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下列各项，属于相克关系的是
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五行中某一行亢盛侵犯所不胜这种关系属于
相生关系
相克关系
相侮关系
相乘关系
以上均不是
下列各项属相克传变的是
脾病而面见青色
肝病而面见白色
肾病而面见黄色
心病而面见赤色
下列各项具有相克关系的是
肝
心
脾
大肠
下列各项属于相克传变的是
心病而面见黄色
心病而面见黑色
脾病而面见白色
心病而面见青色
下列各项属于相克传变的是
脾病而面见青色
脾病而面见白色
心病而面见黄色
心病而面见青色
在五行之间关系中属于正常相互制约关系的是
相乘
相克
相侮
相生
母子相及
下列各项属相克传变的是
心病而面见黑色
肺病而面见赤色
肝病而面见白色
脾病而面见青色
在五行关系中属于正常相互制约关系的是
相乘
相克
相生
相侮
母子相及
下列各项属于相克关系的是
肝和心
肝和脾
心和脾
脾和肺
肝病传脾在五行关系中属于
相生
相克
相乘
相侮
制化
下列关于五行生克关系的描述错误的是
虚则补其母，实则泻其子
肝旺导致脾虚，为木旺乘土
金能生水，水能润金
肾阴虚致相火旺，属于水不克火
相克太过应抑强，相克不及当扶弱
下列各项属于相克关系的是
木和土
木和火
火和土
土和金
下列各项属于相克传变的是
木横克土
土虚木乘
木火刑金
水不涵木
下列各项属于相克传变的是
肺病及肾
肝病及胃
脾病及肾
肾病及脾
下列各项属于相克传变的是
肺病及肾
肝病及肾
肝病及心
肺病及肝
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1Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.2Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.3Asthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecause.Self-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.Genderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorce.Theimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.Howcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplained4Thegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.5Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers.
Congressisnowdeliberatinglegislativeandbudgetarychangesthatwoulddramaticallyredefinethenation’sresponsibilitiesfortheleastadvantaged.Debateabouttheseresponsibilitiesshouldbewelcomedandnewideasgivencarefulconsideration.ItisnotwritteninstoneorintheConstitutionthatthefederalgovernmentneedstotakecareofthepoor.1Currentprogramsarewidelyviewedasdeficientinlargepartbecausetheyareperceivedasencouragingdependencyandthedissolutionofthefamily.Insomeareasthefederalrolehasbecometoointrusive.Andwithoutnewtaxesmoneyisinshortsupply.Returningresponsibilitytothestateswithatie-offgrantfromthefederalgovernmenttoeasethetransitionisseenbymanyasthesolution.Inmyownviewargumentsthatcurrentproposalsarethebestmeansofdealingwiththeseproblemsaresomewhatdisingenuous.2AsmanyhavearguedtheseproposalscouldmoreaccuratelybedescribedasaTrojanhorsedesignedtodismantlethewelfarestatethathasexistedforthepast60years.Iftheobjectiveistoencourageworkandmarriagethesereformssendtherightsignalsbutmaydisappointinpractice.Iftheobjectiveistoprovidestateswithgreaterflexibilitythesolutionisastreamlinedwaiverprocessandothermodestreforms.3Statesalreadyhaveagreatdealofflexibilityandcouldreadilybegivenmorewithinaframeworkthatestablishesminimumprotectionsforthepoorandaccountabilityforthepublic’smoney.Iftheobjectiveistoreducethedeficitthiscouldbeachievedwithoutcuttingsodeeplyintoprogramsthathelpthemostvulnerable.Thepoorest20percentofthepopulationnowreceivesroughly4percentofallincomeintheUnitedStates.Anydeficitreductionpackagethatasksthemtopaymorethan4percentofthetotalburdenisarguablyunfair.Yetchancesarethattheywillenduppayingfarmorethanthis.Deficitreductionisaworthygoalbutnumeroustaxsubsidiesandentitlementprogramscouldbetappedbeforelow-incomeprogramswerecut.4Asitissafety-netprogramsarebeingrestructuredinwaysthatnotonlyyieldfederalsavingsbutalsopromiselessstateeffortaswell.Finallyiftheobjectiveistoreducepovertywithoutencouragingdependencythemostimportantthingthatgovernmentcandoistoassistlow-incomeworkingfamilieswithsuchmeasuresastheEITCchildcaresubsidizedhealthinsuranceandadjustmentsintheminimumwage.5Ifpersonalcommitmentstoworkandfamilyarethesurestwayoutofpovertyastheyhavebeeninthepastthenthesework-orientedmeasuresarethebestwaytokeepthosewhoplaybytherulesfromfallingfurtherbehind.
1Idon’tknowanysuccessfulwomenwhohaven’thadapowerfulsponsorintheirorganizationtogivethemtheirfirstbigbreaksaysAvivahWittenberg-Coxthebossof20-firstaconsultancythathelpscompaniesputmorewomenintoseniorjobs.Thatsentimentisechoedbymanypeoplewhoworkinthisfield.ButwhydowomenneedsomuchhelpManymenwhoclimbthecorporateladderhavesponsorstoo.Indeedtheyfinditeasierthanwomentopersuadeaseniorcolleaguetosponsorthem.Butwomenneedhelpmorebecausetheyaregenerallymorereluctanttopromotethemselves.Theyarealsolesslikelytobuildupusefulnetworksofcontacts.2Thatmayhelptoexplainwhywomenalthoughtheynowenterwhite-collarjobsinmuchthesamenumbersasmeninmanycountriesstillfinditsohardtogetanywhereneartheexecutivesuite.AnewreportSponsorEffect:UKproducedbytheCentreforTalentInnovationCTIaNewYorkthink-tankoffersadetailedpictureofthefemaletalentpipelineinBritainbasedonasurveyofabout2500graduateemployeesmostlyoflargecompanies.3ItnotesthatalthoughwomeninBritainaccountfor57%ofnewrecruitstowhite-collarjobstheymakeupjust17%ofexecutivedirectorsandamere4%ofchiefexecutivesoftheFTSE’s100biggestcompanies.Itisnotthatthewomenlackambitionsaysthereport.Nolessthan79%ofseniorwomeninthesamplesaidtheyaspiredtoatopjoband91%werekeentobepromoted.4Norsaytheauthorsaretheynecessarilyheldbackbyfamilyresponsibilities:nearlytwoinfiveofthoseaged40oroverhadnochildren.Threeinfiveoftheover-40sdidhavechildrenandtalentedwomenwhoquitworktoraisekidsarenotincludedinthesample.Stillthesurvey’smainfindingisstriking.5Only16%ofthesamplehadsponsorsdefinedaspeopleseverallevelsabovethemwhogivethemcareeradviceintroducethemtocontactsandhelpthemgetpromotions.Havingasponsordramaticallyimprovesawoman’scareerprospects.
1Idon’tknowanysuccessfulwomenwhohaven’thadapowerfulsponsorintheirorganizationtogivethemtheirfirstbigbreaksaysAvivahWittenberg-Coxthebossof20-firstaconsultancythathelpscompaniesputmorewomenintoseniorjobs.Thatsentimentisechoedbymanypeoplewhoworkinthisfield.ButwhydowomenneedsomuchhelpManymenwhoclimbthecorporateladderhavesponsorstoo.Indeedtheyfinditeasierthanwomentopersuadeaseniorcolleaguetosponsorthem.Butwomenneedhelpmorebecausetheyaregenerallymorereluctanttopromotethemselves.Theyarealsolesslikelytobuildupusefulnetworksofcontacts.2Thatmayhelptoexplainwhywomenalthoughtheynowenterwhite-collarjobsinmuchthesamenumbersasmeninmanycountriesstillfinditsohardtogetanywhereneartheexecutivesuite.AnewreportSponsorEffect:UKproducedbytheCentreforTalentInnovationCTIaNewYorkthink-tankoffersadetailedpictureofthefemaletalentpipelineinBritainbasedonasurveyofabout2500graduateemployeesmostlyoflargecompanies.3ItnotesthatalthoughwomeninBritainaccountfor57%ofnewrecruitstowhite-collarjobstheymakeupjust17%ofexecutivedirectorsandamere4%ofchiefexecutivesoftheFTSE’s100biggestcompanies.Itisnotthatthewomenlackambitionsaysthereport.Nolessthan79%ofseniorwomeninthesamplesaidtheyaspiredtoatopjoband91%werekeentobepromoted.4Norsaytheauthorsaretheynecessarilyheldbackbyfamilyresponsibilities:nearlytwoinfiveofthoseaged40oroverhadnochildren.Threeinfiveoftheover-40sdidhavechildrenandtalentedwomenwhoquitworktoraisekidsarenotincludedinthesample.Stillthesurvey’smainfindingisstriking.5Only16%ofthesamplehadsponsorsdefinedaspeopleseverallevelsabovethemwhogivethemcareeradviceintroducethemtocontactsandhelpthemgetpromotions.Havingasponsordramaticallyimprovesawoman’scareerprospects.
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeover-whelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoretrustableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.1WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints.Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublished2WhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorismTherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquiryreopenstomorrow.3Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq.TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistryofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunes.Mr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.4ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat—eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism.ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.5IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem.
Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutpovertybutnoneoftheaccountsseemtogetattherootoftheproblem.Itmustbenotedthatthedebilitatingeffectsofpovertyarenotonlytheresultoflackofmoneybutarealsotheresultofpowerlessness.1Thepooraresubjecttotheirsocialsituationinsteadofbeingabletoaffectitthroughactionthatisthroughbehaviorthatflowsfromanindividual’sdecisionsandplans.Inotherwordswhensocialscientistshavereportedonthepsychologicalconsequencesofpovertyitseemsreasonabletobelievethattheyhavedescribedthepsychologicalconsequencesofpowerlessness.Thesolutiontopovertymostfrequentlysuggestedistohelpthepoorsecuremoremoneywithoutotherwisechangingthepresentpowerrelationships.Thisappearstoimplementtheideaofequalitywhileavoidinganyunnecessarythreattotheestablishedcentersofpower.Butsincetheconsequencesofpovertyarerelatedtopowerlessnessnottotheabsolutesupplyofmoneyavailabletothepoorandsincetheamountofpowerpurchasablewithagivensupplyofmoneydecreasesasasocietyacquiresalargesupplyofgoodsandservicesthesolutionofraisingtheincomesofthepoorislikelyunlessaccompaniedbyothermeasurestobeineffectiveinawealthysociety.Inordertoreducepoverty—relatedpsychologicalandsocialproblemsintheUnitedStatesthemajorcommunitywillhavetochangeitsrelationshiptoneighborhoodsofpovertyinsuchfashionthatfamiliesintheneighborhoodshaveagreaterinterestinthebroadersocietyandcanmoresuccessfullyparticipateinthedecision-makingprocessofthesurroundingcommunity.Socialactiontohelpthepoorshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:Firstthepoorshouldseethemselvesasthesourceoftheaction.2Secondtheactionshouldeffectinmajorwaysthepreconceptionsofinstitutionsandpersonswhodefinethepoor;theactionshoulddemandmuchineffectorskill.3Thirdtheactionshouldbesuccessfulandthesuccessfulself-originatedimportantactionshouldincreasethefeelingofpotentialworthandindividualpowerofindividualswhoarepoor.4Theonlyinitialresourcewhichacommunityshouldprovidetoneighborhoodsofpovertyshouldbeonatemporarybasisandshouldconsistoforganizerswhowillenabletheneighborhoodsquicklytocreatepowerfulindependentdemocraticorganizationsofthepoor.5Throughsuchorganizationsthepoorwillthennegotiatewiththeoutsidersforresourcesandopportunitieswithouthavingtosubmittoconcurrentcontrolfromoutside.
