国进步教育运动中美国教育家帕克的主要贡献在于创立了
葛雷制
昆西教学法
道尔顿制
设计教学法
首先对班级授课制给予系统理论描述和概括的是
德国教育家赫尔巴特
德国zōng jiāo 改革领袖马丁·路德
美国教育家杜威
捷克教育家夸美纽斯
针对班级授课制的弊端美国进步主义教育家帕克赫斯特所提出的个别教学制度被称为
进步主义教育实验中的设计教学法是提出的
帕克
华虚朋
克伯屈
帕克赫斯特
20世纪20年代帕克赫斯特在马萨诸塞州创建的一种新的教学组织形式是
个别教学制
分组教学制
道尔顿制
班级授课制
特朗普制
首先对班级授课制给予系统理论描述和概括的是
德国教育家赫尔巴特
德国zōng jiāo 改革领袖马丁•路德
美国教育家杜威
捷克教育家夸美纽斯
昆西教学法是由教育家提出的
华虚朋
克伯屈
帕科赫斯特
帕克
下列哪位教育家被称为设计教学法之父
桑代克
华虚朋
克伯屈
帕克赫斯特
首先对班级授课制给予系统理论描述和概括的是
捷克教育家夸美纽斯
德国教育家赫尔巴特
德国zōng jiāo 改革领袖马丁·路德
美国教育家杜威
柏克赫斯特创立的学制是
个别教学制
班级授课制
特朗普制
道尔顿制
捷克教育家夸美纽斯在其普通教育学中提出了班级授课制的思想
自17世纪捷克教育家夸美纽斯提出班级授课制的理论后班级授课制便逐渐为各国学校所采用然而班级授课制也在
进步主义教育思潮的代表人物是美国的实用主义教育家
托夫勒
杜威
马斯洛
罗杰斯
热门试题
更多
Agrowingnumberofwomenarerisingtothetop--andbeginningtochangethecultureoftheworkplace. Thisshouldbeaseasonofcelebration.Afterallbymanymeasuresthere’sneverbeenabettertimetobeawoman.InplaceslikeScandinaviaandBritainathirdormoreofallcorporatemanagersarenowwomen.ThenumberoffemaleexecutivedirectorsofFISE100companiesnearlydoubledfrom2000to2004.LatinAmericahasseena50percentjumpinthenumberofwomenpoliticiansinthelastdecade.Japanvoted26newfemaleparliamentariansintoofficethisyear.Ofcoursethejewelintheequal-opportunitycrownwasthisfall’selectionofAngelaMerkel--oncenicknamed"theGirl"byHelmutKohl--toGermany’shighestoffice. Butasalwaysstatisticstellamultifacetedstory.Sureit’snolongerananomalytohaveafemaleCEO--buttherearestillonly17femaleexecutivedirectorsinthelargestFTSE100companies.IntheEUParliamentonly23outof162membersarefemale.InBritainstudiesshowthatwomenhaveneverbeenmoredissatisfiedwiththeworkplace.Nowonder:theEUpaygapbetweenmenandwomenshrankonlyonepointinthelastcoupleofyearsto17.5percent. SowheredoesallthisleaveusWithsomebigchallengesthatrequiremorefemaleleadershiptosolve.Atsomemajorcompanies--includingShellandBritishTelecom--womenarecombatingtheold-boys’clubatmospherebystartingtheirownnetworkslinkingtopfemaleleaderswithup-and-comerstheycanmentor.Laborflexibilityisalsoontheagenda;inpartsofEuropetopfemalelegislatorshavefoughttogiveemployeeswithchildrenorelderlyparentstherighttoaskforadjustablehours.Perhapsmostimportantthereisanincreasinglyvibrantdebatearoundwork-lifebalance.Studyafterstudyshowsthatitisaworkingwoman’ssecondfull-timejob--ascaregiver--thatmakesitmostdifficultforhertostayonthecareerladder.Whileextrabenefitsandlongermaternityleavecanhelptheyaren’tacompletesolution. Clearlysomeout-of-the-boxthinkingisrequired.Andthat’swherewomencomein.IncountrieslikeCameroonBoliviaandMalaysiagreaternumbersofwomeninpublicofficehaveresultedinlessspendingonthemilitaryandmoreonhealtheducationandinfrastructure.Norway’swoman-heavyParliamentrecentlypassedalawmandatingthat40percentofdirectorsoncorporateboardsbewomen.AndinGermanythearchetypaloutsider--awomanwhogrewuponthewrongsideoftheIronCurtain--willlikelytakethehelminacountrywithvirtuallynootherwomenintoppositionsofpower.Nolonger"theGirl"butpoisedtobecomethechancellorMerkelisasymbolofhowfarwomenhavecome--andtheworkthatremainstobedone. Wecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthat
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
DespitethedoubtsanddespitecomplaintsfromshopownersLondon’scongestioncharge--introducedinFebruary2003--hasmanagedtoeasethegridlockinthecitycentre.Trafficisdownby18%jamsby30%.Thescheme’sbiggestweaknessisthatitiscrude:driverspay￡8$14toenterthezonebetween7amand6:30pmregardlessofhowcongestedtheroadsareorhowlongtheystay. Soroad-pricingfansarewatchingtrialsbyTransportforLondonTfLofanewdetectionsystemcalledtag-and-beaconwithinterest.UndersuchaschemeusedinSingaporeandonsomeEuropeanroadscarsarefittedwithelectronictagsthatarereadbyroadsidemasts.IfthetrialissuccessfulTfLsaysthatthecitycouldswitchtothesystemoncethecontracttorunthecongestionchargeisre-letin2009. Currentlycamerasareusedtoreadlicenseplatesandtrackmotorists.Theyarenotalwaysreliable:anindividualcameraidentifiesonlyaround70%ofcars.Mostdrivengetphotographedmorethanoncewhichbooststhesystem’seffectivenesstoover95%butthatstillleavesseveralthousandvehiclesperdaywhosedetailsmustbelaboriouslycheckedbyhand.Tag-and-beacontechnologyismuchmoreaccuratewithanidentificationrateofover99%. TfLsaysthetrialispartlydesignedtoseewhetherthenewsystemcouldallowdriverstopaychargesbydirectdebit.Thatwouldbepopularwithmotoristswhocomplainthatthecurrentpaymentsystemisunfriendly:thetollforaday’stravelmustbepaidmanually--onlinebyphoneorinashop--bymidnightwithsteepfinesleviedonforgetfuldrivers. Moreprecisedetectionalsoallowsformoreprecisioninpolicyandroad-pricingenthusiastsseeradicalpossibilitiesahead.TfLsaysitisconsideringusingthenewtechnologytochargedriverseachtimetheycrossthezoneboundaryuptoadailymaximuminsteadofpayingonceforanentireday’stravel.Thatwouldbecheaperfordriverswhomakefewtripsintothezonealthoughdriverswhospendalongtimetrundlingaroundwithoutleavingtherebycausingthemostcongestionwouldgetofflightlytoo. Furtherrefinementsmaybepossible.Thecurrentsystemhascuttrafficmostdrasticallyinthemiddleofthedaywhencongestionisatitslowest.Demandforroadspacewouldbettermatchsupplyifchargeswerevariable--highatthebusiesttimesofdayandlowinquietperiods. Suchatime-sensitivevariable-chargingschemeusingatag-and-beaconsystemwasendorsedlastyearbyBobKileytheTfL’sbosswhoalsosaidthathewantedtoextendthecongestionchargetootherpartsofLondon.ThatwouldbecontroversialandMr.Kiley’sunderlingswerequicktoinsistthathismusingswerenotofficialpolicy.ButtheoriginalschemewascontroversialtooyetKenLivingstoneLondon’smayoranditsbiggestbackerwasre-electedafterintroducingit.Itwouldbeashameiftimiditytookholdnow Fromparagraph1weknowthatLondon’scongestionchargescheme
Soyou’vebeenwithyourcompanyforawhileandhavebeenexceedingallofyourmanager’sexpectations.Youworkhardareagreatteamplayercomeupwithnewideastotakethebusinessfurtherandareanall-aroundjoyintheworkplace. Ifyouhaven’tbeenpromotedorbeenbumpedupinsalaryautomaticallyitmightbetimetotakethebullbythehornsandapproachthistopicyourself.Whileaskingforaraisemakesmanypeopleuncomfortableandnervousthesituationcanbeabreezeifhandledcorrectly. Thefollowingareafewstepstofollowtomakesureyourrequestdoesnotfallondeafears: 41.Doyourresearch. Likeanyotherelementofyourcareeritallstartswithresearch.Inordertopresentyourmanagerwithacompellingcaseinyourfavoryouneedtoknowwhatthegoingrateisforsomeonewithyourexperienceandinyourposition. 42.Outlineacaseforyourself. Whengoingintoanykindofnegotiationsessionyouneedtobeequippedwiththerightamountofammunition.Beforeyouwalkintoyourmeetinglookbackatyourtimewiththecompanyandhighlightyouraceomplishments.Comeupwithalistofspecificexamplesofwaysyouhavebeenavaluableassettothebusiness.Findfactsandfiguresthatdemonstratewhatyouhaveexcelledusingnumberswheneverpossible. Ifyoureallywanttoknocktheirsocksoffputyouraccomplishmentsintoaformalpresentationalbeitbriefthatoutlineseachofyourgoalsandhowyouhaveachievedthem.Thiswilldemonstratethatyouareprofessionalwillingtogotheextramileandhavethoughtaboutyourrequestthoroughly. 43.Knowwhat’sgoingoninyourneighborhood. Therearegoodtimesandbadtimestoaskforaraiseatanycompany. Scheduleampletimetopresentyourcaseandmakesureyourtimingisright. Askingforaraiseontheflyafterjustwalkingintoyourmanager’sofficetochatwillnotbenefityouorimpressyourboss. Makesureyouhavetimetopresentyourcaseandthatyourmanagerhastimetothinkaboutyourpresentation.Requestameetingwithyoursupervisoratleastahalf-hourlong.Thinkaboutyourtimingwhenyouschedulethemeetingtoo.Ifyourdepartmenthasabevyofdeadlinestomeetattheendofeachmonthdon’tscheduleyourmeetingonthe29th.Pickatimewhenyourmanagerwillbesuretobeinagoodmoodandnotoverlystressed. 44.Avoidthreatsordemands. Thelastthingyouwanttodoistoputyoursupervisoronthedefensive. Beprofessionalandifyourjobisworthkeepingwillingtolistentotheotherside.Keepthemeetingpositiveandyouroutcomewillbemorepositive. 45.Rememberthatnotallperksaremonetary. Don’tfallintothetrapofthinkingyouarenotvaluedifyoudonotgetexactlywhatyouhadexpected. [A]Ifyouapproachyourmanagerforaraiseinatimeofdownsizingandcost-cuttingyouwillnotonlybedeniedbutwillalsoshowthatyouarenotintunewiththecompany’sneeds.Makesureyouunderstandyourcompany’soverallfinancialsituation. [B]Forexampleifyoudevelopedamarketingplanthathelpedincreasesalesmakesureyouhavethosesalesfiguresonhandaswellasyourroleintheplananditsexecution.Besuretotieyourownsuccessintotheoverallsuccessofthecompany. [C]Ifyourcompanyisstrappedfinanciallybutyouandyourmanagerstillcometotheconclusionthatitistimeforyoutoberewardedforyourperformanceyoumightbeabletonegotiateforstockoptionsmorevacationtimeorothernon-monetarybenefits. [D]Whenyoucomeupwithyourdesiredraiseinyourbasesalarygoover2%.Ifyouwant8%thenaskfor10%. [E]YoucanfindoutwhatothersinyourindustryandincomparablepositionsarerakinginbylookingatonlineresourcesthroughtheBureauofLaborStatisticsorinbookslike"TheAmericanAlmanacofJobsandSalaries"byJohnW.WrightQuill. [F]Goingintoameetingwiththe"ifIdon’tgetitI’mleaving"attitudewillonlytellyourcompanyyouareuncompromisingandonlyoutfornumberone. 44
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
1interpretthefollowinggraph. 2possiblereasonsforthephenomenon. 3yourcomments. C.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2.
CouldHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDSbeweakeningTheresultsofastudyconductedinBelgiumattheInstituteofTropicalMedicineinAntwerpseemtosuggestthatinonecorneroftheworlditmightbe.ThereportpublishedinthelatestissueofAIDSaspecialistjournalconcludesthatHIV’sabilitytoreplicateknowntechnicallyasitsvirulencemayhavedecreasedsincethestartofthepandemic.KevinAdentheleadauthorofthepaperstressesthatthestudyisbasedonasmallsetofsamplesanddoesnotprovethatHIV’svirulenceisattenuatingaroundtheworld.Howeveritdoesoffernewinsightsintotheevolutionofthedisease. Dr.Arienlookedat24bloodsamplescollectedfromuntreatedpatientsattendinganHIV/AIDSclinicinAntwerp.Adozenofthesesamplesweretakenbetween1986and1989;theother12werecollectedbetween2002and2003.Firstheanalyzedthesamplestofindtheirviralloadthenumberofvirusparticlespercubiccentimeterandthesubtypeofvirusinvolved.InEuropeandNorthAmericathepredominantsubtypeisB;insub-SaharanAfricawheretheepidemicisatitsworstthepredominantsubtypeisC.MostofDr.Arien’ssampleswereofsubtypeB.Havingdonethisanalysishepairedthesamplesoffforaseriesofreplicative"duels".Eachsamplefromtheearlierserieswasmatchedwiththemostsimilaronefromthelaterseriesandtheywereplacedinidenticalcellculturestoseewhichwouldmultiplythemost.Theresultwasthat75%ofthevirusesfrom2002-03werelessvirulentthanapparentlysimilarcounterpartsfrom1986-89--astatisticallysignificantobservation. Dr.Arien’scautionissensibleatleastuntilsomeonereplicatestheworkelsewhere.Buthisconclusionisnotnecessarilysurprising.Suchviralattenuationasitisknownisonewaythatvaccinesareproduced. Whatcausesattenuationinwildvirusesthoughisamatterofspeculation.DrArienbelievesthatinthiscasetheattenuationcouldbetheresultofwhathecalls"serialgeneticbottlenecks"duringtransmissionfromhosttohost.Theseacttoreducethegeneticdiversityandthusthereplicativefitnessofthevirus.GeneticdiversityisknowntobeanimportantcomponentofHIV’svirulence.Butwhatmightcausethebottlenecksisstillunclear. AsecondreasonforcautionbesidesthesmallsizeofthestudyisasGeoffreyGarnettaprofessorofmicroparasiteepidemiologyatImperialCollegeLondonpointsoutthattheabilityofavirustoinfectcellsinatest-tubeisnotthesameasitsabilitytocausediseaseanddeathinahumanhost.NeverthelessDrAden’sresultisintriguingandsurelyworthfollowingupinalargerpieceofresearch. BysayingDr.Arien’scautionissensibleLine1Paragraph3theauthorimpliesthat
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
YoucannotbuyPradashoesonPrada.com.InfacttherearenoworkinglinksontheWebsite.Thisisnotatechnicaldisorder.Sincethelate’9OsthesitehasbeenasinglepagewithonlythenameoftheItalianfashionhouseandtwophotographs.Nostorelocationsorhelpnumbers.Nothing."IlovePrada"pondersNinaDietzelpresidentofWeb-designcompany300FeetOut."Butwhat’supwiththeir’site’" PradaclaimsanewWebsiteis"underdevelopment."Buthavingamysteriouslyuselesshomepageitadmitshasanallure.Itscreamsexclusivity:youcanseebutyoucan’tclick.It’sauniquelyPradasolutiontothisriddle:howtomakeyourluxurybrandworkontheInternetwithoutdiminishingitsvalue.InasensetheInternetisantitheticaltothe"hightouch"luxuryexperience.ThereisnoindulgencebysalesstaffandcustomershavecometoseetheNetasapathtocheappricesnottop-dollargoods.There’snovelvetrope:anyonecanplaceanorderorsetupshop.That’swhyPradastrivestomaintainthelinkbetweenitsnameandtheextravagantexperienceofshoppingatstoreslikeits$40millionNewYorkflagshipdesignedbyRemKoolhaas. UnlikePradamostluxurycompaniescan’taffordtoignoretheWeb:intheUnitedStatesecommerceaccountedfor$2.5billioninluxurysales.Thatfigureisexpectedtogrowto$7billionby2010saysForresterResearch.It’sstillasmallfractionofthetotalmarketcomparedtootherretailsectorsbutfiveyearsagoanalystssaidtherewas"noway"luxurywouldsellonline.Theywerebettingcustomerswouldn’tpaythatmuchontheWebandtopbrandswouldn’tgoslumminginthisbargainbasement.Oneofthefirsthigh-endluxuryretailersAshford.comhadmanywell-publicizedstruggleswithitsstockdroppingtonearrockbottomin2001. CompanieslikeNeimanMarcusthathavestrongcatalogsaleshavemadethetransitiontotheWebmoreeasily;onlinesalesarethecompany’sfastest-growingsourceofrevenue.SwisswatchmakersBreitlingandPatekPhilippehavetakenanothertackwithWebsitesthatofferonlyinformationnotsales.BreitlingdirectorofmarketingBenBalmersaysaluxurybrandneedstooffer"abuyingexperience"thatonlyawell-runstorecanprovide.Howeverhenotesthatsince2002ithaspresented30percentfewercatalogsintheUnitedStatesandseensalesrisemorethan35percentthankstoexposureontheInternet.PradamaynotneedaworkingWebsiteafterall. InthefirstparagraphtheinternetofPradaismentionedto
DespitethedoubtsanddespitecomplaintsfromshopownersLondon’scongestioncharge--introducedinFebruary2003--hasmanagedtoeasethegridlockinthecitycentre.Trafficisdownby18%jamsby30%.Thescheme’sbiggestweaknessisthatitiscrude:driverspay￡8$14toenterthezonebetween7amand6:30pmregardlessofhowcongestedtheroadsareorhowlongtheystay. Soroad-pricingfansarewatchingtrialsbyTransportforLondonTfLofanewdetectionsystemcalledtag-and-beaconwithinterest.UndersuchaschemeusedinSingaporeandonsomeEuropeanroadscarsarefittedwithelectronictagsthatarereadbyroadsidemasts.IfthetrialissuccessfulTfLsaysthatthecitycouldswitchtothesystemoncethecontracttorunthecongestionchargeisre-letin2009. Currentlycamerasareusedtoreadlicenseplatesandtrackmotorists.Theyarenotalwaysreliable:anindividualcameraidentifiesonlyaround70%ofcars.Mostdrivengetphotographedmorethanoncewhichbooststhesystem’seffectivenesstoover95%butthatstillleavesseveralthousandvehiclesperdaywhosedetailsmustbelaboriouslycheckedbyhand.Tag-and-beacontechnologyismuchmoreaccuratewithanidentificationrateofover99%. TfLsaysthetrialispartlydesignedtoseewhetherthenewsystemcouldallowdriverstopaychargesbydirectdebit.Thatwouldbepopularwithmotoristswhocomplainthatthecurrentpaymentsystemisunfriendly:thetollforaday’stravelmustbepaidmanually--onlinebyphoneorinashop--bymidnightwithsteepfinesleviedonforgetfuldrivers. Moreprecisedetectionalsoallowsformoreprecisioninpolicyandroad-pricingenthusiastsseeradicalpossibilitiesahead.TfLsaysitisconsideringusingthenewtechnologytochargedriverseachtimetheycrossthezoneboundaryuptoadailymaximuminsteadofpayingonceforanentireday’stravel.Thatwouldbecheaperfordriverswhomakefewtripsintothezonealthoughdriverswhospendalongtimetrundlingaroundwithoutleavingtherebycausingthemostcongestionwouldgetofflightlytoo. Furtherrefinementsmaybepossible.Thecurrentsystemhascuttrafficmostdrasticallyinthemiddleofthedaywhencongestionisatitslowest.Demandforroadspacewouldbettermatchsupplyifchargeswerevariable--highatthebusiesttimesofdayandlowinquietperiods. Suchatime-sensitivevariable-chargingschemeusingatag-and-beaconsystemwasendorsedlastyearbyBobKileytheTfL’sbosswhoalsosaidthathewantedtoextendthecongestionchargetootherpartsofLondon.ThatwouldbecontroversialandMr.Kiley’sunderlingswerequicktoinsistthathismusingswerenotofficialpolicy.ButtheoriginalschemewascontroversialtooyetKenLivingstoneLondon’smayoranditsbiggestbackerwasre-electedafterintroducingit.Itwouldbeashameiftimiditytookholdnow. Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat
DespitethedoubtsanddespitecomplaintsfromshopownersLondon’scongestioncharge--introducedinFebruary2003--hasmanagedtoeasethegridlockinthecitycentre.Trafficisdownby18%jamsby30%.Thescheme’sbiggestweaknessisthatitiscrude:driverspay￡8$14toenterthezonebetween7amand6:30pmregardlessofhowcongestedtheroadsareorhowlongtheystay. Soroad-pricingfansarewatchingtrialsbyTransportforLondonTfLofanewdetectionsystemcalledtag-and-beaconwithinterest.UndersuchaschemeusedinSingaporeandonsomeEuropeanroadscarsarefittedwithelectronictagsthatarereadbyroadsidemasts.IfthetrialissuccessfulTfLsaysthatthecitycouldswitchtothesystemoncethecontracttorunthecongestionchargeisre-letin2009. Currentlycamerasareusedtoreadlicenseplatesandtrackmotorists.Theyarenotalwaysreliable:anindividualcameraidentifiesonlyaround70%ofcars.Mostdrivengetphotographedmorethanoncewhichbooststhesystem’seffectivenesstoover95%butthatstillleavesseveralthousandvehiclesperdaywhosedetailsmustbelaboriouslycheckedbyhand.Tag-and-beacontechnologyismuchmoreaccuratewithanidentificationrateofover99%. TfLsaysthetrialispartlydesignedtoseewhetherthenewsystemcouldallowdriverstopaychargesbydirectdebit.Thatwouldbepopularwithmotoristswhocomplainthatthecurrentpaymentsystemisunfriendly:thetollforaday’stravelmustbepaidmanually--onlinebyphoneorinashop--bymidnightwithsteepfinesleviedonforgetfuldrivers. Moreprecisedetectionalsoallowsformoreprecisioninpolicyandroad-pricingenthusiastsseeradicalpossibilitiesahead.TfLsaysitisconsideringusingthenewtechnologytochargedriverseachtimetheycrossthezoneboundaryuptoadailymaximuminsteadofpayingonceforanentireday’stravel.Thatwouldbecheaperfordriverswhomakefewtripsintothezonealthoughdriverswhospendalongtimetrundlingaroundwithoutleavingtherebycausingthemostcongestionwouldgetofflightlytoo. Furtherrefinementsmaybepossible.Thecurrentsystemhascuttrafficmostdrasticallyinthemiddleofthedaywhencongestionisatitslowest.Demandforroadspacewouldbettermatchsupplyifchargeswerevariable--highatthebusiesttimesofdayandlowinquietperiods. Suchatime-sensitivevariable-chargingschemeusingatag-and-beaconsystemwasendorsedlastyearbyBobKileytheTfL’sbosswhoalsosaidthathewantedtoextendthecongestionchargetootherpartsofLondon.ThatwouldbecontroversialandMr.Kiley’sunderlingswerequicktoinsistthathismusingswerenotofficialpolicy.ButtheoriginalschemewascontroversialtooyetKenLivingstoneLondon’smayoranditsbiggestbackerwasre-electedafterintroducingit.Itwouldbeashameiftimiditytookholdnow. Thenewdetectiontechnologyhasanidentificationrateof
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
46.TheAmericansociologistTalcottParsonsbelievedthatthetwomostimportantfunctionsofthemodernfamilyaretheprimarysocializationofchildrenandthestabilizationofadultpersonalitiesthroughmarriageandtheraisingofchildren.Hisownconcernwasparticularlywiththemiddle-classAmericanfamilybuttheseimportantaspectsoffamilylifearealsoapplicablemuchmorewidely.Inthepresentcontextitisworthwhiletolookespeciallyatprimarysocialization. 47.Primarysocializationreferstothetrainingofchildrenduringtheirearliestyearswhereassecondarysocializationreferstolaterinfluencesonthedevelopmentofthechild’spersonalityandlearningactivitiessuchashisinvolvementwithteachersandwithotherchildrenatschool.Primarysocializationisinmostsocietiescarriedoutessentiallywithinthefamilyaspartofchildrearing.Inthemodernfamilyparentstakeresponsibilityforraisingandteachingtheirchildrensuchbasicthingsaslanguageandcorrectbehavior.Toilettrainingteachingchildrenhowtoeatcorrectlyandencouragingchildrentogetalongwithothersareallaspectsofchildrearing.Howeveritisnotonlythesemoremundaneaspectsofbehaviorthatchildrenlearn.Childrenarealsoimplicitlyencouragedtodevelopthevaluesoftheparentsandoftilesocietyinwhichtheylive.InAmericansocietywhichwasParsons’mainconcernthesevaluesincludeindependencemotivationforachievementandcompetition.Inothersocietiesdifferentvaluessuchascooperationandegalitarianismmaybestressed.48.Yettheprinciplebehindprimarysocializationindifferentsocietiesisthesame:thedevelopmentofsocialvaluesmustbeachievedinanenvironmentofloveandsecurityasisfoundintheidealfamilyanywhereintheworld. Howeverfewfamiliesareideal.Studiesofthefamiliesofemotionallydisturbedchildrenhaveshownthatunsatisfactoryrelationshipsbetweenhusbandsandwivescanhavedetrimentaleffectsonchildren. Sometimesachildisusedasascapegoat.Theparentsblameorevenphysicallyabusethechildinordertocoveruptheirowndifficulties.49.Insuchaeasethechildoftenfailstodevelopthevaluestheparentswishtoinstillinhimdevelopinginsteadantisocialhabitsleadingtodeviantbehaviorinlaterlife.Indeedthecyclemayberepeatedifsuchapersonintimemarrieshasafamilyofhisownandtreatshischildreninthesameway.Nonethelessthereisnoreasontosupposethatallchildrenofunsatisfactorymarriagesaretreatedinsuchawayorfailtoovercomethedifficultiestheyhaveaschildren. 50.SomesocialscientistshaveevensuggestedthattheisolatednuclearfamilyasitexistsinWesternindustrializedsocietiesistoblameforthesocialillsfoundinthosesocieties.Theyclaimthatinthepastmoresupportwasofferedfromthewiderkinnetworkandfromthecommunityasawhole--asisstillthecaseinless-developedpartsoftheworldTheBritishpsychiatristsR.D.LaingandDavidCoopersuggestedthatthemodernfamilyisdysfunctionalinthatbyitsverynatureitforcesuponchildrenanundueemphasisonobediencetoauthority.Thesenegativeviewpointsasidemostexpertsaswellasmostparentsagreethattheprimarysocializationprocessinthemodernfamilyoffersbenefitsbotht6thechildandtotheparents. Yettheprinciplebehindprimarysocializationindifferentsocietiesisthesame:thedevelopmentofsocialvaluesmustbeachievedinanenvironmentofloveandsecurityasisfoundintheidealfamilyanywhereintheworld.
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
CouldHIVthevirusthatcausesAIDSbeweakeningTheresultsofastudyconductedinBelgiumattheInstituteofTropicalMedicineinAntwerpseemtosuggestthatinonecorneroftheworlditmightbe.ThereportpublishedinthelatestissueofAIDSaspecialistjournalconcludesthatHIV’sabilitytoreplicateknowntechnicallyasitsvirulencemayhavedecreasedsincethestartofthepandemic.KevinAdentheleadauthorofthepaperstressesthatthestudyisbasedonasmallsetofsamplesanddoesnotprovethatHIV’svirulenceisattenuatingaroundtheworld.Howeveritdoesoffernewinsightsintotheevolutionofthedisease. Dr.Arienlookedat24bloodsamplescollectedfromuntreatedpatientsattendinganHIV/AIDSclinicinAntwerp.Adozenofthesesamplesweretakenbetween1986and1989;theother12werecollectedbetween2002and2003.Firstheanalyzedthesamplestofindtheirviralloadthenumberofvirusparticlespercubiccentimeterandthesubtypeofvirusinvolved.InEuropeandNorthAmericathepredominantsubtypeisB;insub-SaharanAfricawheretheepidemicisatitsworstthepredominantsubtypeisC.MostofDr.Arien’ssampleswereofsubtypeB.Havingdonethisanalysishepairedthesamplesoffforaseriesofreplicative"duels".Eachsamplefromtheearlierserieswasmatchedwiththemostsimilaronefromthelaterseriesandtheywereplacedinidenticalcellculturestoseewhichwouldmultiplythemost.Theresultwasthat75%ofthevirusesfrom2002-03werelessvirulentthanapparentlysimilarcounterpartsfrom1986-89--astatisticallysignificantobservation. Dr.Arien’scautionissensibleatleastuntilsomeonereplicatestheworkelsewhere.Buthisconclusionisnotnecessarilysurprising.Suchviralattenuationasitisknownisonewaythatvaccinesareproduced. Whatcausesattenuationinwildvirusesthoughisamatterofspeculation.DrArienbelievesthatinthiscasetheattenuationcouldbetheresultofwhathecalls"serialgeneticbottlenecks"duringtransmissionfromhosttohost.Theseacttoreducethegeneticdiversityandthusthereplicativefitnessofthevirus.GeneticdiversityisknowntobeanimportantcomponentofHIV’svirulence.Butwhatmightcausethebottlenecksisstillunclear. AsecondreasonforcautionbesidesthesmallsizeofthestudyisasGeoffreyGarnettaprofessorofmicroparasiteepidemiologyatImperialCollegeLondonpointsoutthattheabilityofavirustoinfectcellsinatest-tubeisnotthesameasitsabilitytocausediseaseanddeathinahumanhost.NeverthelessDrAden’sresultisintriguingandsurelyworthfollowingupinalargerpieceofresearch. Wecanlearnfrompara.2that
YoucannotbuyPradashoesonPrada.com.InfacttherearenoworkinglinksontheWebsite.Thisisnotatechnicaldisorder.Sincethelate’9OsthesitehasbeenasinglepagewithonlythenameoftheItalianfashionhouseandtwophotographs.Nostorelocationsorhelpnumbers.Nothing."IlovePrada"pondersNinaDietzelpresidentofWeb-designcompany300FeetOut."Butwhat’supwiththeir’site’" PradaclaimsanewWebsiteis"underdevelopment."Buthavingamysteriouslyuselesshomepageitadmitshasanallure.Itscreamsexclusivity:youcanseebutyoucan’tclick.It’sauniquelyPradasolutiontothisriddle:howtomakeyourluxurybrandworkontheInternetwithoutdiminishingitsvalue.InasensetheInternetisantitheticaltothe"hightouch"luxuryexperience.ThereisnoindulgencebysalesstaffandcustomershavecometoseetheNetasapathtocheappricesnottop-dollargoods.There’snovelvetrope:anyonecanplaceanorderorsetupshop.That’swhyPradastrivestomaintainthelinkbetweenitsnameandtheextravagantexperienceofshoppingatstoreslikeits$40millionNewYorkflagshipdesignedbyRemKoolhaas. UnlikePradamostluxurycompaniescan’taffordtoignoretheWeb:intheUnitedStatesecommerceaccountedfor$2.5billioninluxurysales.Thatfigureisexpectedtogrowto$7billionby2010saysForresterResearch.It’sstillasmallfractionofthetotalmarketcomparedtootherretailsectorsbutfiveyearsagoanalystssaidtherewas"noway"luxurywouldsellonline.Theywerebettingcustomerswouldn’tpaythatmuchontheWebandtopbrandswouldn’tgoslumminginthisbargainbasement.Oneofthefirsthigh-endluxuryretailersAshford.comhadmanywell-publicizedstruggleswithitsstockdroppingtonearrockbottomin2001. CompanieslikeNeimanMarcusthathavestrongcatalogsaleshavemadethetransitiontotheWebmoreeasily;onlinesalesarethecompany’sfastest-growingsourceofrevenue.SwisswatchmakersBreitlingandPatekPhilippehavetakenanothertackwithWebsitesthatofferonlyinformationnotsales.BreitlingdirectorofmarketingBenBalmersaysaluxurybrandneedstooffer"abuyingexperience"thatonlyawell-runstorecanprovide.Howeverhenotesthatsince2002ithaspresented30percentfewercatalogsintheUnitedStatesandseensalesrisemorethan35percentthankstoexposureontheInternet.PradamaynotneedaworkingWebsiteafterall. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthesalesoninternet
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothescholarsoftheclassical.In1worldduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"2meantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomecommonplace.Oneshouldbewaryhoweverof3thatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisan4toothers.Examinationoffactorsrelatedtothe5developmentofsilentreadingrevealsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedin6. Thelastcenturysawasteadygradualincreasein7andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreasedthenumberofpotentiallisteners8andthustherewassome9intheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommonsocametheflourishingofreadingasa10activityinsuchpublicplacesaslibrariesrailwaycarriagesandofficeswherereadingaloudwould11distractiontootherreaders. Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstill12argumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreated13andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomeway14weakening.Indeedthisargumentstillremainswithusineducation.15itsvirtuestheoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwas16bytheprintedmassmediaontheonehandandbybooksandperiodicalsfora17readershipontheother. Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingrecommendedtoadoptattitudestobooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwereinappropriate18notimpossiblefortheoralreader.Thesocialculturalandtechnologicalchangesinthecenturyhadgreatly19whattheterm"reading"20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
46.TheAmericansociologistTalcottParsonsbelievedthatthetwomostimportantfunctionsofthemodernfamilyaretheprimarysocializationofchildrenandthestabilizationofadultpersonalitiesthroughmarriageandtheraisingofchildren.Hisownconcernwasparticularlywiththemiddle-classAmericanfamilybuttheseimportantaspectsoffamilylifearealsoapplicablemuchmorewidely.Inthepresentcontextitisworthwhiletolookespeciallyatprimarysocialization. 47.Primarysocializationreferstothetrainingofchildrenduringtheirearliestyearswhereassecondarysocializationreferstolaterinfluencesonthedevelopmentofthechild’spersonalityandlearningactivitiessuchashisinvolvementwithteachersandwithotherchildrenatschool.Primarysocializationisinmostsocietiescarriedoutessentiallywithinthefamilyaspartofchildrearing.Inthemodernfamilyparentstakeresponsibilityforraisingandteachingtheirchildrensuchbasicthingsaslanguageandcorrectbehavior.Toilettrainingteachingchildrenhowtoeatcorrectlyandencouragingchildrentogetalongwithothersareallaspectsofchildrearing.Howeveritisnotonlythesemoremundaneaspectsofbehaviorthatchildrenlearn.Childrenarealsoimplicitlyencouragedtodevelopthevaluesoftheparentsandoftilesocietyinwhichtheylive.InAmericansocietywhichwasParsons’mainconcernthesevaluesincludeindependencemotivationforachievementandcompetition.Inothersocietiesdifferentvaluessuchascooperationandegalitarianismmaybestressed.48.Yettheprinciplebehindprimarysocializationindifferentsocietiesisthesame:thedevelopmentofsocialvaluesmustbeachievedinanenvironmentofloveandsecurityasisfoundintheidealfamilyanywhereintheworld. Howeverfewfamiliesareideal.Studiesofthefamiliesofemotionallydisturbedchildrenhaveshownthatunsatisfactoryrelationshipsbetweenhusbandsandwivescanhavedetrimentaleffectsonchildren. Sometimesachildisusedasascapegoat.Theparentsblameorevenphysicallyabusethechildinordertocoveruptheirowndifficulties.49.Insuchaeasethechildoftenfailstodevelopthevaluestheparentswishtoinstillinhimdevelopinginsteadantisocialhabitsleadingtodeviantbehaviorinlaterlife.Indeedthecyclemayberepeatedifsuchapersonintimemarrieshasafamilyofhisownandtreatshischildreninthesameway.Nonethelessthereisnoreasontosupposethatallchildrenofunsatisfactorymarriagesaretreatedinsuchawayorfailtoovercomethedifficultiestheyhaveaschildren. 50.SomesocialscientistshaveevensuggestedthattheisolatednuclearfamilyasitexistsinWesternindustrializedsocietiesistoblameforthesocialillsfoundinthosesocieties.Theyclaimthatinthepastmoresupportwasofferedfromthewiderkinnetworkandfromthecommunityasawhole--asisstillthecaseinless-developedpartsoftheworldTheBritishpsychiatristsR.D.LaingandDavidCoopersuggestedthatthemodernfamilyisdysfunctionalinthatbyitsverynatureitforcesuponchildrenanundueemphasisonobediencetoauthority.Thesenegativeviewpointsasidemostexpertsaswellasmostparentsagreethattheprimarysocializationprocessinthemodernfamilyoffersbenefitsbotht6thechildandtotheparents. TheAmericansociologistTalcottParsonsbelievedthatthetwomostimportantfunctionsofthemodernfamilyaretheprimarysocializationofchildrenandthestabilizationofadultpersonalitiesthroughmarriageandtheraisingofchildren