WhataccountsfortheastoundingpopularityofDr.PhilMcGrawWhyhavesomanyTVviewersandbookbuyersembracedthistoughwarriorofapsychologistwhotellsthemtosuckitupanddealwiththeirownproblemsratherthancomplainingandblamingeveryoneelseObviouslyOprahWinfreyhasatottodowithit.Shemadehimfamouswithregularappearancesonhershowandisco-producingthenewDr.Philshowthat’slikelytobethehottestnewdaytimeofferingthisfall.ButwedecidedtoputDr.Philonthecovernotjustbecausehe’saphenomenon.1WethinkhissuccessmayreflectaninterestingshiftintheAmericanspiritoftime.Coulditbethatwe’refinallygettingtiredofthecultureofvictimologyThisisatrickysubjectbecausethereareverysadrealvictimsamongus.Menstillabusewomeninalarmingnumbers.Racismanddiscriminationpersistinsubtleandnot-so-subtleforms.2Butthesedaysalmostanyonecanfindatherapistorlawyertoassurethemthattheirprofessionalrelationshiporhealthproblemsaren’ttheirfault.AsMarcPeysertellsusinhisterrificprofileofDr.PhiltheTVsuitswereinitiallyafraidaudienceswouldbeoffendedbyhissternadvicetogetreal!Infactviewersthirstedforthetoughtalk.Privatelyweallknowwehavetotakeresponsibilityfordecisionswecontrol.Itmaynotberevolutionaryadviceandmayleaveoutimportantfactorslikeunconsciousimpulses.3Butit’sstillanimportantmessagewithclearechoingasayearlaterwecontemplatethepersonallessonsofSeptember11.Backatthelivestockfarm—theoneinCrawfordTexas—PresidentBushcontinuedtoissuemixedsignalsonIraq.4HefinallypromisedtoconsultalliesandCongressbeforegoingtowarandsignaledanattackisn’tcomingrightnowI’mapatientman.Butsofartherehasbeenlittleconsensus-buildingevenastheadministrationtalksofregimechangeandpositionstroopsinthegulf.Bush’steamalsoridiculedthepressforgivingsomuchcoveragetotheIraqissue.DefenseSecretaryRumsfeldcalleditafrenzyandPressSecretaryAriFleischerdismisseditasself-inflictedsilliness.ButasMichaelHirshnotesinourleadstorymuchofthedebatehasbeeninsidetheRepublicanParty5whereimportantvoicesofexperienceargueBushneedstopreparedomesticandworldopinionandthinkthroughtheglobalconsequencesbeforemovingforward.Withsomuchatstakethemediashouldn’tpayattentionNowwho’sbeingsilly
Congressisnowdeliberatinglegislativeandbudgetarychangesthatwoulddramaticallyredefinethenation’sresponsibilitiesfortheleastadvantaged.Debateabouttheseresponsibilitiesshouldbewelcomedandnewideasgivencarefulconsideration.ItisnotwritteninstoneorintheConstitutionthatthefederalgovernmentneedstotakecareofthepoor.1Currentprogramsarewidelyviewedasdeficientinlargepartbecausetheyareperceivedasencouragingdependencyandthedissolutionofthefamily.Insomeareasthefederalrolehasbecometoointrusive.Andwithoutnewtaxesmoneyisinshortsupply.Returningresponsibilitytothestateswithatie-offgrantfromthefederalgovernmenttoeasethetransitionisseenbymanyasthesolution.Inmyownviewargumentsthatcurrentproposalsarethebestmeansofdealingwiththeseproblemsaresomewhatdisingenuous.2AsmanyhavearguedtheseproposalscouldmoreaccuratelybedescribedasaTrojanhorsedesignedtodismantlethewelfarestatethathasexistedforthepast60years.Iftheobjectiveistoencourageworkandmarriagethesereformssendtherightsignalsbutmaydisappointinpractice.Iftheobjectiveistoprovidestateswithgreaterflexibilitythesolutionisastreamlinedwaiverprocessandothermodestreforms.3Statesalreadyhaveagreatdealofflexibilityandcouldreadilybegivenmorewithinaframeworkthatestablishesminimumprotectionsforthepoorandaccountabilityforthepublic’smoney.Iftheobjectiveistoreducethedeficitthiscouldbeachievedwithoutcuttingsodeeplyintoprogramsthathelpthemostvulnerable.Thepoorest20percentofthepopulationnowreceivesroughly4percentofallincomeintheUnitedStates.Anydeficitreductionpackagethatasksthemtopaymorethan4percentofthetotalburdenisarguablyunfair.Yetchancesarethattheywillenduppayingfarmorethanthis.Deficitreductionisaworthygoalbutnumeroustaxsubsidiesandentitlementprogramscouldbetappedbeforelow-incomeprogramswerecut.4Asitissafety-netprogramsarebeingrestructuredinwaysthatnotonlyyieldfederalsavingsbutalsopromiselessstateeffortaswell.Finallyiftheobjectiveistoreducepovertywithoutencouragingdependencythemostimportantthingthatgovernmentcandoistoassistlow-incomeworkingfamilieswithsuchmeasuresastheEITCchildcaresubsidizedhealthinsuranceandadjustmentsintheminimumwage.5Ifpersonalcommitmentstoworkandfamilyarethesurestwayoutofpovertyastheyhavebeeninthepastthenthesework-orientedmeasuresarethebestwaytokeepthosewhoplaybytherulesfromfallingfurtherbehind.
Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementsandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DaiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal.1Whatweallcraveistolooknormalandnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusaperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat.2InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentresonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommendsmaintenanceworkforpeopleintheirthirties.TheideaofwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissillyhesaysBythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandallowedthingstogetoutofhand.Dr.Imberdrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however.Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.3Buttheproportionatecostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Davieswhoclaimstocaterfortheaveragepersonagrees.Hesays:Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday.4Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanaestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.5Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500forliposuctiontoremovefatfromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryVeteranisadeceptivelygentleone.Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicwassolowkeyandeffectiveitwhettedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit./
Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutpovertybutnoneoftheaccountsseemtogetattherootoftheproblem.Itmustbenotedthatthedebilitatingeffectsofpovertyarenotonlytheresultoflackofmoneybutarealsotheresultofpowerlessness.1Thepooraresubjecttotheirsocialsituationinsteadofbeingabletoaffectitthroughactionthatisthroughbehaviorthatflowsfromanindividual’sdecisionsandplans.Inotherwordswhensocialscientistshavereportedonthepsychologicalconsequencesofpovertyitseemsreasonabletobelievethattheyhavedescribedthepsychologicalconsequencesofpowerlessness.Thesolutiontopovertymostfrequentlysuggestedistohelpthepoorsecuremoremoneywithoutotherwisechangingthepresentpowerrelationships.Thisappearstoimplementtheideaofequalitywhileavoidinganyunnecessarythreattotheestablishedcentersofpower.Butsincetheconsequencesofpovertyarerelatedtopowerlessnessnottotheabsolutesupplyofmoneyavailabletothepoorandsincetheamountofpowerpurchasablewithagivensupplyofmoneydecreasesasasocietyacquiresalargesupplyofgoodsandservicesthesolutionofraisingtheincomesofthepoorislikelyunlessaccompaniedbyothermeasurestobeineffectiveinawealthysociety.Inordertoreducepoverty—relatedpsychologicalandsocialproblemsintheUnitedStatesthemajorcommunitywillhavetochangeitsrelationshiptoneighborhoodsofpovertyinsuchfashionthatfamiliesintheneighborhoodshaveagreaterinterestinthebroadersocietyandcanmoresuccessfullyparticipateinthedecision-makingprocessofthesurroundingcommunity.Socialactiontohelpthepoorshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:Firstthepoorshouldseethemselvesasthesourceoftheaction.2Secondtheactionshouldeffectinmajorwaysthepreconceptionsofinstitutionsandpersonswhodefinethepoor;theactionshoulddemandmuchineffectorskill.3Thirdtheactionshouldbesuccessfulandthesuccessfulself-originatedimportantactionshouldincreasethefeelingofpotentialworthandindividualpowerofindividualswhoarepoor.4Theonlyinitialresourcewhichacommunityshouldprovidetoneighborhoodsofpovertyshouldbeonatemporarybasisandshouldconsistoforganizerswhowillenabletheneighborhoodsquicklytocreatepowerfulindependentdemocraticorganizationsofthepoor.5Throughsuchorganizationsthepoorwillthennegotiatewiththeoutsidersforresourcesandopportunitieswithouthavingtosubmittoconcurrentcontrolfromoutside.
Smokingmeansinhalationandexhalationofthefumesofburningtobacco.Leavesofthetobaccoplantaresmokedinvariousways.Afteradryingandcuringprocesstheymayberolledintocigarsorshreddedforinsertionintosmokingpipes.Cigarettesthemostpopularmethodofsmokingconsistoffinelyshreddedtobaccorolledinlightweightpaper.About50millionpeopleintheUnitedStatescurrentlysmokeanestimatedtotalof570billioncigaretteseachyear.Butissmokingagoodhabit1.IncreasedriskofcancerSomeexpertsnoticedthatlungcancerwhichwasrarebeforethe20thcenturyhadincreaseddramaticallysinceabout1930TheAmericanCancerSocietyandotherorganizationsinitiatedstudiescomparingdeathsamongsmokersandnonsmokersoveraperiodofseveralyears.2.MoredeathsfromotherdiseasesSmokersalsorungreaterriskofdyingfromdiseasesapartfromcancers.3.CigarandpipesmokeasdangerousCigarandpipesmokecontainsthesametoxicandcarcinogeniccompoundsfoundincigarettesmoke.4.TheeffectofenvironmentaltobaccosmokeRecentresearchhasfocusedontheeffectsofenvironmentaltobaccosmokeETSthatistheeffectoftobaccosmokeonnonsmokerswhomustsharethesameenvironmentwithasmoker.5.AddictionatanearlyageThesmokinghabitandaddictiontonicotineusuallybeginsatanearlyage.Thishasledtoparticularconcernoversmokinginteenagersandyoungadults.Thereisnoneedtokillinnocenthumanbeings.Restrictingtobaccousemaybetheonlyanswertoahealthyworld.Tobaccoisharmfulnotonlytousbuttothepeopleinsurroundingareas.Tobaccousehasbeenpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.Itisnowtimetoputabanonsmoking.Withthehelpofthousandsofpeoplesmokingcanbecontrolled.Nowitisthetimetostartatobaccobattle.Smokingneedstobecomeextinctworldwide.A.AreportbytheNationalCancerInstituteconcludedthatthemortalityratesfromcancerofthemouththroatlarynxpharynxandesophagusareapproximatelyequalinusersofcigarettescigarsandpipes.Ratesofcoronaryheartdiseaselungcanceremphysemaandchronicbronchitisareelevatedforcigarandpipesmokersandarecorrelatedtotheamountofsmokingandthedegreeofinhalation.B.IntheUnitedStatesmorethan70percentofadultsbegansmokingbeforetheageof18.Fromtheearlytomid-1990stheproportionofteenagesmokersintheUnitedStatesrosefromone-quartertoonethirddespiteincreasingwarningsaboutthehealthhazardsofsmokingandwidespreadbansonsmokinginpublicplaces.In2001surveysofstudentsingrades9through12foundthatmorethan38percentofmalestudentsandnearly30percentoffemalestudentssmoke.Althoughblackteenagershavethelowestsmokingratesofanyracialgroupcigarettesmokingamongblackteensincreased80percentinthelate1990s.C.Itisestimatedthatcigarettesareresponsibleforabout431000deathsintheUnitedStateseachyear.Lungcanceraccountsforabout30percentofallcancerdeathsintheUnitedStatesandsmokingaccountsfornearly90percentoflungcancerdeaths.Therisksofdyingfromlungcancerare23timeshigherformalesmokersand13timeshigherforfemalesmokersthannonsmokers.Additionallysmokersareatincreasedriskforcancerofthelarynxoralcavityesophagusbladderkidneyandpancreas.D.Researchhasshownthatmotherswhosmokegivebirthmorefrequentlytoprematureorunderweightbabiesprobablybecauseofadecreaseinbloodflowtotheplacenta.E.TheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPAestimatesthatexposuretotheenvironmentthatcontainsallthetoxicagentsexhaledbyasmokercauses3000cancerdeathsandanestimated40000deathsfromheartdiseaseperyearinnonsmokers.Secondhandsmokecanaggravateasthmapneumoniabronchitisandimpairedbloodcirculation.F.Smokingcausesafivefoldincreaseintheriskofdyingfromchronicbronchitisandemphysemaandatwofoldincreaseindeathsfromdiseasesoftheheartandcoronaryarteries.Smokingalsoincreasestheriskofstrokeby50percent—40percentamongmenand60percentamongwomen.
Inmanydevelopingcountriessoftwarepiracyhasbecomepandemic.AccordingtoSoftwarePublishersAssociation95%ofthesoftwareinPakistanispirated89%inBrazil88%inMalaysiaand82%inMexico.1HundredsoftinygizmoshopsinthemazelikestreetsofSeoul’sYongsanelectronicsmarketofferbrandnameU.S.madeprogramsforaprogramerforafractionofthelistpriceincludingLotus1-2-3for$7.50suggestedretail:$368.NewDelhi’slargestpirateoutletisabackroomoperationthatofferscustomersacatalogofnearly400titlesandfacilitiesformakingcopiesforaslittleas$4adisk$2.50forcustomerswhobringtheirownfloppies.Howtocombatthisrampantpiracy2Thepublishers’firstapproachwastocontrolitthroughtechnicalmeans—byputtingcodesintheirprogramsthatpreventedusersfromcopyingthem.Thisstrategyworkedforawhileoratleastuntildeterminedpiratesfoundwaystogetaroundit.3Butthecodesalsomadeitdifficultforlegitimateuserstocopyprogramsontotheirharddrives.Copyprotectionbecamesounpopularthatby1986mostpublishershadabandoneditastheirfirstlineofdefense.Buttheydidn’tgiveupaltogether.ThroughassociationslikeSoftwarePublishersAssociationtheybeganpickingoffpiratesoneatatimefocusingonthebiggestabusers.4SoftwarePublishersAssociationbeganrunningspotchecksandauditsonmajorcorporationssuingfordamageswhentheyfoundfirmshadboughtsayasinglecopyofaprogramandthenmadenumerousunlicensedcopiesforitsemployees.SoftwarePublishersAssociationalsoopenedahotlineonwhichanybodycanreporttheuseofillegalsoftware.Theorganizationnowgets20to30callsadaymostlyfromformerordisgruntledemployeesandcollectsmorethan$3.5millionayearinfinesandpenalties.5TheWashingtonbasedBusinessSoftwareAllianceisconductingsimilaroperationsoverseasputtingpressureonforeigngovernmentstoenforcethecopyrightlawsalreadyonthebooks.
Congressisnowdeliberatinglegislativeandbudgetarychangesthatwoulddramaticallyredefinethenation’sresponsibilitiesfortheleastadvantaged.Debateabouttheseresponsibilitiesshouldbewelcomedandnewideasgivencarefulconsideration.ItisnotwritteninstoneorintheConstitutionthatthefederalgovernmentneedstotakecareofthepoor.1Currentprogramsarewidelyviewedasdeficientinlargepartbecausetheyareperceivedasencouragingdependencyandthedissolutionofthefamily.Insomeareasthefederalrolehasbecometoointrusive.Andwithoutnewtaxesmoneyisinshortsupply.Returningresponsibilitytothestateswithatie-offgrantfromthefederalgovernmenttoeasethetransitionisseenbymanyasthesolution.Inmyownviewargumentsthatcurrentproposalsarethebestmeansofdealingwiththeseproblemsaresomewhatdisingenuous.2AsmanyhavearguedtheseproposalscouldmoreaccuratelybedescribedasaTrojanhorsedesignedtodismantlethewelfarestatethathasexistedforthepast60years.Iftheobjectiveistoencourageworkandmarriagethesereformssendtherightsignalsbutmaydisappointinpractice.Iftheobjectiveistoprovidestateswithgreaterflexibilitythesolutionisastreamlinedwaiverprocessandothermodestreforms.3Statesalreadyhaveagreatdealofflexibilityandcouldreadilybegivenmorewithinaframeworkthatestablishesminimumprotectionsforthepoorandaccountabilityforthepublic’smoney.Iftheobjectiveistoreducethedeficitthiscouldbeachievedwithoutcuttingsodeeplyintoprogramsthathelpthemostvulnerable.Thepoorest20percentofthepopulationnowreceivesroughly4percentofallincomeintheUnitedStates.Anydeficitreductionpackagethatasksthemtopaymorethan4percentofthetotalburdenisarguablyunfair.Yetchancesarethattheywillenduppayingfarmorethanthis.Deficitreductionisaworthygoalbutnumeroustaxsubsidiesandentitlementprogramscouldbetappedbeforelow-incomeprogramswerecut.4Asitissafety-netprogramsarebeingrestructuredinwaysthatnotonlyyieldfederalsavingsbutalsopromiselessstateeffortaswell.Finallyiftheobjectiveistoreducepovertywithoutencouragingdependencythemostimportantthingthatgovernmentcandoistoassistlow-incomeworkingfamilieswithsuchmeasuresastheEITCchildcaresubsidizedhealthinsuranceandadjustmentsintheminimumwage.5Ifpersonalcommitmentstoworkandfamilyarethesurestwayoutofpovertyastheyhavebeeninthepastthenthesework-orientedmeasuresarethebestwaytokeepthosewhoplaybytherulesfromfallingfurtherbehind.
SeveralmonthsagoplanningtovisitafriendhospitalizedwithAIDSIaskedadoctorwhetherIshouldtakeanyprecautions.You’remoreofarisktohimthanheistoyousaidthedoctorFredValentineanassociateprofessorofmedicineatNewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter.Youmighthaveacoldorsomeminorinfectionthatwouldbeveryseriousforhimifhecaughtitbecausehehasnoresistance.Therisktomethedoctorsaidwasalmostnonexistent.1.Doctorsnowthinktheyunderstandhowitinfectscantestwhethersomeonehasbeenexposedtothevirusandknowhowtopreventitsspreadtoothers.2.AIDSisasilentepidemic.AccordingtorecentfiguresfromtheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCsince197915172peopleintheUnitedStateshavebeendiagnosedashavingAIDSand7111ofthemhavedied.Thesenumbersaredoublingevery10to12months.Another60000to120000peoplehaveAIDS-related-complexARCamilderformofthediseasewhichwillturnintoAIDSin5to20percentofthecases.3.Dr.HaroldJaffechiefepidemiologistoftheAIDStaskforceattheCDCsaysthatoverfiveyearsperhaps10percentofthepeoplecarryingtheviruswillgetAIDS.Another25percentwilldevelopARC.SinceinamajorityofcasesAIDSisfatal—atleastsofar—thedeathtollcouldbeenormous.ThoughthemedicalcommunityisoverwhelminglyconvincedthatAIDScan’tbecaughtbycausalcontactthatiswhatmostpeopleworryabout.Partoftheproblemissemantic.Doctorsaretaughtnevertosayneverbecausethere’snosuchthingas100-percentcertaintyinscience.4.ButthefactsdospeakstronglyagainsttransmissionofAIDSthroughcasualcontact.Tobeginwithnoresearcherhasfoundasinglecasecontractedthatway.OfalltheAIDScasesreportedinthepastfiveyearsnotoneresultedfromsharingaresidenceaschool-roomoranofficewithanotherAIDSpatientsaysDr.Jaffe.5.TheoreticallythereisasmallriskfromabarbershopshavewithastraightedgedrazorwhichmayproduceaminuteamountofbleedingiftherazorhasbeencontaminatedwithAIDS-carryingbloodandleftuncleaned.Asimilarsituationholdsifbleedingoccursduringamanicureandtheinstrumentsarecontaminatedandnotdisinfectedbetweencustomers.A.Forexampledentalpatientsaren’tthoughttobeatrisk.Instrumentsaresterilizedbyboilingorautoclaving—theuseofsuperheatedsteamunderpressure.EitherwouldkilltheAIDSvirusifitwerepresent.Furthermoremostdentistsusedisposableneedlesforinjections.B.AIDSacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromewasidentifiedonlyfouryearsagoandisstillasmystifyingtothepublicasitisfrightening.Thoughagreatdealremainstobelearnedaboutthediseasethestoreofinformationisincreasingquickly.C.NorhaveanyfriendsorfamilymemberswhohavetendedAIDSvictimscomedownwiththediseaseunlesstheyhadsexualcontactwiththevictim.Motherswho’vetakencareofsonsthroughtheirterminalillnesshandlingbloodbodysecretionsvomit—noneofthemhascaughtAIDS.saysDr.Valentine.D.Because392AIDSvictimscontractedAIDSfromcontaminatedbloodgiveninatransfusionorfrombloodproductsusedtotreathemophiliamanypeopleworryaboutgivingorreceivingblood.TobeginwithitisimpossibletogetAIDSbygivingblood.Anewsterilizedneedleisusedforeachdonorandisdisposedofafterward.E.Moredisturbingisthatasmanyas1.2millionAmericansmayhaveantibodiestothevirusandamajorityofthesemaybecarryingiteventhoughtheyhavenosymptoms.Someofthemcanspreadthedisease.F.Thoughthepublic’sattentionhasbeenfocusedonfearsofcasualcontactwithAIDSvictimsmedicalauthoritiesagreethatthediseaseisnoteasytocatch.IndeedthekeytocontainingAIDSliesintwoareasofcontactthatisanythingbutcasual:sexandsharingintravenousdrugneedles.Butsexanddrugabusearethingsthatpeoplecancontrol.Researchindicatesthatworriesofthissortareunfounded.G.SoresearcherssaythingslikeThere’snoevidenceofcasualspreadofAIDS.Thepublicnotrecognizingtheunderlyingprincipleissuspiciousandtendstooverestimatetheuncertainty.