YoucannotbuyPradashoesonPrada.com.InfacttherearenoworkinglinksontheWebsite.Thisisnotatechnicaldisorder.Sincethelate’9OsthesitehasbeenasinglepagewithonlythenameoftheItalianfashionhouseandtwophotographs.Nostorelocationsorhelpnumbers.Nothing."IlovePrada"pondersNinaDietzelpresidentofWeb-designcompany300FeetOut."Butwhat’supwiththeir’site’" PradaclaimsanewWebsiteis"underdevelopment."Buthavingamysteriouslyuselesshomepageitadmitshasanallure.Itscreamsexclusivity:youcanseebutyoucan’tclick.It’sauniquelyPradasolutiontothisriddle:howtomakeyourluxurybrandworkontheInternetwithoutdiminishingitsvalue.InasensetheInternetisantitheticaltothe"hightouch"luxuryexperience.ThereisnoindulgencebysalesstaffandcustomershavecometoseetheNetasapathtocheappricesnottop-dollargoods.There’snovelvetrope:anyonecanplaceanorderorsetupshop.That’swhyPradastrivestomaintainthelinkbetweenitsnameandtheextravagantexperienceofshoppingatstoreslikeits$40millionNewYorkflagshipdesignedbyRemKoolhaas. UnlikePradamostluxurycompaniescan’taffordtoignoretheWeb:intheUnitedStatesecommerceaccountedfor$2.5billioninluxurysales.Thatfigureisexpectedtogrowto$7billionby2010saysForresterResearch.It’sstillasmallfractionofthetotalmarketcomparedtootherretailsectorsbutfiveyearsagoanalystssaidtherewas"noway"luxurywouldsellonline.Theywerebettingcustomerswouldn’tpaythatmuchontheWebandtopbrandswouldn’tgoslumminginthisbargainbasement.Oneofthefirsthigh-endluxuryretailersAshford.comhadmanywell-publicizedstruggleswithitsstockdroppingtonearrockbottomin2001. CompanieslikeNeimanMarcusthathavestrongcatalogsaleshavemadethetransitiontotheWebmoreeasily;onlinesalesarethecompany’sfastest-growingsourceofrevenue.SwisswatchmakersBreitlingandPatekPhilippehavetakenanothertackwithWebsitesthatofferonlyinformationnotsales.BreitlingdirectorofmarketingBenBalmersaysaluxurybrandneedstooffer"abuyingexperience"thatonlyawell-runstorecanprovide.Howeverhenotesthatsince2002ithaspresented30percentfewercatalogsintheUnitedStatesandseensalesrisemorethan35percentthankstoexposureontheInternet.PradamaynotneedaworkingWebsiteafterall. WhydoesPradaignorethesalesonWeb.
46.TheAmericansociologistTalcottParsonsbelievedthatthetwomostimportantfunctionsofthemodernfamilyaretheprimarysocializationofchildrenandthestabilizationofadultpersonalitiesthroughmarriageandtheraisingofchildren.Hisownconcernwasparticularlywiththemiddle-classAmericanfamilybuttheseimportantaspectsoffamilylifearealsoapplicablemuchmorewidely.Inthepresentcontextitisworthwhiletolookespeciallyatprimarysocialization. 47.Primarysocializationreferstothetrainingofchildrenduringtheirearliestyearswhereassecondarysocializationreferstolaterinfluencesonthedevelopmentofthechild’spersonalityandlearningactivitiessuchashisinvolvementwithteachersandwithotherchildrenatschool.Primarysocializationisinmostsocietiescarriedoutessentiallywithinthefamilyaspartofchildrearing.Inthemodernfamilyparentstakeresponsibilityforraisingandteachingtheirchildrensuchbasicthingsaslanguageandcorrectbehavior.Toilettrainingteachingchildrenhowtoeatcorrectlyandencouragingchildrentogetalongwithothersareallaspectsofchildrearing.Howeveritisnotonlythesemoremundaneaspectsofbehaviorthatchildrenlearn.Childrenarealsoimplicitlyencouragedtodevelopthevaluesoftheparentsandoftilesocietyinwhichtheylive.InAmericansocietywhichwasParsons’mainconcernthesevaluesincludeindependencemotivationforachievementandcompetition.Inothersocietiesdifferentvaluessuchascooperationandegalitarianismmaybestressed.48.Yettheprinciplebehindprimarysocializationindifferentsocietiesisthesame:thedevelopmentofsocialvaluesmustbeachievedinanenvironmentofloveandsecurityasisfoundintheidealfamilyanywhereintheworld. Howeverfewfamiliesareideal.Studiesofthefamiliesofemotionallydisturbedchildrenhaveshownthatunsatisfactoryrelationshipsbetweenhusbandsandwivescanhavedetrimentaleffectsonchildren. Sometimesachildisusedasascapegoat.Theparentsblameorevenphysicallyabusethechildinordertocoveruptheirowndifficulties.49.Insuchaeasethechildoftenfailstodevelopthevaluestheparentswishtoinstillinhimdevelopinginsteadantisocialhabitsleadingtodeviantbehaviorinlaterlife.Indeedthecyclemayberepeatedifsuchapersonintimemarrieshasafamilyofhisownandtreatshischildreninthesameway.Nonethelessthereisnoreasontosupposethatallchildrenofunsatisfactorymarriagesaretreatedinsuchawayorfailtoovercomethedifficultiestheyhaveaschildren. 50.SomesocialscientistshaveevensuggestedthattheisolatednuclearfamilyasitexistsinWesternindustrializedsocietiesistoblameforthesocialillsfoundinthosesocieties.Theyclaimthatinthepastmoresupportwasofferedfromthewiderkinnetworkandfromthecommunityasawhole--asisstillthecaseinless-developedpartsoftheworldTheBritishpsychiatristsR.D.LaingandDavidCoopersuggestedthatthemodernfamilyisdysfunctionalinthatbyitsverynatureitforcesuponchildrenanundueemphasisonobediencetoauthority.Thesenegativeviewpointsasidemostexpertsaswellasmostparentsagreethattheprimarysocializationprocessinthemodernfamilyoffersbenefitsbotht6thechildandtotheparents. SomesocialscientistshaveevensuggestedthattheisolatednuclearfamilyasitexistsinWesternindustrializedsocietiesistoblameforthesocialillsfoundinthosesocieties.
Agrowingnumberofwomenarerisingtothetop--andbeginningtochangethecultureoftheworkplace. Thisshouldbeaseasonofcelebration.Afterallbymanymeasuresthere’sneverbeenabettertimetobeawoman.InplaceslikeScandinaviaandBritainathirdormoreofallcorporatemanagersarenowwomen.ThenumberoffemaleexecutivedirectorsofFISE100companiesnearlydoubledfrom2000to2004.LatinAmericahasseena50percentjumpinthenumberofwomenpoliticiansinthelastdecade.Japanvoted26newfemaleparliamentariansintoofficethisyear.Ofcoursethejewelintheequal-opportunitycrownwasthisfall’selectionofAngelaMerkel--oncenicknamed"theGirl"byHelmutKohl--toGermany’shighestoffice. Butasalwaysstatisticstellamultifacetedstory.Sureit’snolongerananomalytohaveafemaleCEO--buttherearestillonly17femaleexecutivedirectorsinthelargestFTSE100companies.IntheEUParliamentonly23outof162membersarefemale.InBritainstudiesshowthatwomenhaveneverbeenmoredissatisfiedwiththeworkplace.Nowonder:theEUpaygapbetweenmenandwomenshrankonlyonepointinthelastcoupleofyearsto17.5percent. SowheredoesallthisleaveusWithsomebigchallengesthatrequiremorefemaleleadershiptosolve.Atsomemajorcompanies--includingShellandBritishTelecom--womenarecombatingtheold-boys’clubatmospherebystartingtheirownnetworkslinkingtopfemaleleaderswithup-and-comerstheycanmentor.Laborflexibilityisalsoontheagenda;inpartsofEuropetopfemalelegislatorshavefoughttogiveemployeeswithchildrenorelderlyparentstherighttoaskforadjustablehours.Perhapsmostimportantthereisanincreasinglyvibrantdebatearoundwork-lifebalance.Studyafterstudyshowsthatitisaworkingwoman’ssecondfull-timejob--ascaregiver--thatmakesitmostdifficultforhertostayonthecareerladder.Whileextrabenefitsandlongermaternityleavecanhelptheyaren’tacompletesolution. Clearlysomeout-of-the-boxthinkingisrequired.Andthat’swherewomencomein.IncountrieslikeCameroonBoliviaandMalaysiagreaternumbersofwomeninpublicofficehaveresultedinlessspendingonthemilitaryandmoreonhealtheducationandinfrastructure.Norway’swoman-heavyParliamentrecentlypassedalawmandatingthat40percentofdirectorsoncorporateboardsbewomen.AndinGermanythearchetypaloutsider--awomanwhogrewuponthewrongsideoftheIronCurtain--willlikelytakethehelminacountrywithvirtuallynootherwomenintoppositionsofpower.Nolonger"theGirl"butpoisedtobecomethechancellorMerkelisasymbolofhowfarwomenhavecome--andtheworkthatremainstobedone. Bysayingsomeout-of-the-boxthinkingisrequiredtheauthormeansthat
Soyou’vebeenwithyourcompanyforawhileandhavebeenexceedingallofyourmanager’sexpectations.Youworkhardareagreatteamplayercomeupwithnewideastotakethebusinessfurtherandareanall-aroundjoyintheworkplace. Ifyouhaven’tbeenpromotedorbeenbumpedupinsalaryautomaticallyitmightbetimetotakethebullbythehornsandapproachthistopicyourself.Whileaskingforaraisemakesmanypeopleuncomfortableandnervousthesituationcanbeabreezeifhandledcorrectly. Thefollowingareafewstepstofollowtomakesureyourrequestdoesnotfallondeafears: 41.Doyourresearch. Likeanyotherelementofyourcareeritallstartswithresearch.Inordertopresentyourmanagerwithacompellingcaseinyourfavoryouneedtoknowwhatthegoingrateisforsomeonewithyourexperienceandinyourposition. 42.Outlineacaseforyourself. Whengoingintoanykindofnegotiationsessionyouneedtobeequippedwiththerightamountofammunition.Beforeyouwalkintoyourmeetinglookbackatyourtimewiththecompanyandhighlightyouraceomplishments.Comeupwithalistofspecificexamplesofwaysyouhavebeenavaluableassettothebusiness.Findfactsandfiguresthatdemonstratewhatyouhaveexcelledusingnumberswheneverpossible. Ifyoureallywanttoknocktheirsocksoffputyouraccomplishmentsintoaformalpresentationalbeitbriefthatoutlineseachofyourgoalsandhowyouhaveachievedthem.Thiswilldemonstratethatyouareprofessionalwillingtogotheextramileandhavethoughtaboutyourrequestthoroughly. 43.Knowwhat’sgoingoninyourneighborhood. Therearegoodtimesandbadtimestoaskforaraiseatanycompany. Scheduleampletimetopresentyourcaseandmakesureyourtimingisright. Askingforaraiseontheflyafterjustwalkingintoyourmanager’sofficetochatwillnotbenefityouorimpressyourboss. Makesureyouhavetimetopresentyourcaseandthatyourmanagerhastimetothinkaboutyourpresentation.Requestameetingwithyoursupervisoratleastahalf-hourlong.Thinkaboutyourtimingwhenyouschedulethemeetingtoo.Ifyourdepartmenthasabevyofdeadlinestomeetattheendofeachmonthdon’tscheduleyourmeetingonthe29th.Pickatimewhenyourmanagerwillbesuretobeinagoodmoodandnotoverlystressed. 44.Avoidthreatsordemands. Thelastthingyouwanttodoistoputyoursupervisoronthedefensive. Beprofessionalandifyourjobisworthkeepingwillingtolistentotheotherside.Keepthemeetingpositiveandyouroutcomewillbemorepositive. 45.Rememberthatnotallperksaremonetary. Don’tfallintothetrapofthinkingyouarenotvaluedifyoudonotgetexactlywhatyouhadexpected. [A]Ifyouapproachyourmanagerforaraiseinatimeofdownsizingandcost-cuttingyouwillnotonlybedeniedbutwillalsoshowthatyouarenotintunewiththecompany’sneeds.Makesureyouunderstandyourcompany’soverallfinancialsituation. [B]Forexampleifyoudevelopedamarketingplanthathelpedincreasesalesmakesureyouhavethosesalesfiguresonhandaswellasyourroleintheplananditsexecution.Besuretotieyourownsuccessintotheoverallsuccessofthecompany. [C]Ifyourcompanyisstrappedfinanciallybutyouandyourmanagerstillcometotheconclusionthatitistimeforyoutoberewardedforyourperformanceyoumightbeabletonegotiateforstockoptionsmorevacationtimeorothernon-monetarybenefits. [D]Whenyoucomeupwithyourdesiredraiseinyourbasesalarygoover2%.Ifyouwant8%thenaskfor10%. [E]YoucanfindoutwhatothersinyourindustryandincomparablepositionsarerakinginbylookingatonlineresourcesthroughtheBureauofLaborStatisticsorinbookslike"TheAmericanAlmanacofJobsandSalaries"byJohnW.WrightQuill. [F]Goingintoameetingwiththe"ifIdon’tgetitI’mleaving"attitudewillonlytellyourcompanyyouareuncompromisingandonlyoutfornumberone. 42
热门题库
更多
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
湘公网安备 43130202000226号