WhataccountsfortheastoundingpopularityofDr.PhilMcGrawWhyhavesomanyTVviewersandbookbuyersembracedthistoughwarriorofapsychologistwhotellsthemtosuckitupanddealwiththeirownproblemsratherthancomplainingandblamingeveryoneelseObviouslyOprahWinfreyhasatottodowithit.Shemadehimfamouswithregularappearancesonhershowandisco-producingthenewDr.Philshowthat’slikelytobethehottestnewdaytimeofferingthisfall.ButwedecidedtoputDr.Philonthecovernotjustbecausehe’saphenomenon.1WethinkhissuccessmayreflectaninterestingshiftintheAmericanspiritoftime.Coulditbethatwe’refinallygettingtiredofthecultureofvictimologyThisisatrickysubjectbecausethereareverysadrealvictimsamongus.Menstillabusewomeninalarmingnumbers.Racismanddiscriminationpersistinsubtleandnot-so-subtleforms.2Butthesedaysalmostanyonecanfindatherapistorlawyertoassurethemthattheirprofessionalrelationshiporhealthproblemsaren’ttheirfault.AsMarcPeysertellsusinhisterrificprofileofDr.PhiltheTVsuitswereinitiallyafraidaudienceswouldbeoffendedbyhissternadvicetogetreal!Infactviewersthirstedforthetoughtalk.Privatelyweallknowwehavetotakeresponsibilityfordecisionswecontrol.Itmaynotberevolutionaryadviceandmayleaveoutimportantfactorslikeunconsciousimpulses.3Butit’sstillanimportantmessagewithclearechoingasayearlaterwecontemplatethepersonallessonsofSeptember11.Backatthelivestockfarm—theoneinCrawfordTexas—PresidentBushcontinuedtoissuemixedsignalsonIraq.4HefinallypromisedtoconsultalliesandCongressbeforegoingtowarandsignaledanattackisn’tcomingrightnowI’mapatientman.Butsofartherehasbeenlittleconsensus-buildingevenastheadministrationtalksofregimechangeandpositionstroopsinthegulf.Bush’steamalsoridiculedthepressforgivingsomuchcoveragetotheIraqissue.DefenseSecretaryRumsfeldcalleditafrenzyandPressSecretaryAriFleischerdismisseditasself-inflictedsilliness.ButasMichaelHirshnotesinourleadstorymuchofthedebatehasbeeninsidetheRepublicanParty5whereimportantvoicesofexperienceargueBushneedstopreparedomesticandworldopinionandthinkthroughtheglobalconsequencesbeforemovingforward.Withsomuchatstakethemediashouldn’tpayattentionNowwho’sbeingsilly
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeover-whelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoretrustableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.1WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints.Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublished2WhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorismTherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquiryreopenstomorrow.3Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq.TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistryofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunes.Mr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.4ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat—eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism.ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.5IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem.
SeveralmonthsagoplanningtovisitafriendhospitalizedwithAIDSIaskedadoctorwhetherIshouldtakeanyprecautions.You’remoreofarisktohimthanheistoyousaidthedoctorFredValentineanassociateprofessorofmedicineatNewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter.Youmighthaveacoldorsomeminorinfectionthatwouldbeveryseriousforhimifhecaughtitbecausehehasnoresistance.Therisktomethedoctorsaidwasalmostnonexistent.1.Doctorsnowthinktheyunderstandhowitinfectscantestwhethersomeonehasbeenexposedtothevirusandknowhowtopreventitsspreadtoothers.2.AIDSisasilentepidemic.AccordingtorecentfiguresfromtheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCsince197915172peopleintheUnitedStateshavebeendiagnosedashavingAIDSand7111ofthemhavedied.Thesenumbersaredoublingevery10to12months.Another60000to120000peoplehaveAIDS-related-complexARCamilderformofthediseasewhichwillturnintoAIDSin5to20percentofthecases.3.Dr.HaroldJaffechiefepidemiologistoftheAIDStaskforceattheCDCsaysthatoverfiveyearsperhaps10percentofthepeoplecarryingtheviruswillgetAIDS.Another25percentwilldevelopARC.SinceinamajorityofcasesAIDSisfatal—atleastsofar—thedeathtollcouldbeenormous.ThoughthemedicalcommunityisoverwhelminglyconvincedthatAIDScan’tbecaughtbycausalcontactthatiswhatmostpeopleworryabout.Partoftheproblemissemantic.Doctorsaretaughtnevertosayneverbecausethere’snosuchthingas100-percentcertaintyinscience.4.ButthefactsdospeakstronglyagainsttransmissionofAIDSthroughcasualcontact.Tobeginwithnoresearcherhasfoundasinglecasecontractedthatway.OfalltheAIDScasesreportedinthepastfiveyearsnotoneresultedfromsharingaresidenceaschool-roomoranofficewithanotherAIDSpatientsaysDr.Jaffe.5.TheoreticallythereisasmallriskfromabarbershopshavewithastraightedgedrazorwhichmayproduceaminuteamountofbleedingiftherazorhasbeencontaminatedwithAIDS-carryingbloodandleftuncleaned.Asimilarsituationholdsifbleedingoccursduringamanicureandtheinstrumentsarecontaminatedandnotdisinfectedbetweencustomers.A.Forexampledentalpatientsaren’tthoughttobeatrisk.Instrumentsaresterilizedbyboilingorautoclaving—theuseofsuperheatedsteamunderpressure.EitherwouldkilltheAIDSvirusifitwerepresent.Furthermoremostdentistsusedisposableneedlesforinjections.B.AIDSacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromewasidentifiedonlyfouryearsagoandisstillasmystifyingtothepublicasitisfrightening.Thoughagreatdealremainstobelearnedaboutthediseasethestoreofinformationisincreasingquickly.C.NorhaveanyfriendsorfamilymemberswhohavetendedAIDSvictimscomedownwiththediseaseunlesstheyhadsexualcontactwiththevictim.Motherswho’vetakencareofsonsthroughtheirterminalillnesshandlingbloodbodysecretionsvomit—noneofthemhascaughtAIDS.saysDr.Valentine.D.Because392AIDSvictimscontractedAIDSfromcontaminatedbloodgiveninatransfusionorfrombloodproductsusedtotreathemophiliamanypeopleworryaboutgivingorreceivingblood.TobeginwithitisimpossibletogetAIDSbygivingblood.Anewsterilizedneedleisusedforeachdonorandisdisposedofafterward.E.Moredisturbingisthatasmanyas1.2millionAmericansmayhaveantibodiestothevirusandamajorityofthesemaybecarryingiteventhoughtheyhavenosymptoms.Someofthemcanspreadthedisease.F.Thoughthepublic’sattentionhasbeenfocusedonfearsofcasualcontactwithAIDSvictimsmedicalauthoritiesagreethatthediseaseisnoteasytocatch.IndeedthekeytocontainingAIDSliesintwoareasofcontactthatisanythingbutcasual:sexandsharingintravenousdrugneedles.Butsexanddrugabusearethingsthatpeoplecancontrol.Researchindicatesthatworriesofthissortareunfounded.G.SoresearcherssaythingslikeThere’snoevidenceofcasualspreadofAIDS.Thepublicnotrecognizingtheunderlyingprincipleissuspiciousandtendstooverestimatetheuncertainty.
WhataccountsfortheastoundingpopularityofDr.PhilMcGrawWhyhavesomanyTVviewersandbookbuyersembracedthistoughwarriorofapsychologistwhotellsthemtosuckitupanddealwiththeirownproblemsratherthancomplainingandblamingeveryoneelseObviouslyOprahWinfreyhasatottodowithit.Shemadehimfamouswithregularappearancesonhershowandisco-producingthenewDr.Philshowthat’slikelytobethehottestnewdaytimeofferingthisfall.ButwedecidedtoputDr.Philonthecovernotjustbecausehe’saphenomenon.1WethinkhissuccessmayreflectaninterestingshiftintheAmericanspiritoftime.Coulditbethatwe’refinallygettingtiredofthecultureofvictimologyThisisatrickysubjectbecausethereareverysadrealvictimsamongus.Menstillabusewomeninalarmingnumbers.Racismanddiscriminationpersistinsubtleandnot-so-subtleforms.2Butthesedaysalmostanyonecanfindatherapistorlawyertoassurethemthattheirprofessionalrelationshiporhealthproblemsaren’ttheirfault.AsMarcPeysertellsusinhisterrificprofileofDr.PhiltheTVsuitswereinitiallyafraidaudienceswouldbeoffendedbyhissternadvicetogetreal!Infactviewersthirstedforthetoughtalk.Privatelyweallknowwehavetotakeresponsibilityfordecisionswecontrol.Itmaynotberevolutionaryadviceandmayleaveoutimportantfactorslikeunconsciousimpulses.3Butit’sstillanimportantmessagewithclearechoingasayearlaterwecontemplatethepersonallessonsofSeptember11.Backatthelivestockfarm—theoneinCrawfordTexas—PresidentBushcontinuedtoissuemixedsignalsonIraq.4HefinallypromisedtoconsultalliesandCongressbeforegoingtowarandsignaledanattackisn’tcomingrightnowI’mapatientman.Butsofartherehasbeenlittleconsensus-buildingevenastheadministrationtalksofregimechangeandpositionstroopsinthegulf.Bush’steamalsoridiculedthepressforgivingsomuchcoveragetotheIraqissue.DefenseSecretaryRumsfeldcalleditafrenzyandPressSecretaryAriFleischerdismisseditasself-inflictedsilliness.ButasMichaelHirshnotesinourleadstorymuchofthedebatehasbeeninsidetheRepublicanParty5whereimportantvoicesofexperienceargueBushneedstopreparedomesticandworldopinionandthinkthroughtheglobalconsequencesbeforemovingforward.Withsomuchatstakethemediashouldn’tpayattentionNowwho’sbeingsilly
1Thisissupposedtobeanenlightenedagebutyouwouldn’tthinksoifonlyyoucouldhearwhattheaveragemanthinksoftheaveragewoman.Womenwontheirindependenceyearsago.Afteralongbitterstruggletheynowenjoythesameeducationalopportunitiesasmeninmostpartsoftheworld.Theyhaveprovedrepeatedlythattheyareequalandoftensuperiortomeninalmosteveryfield.Thehard-foughtbattleforrecognitionhasbeenwonbutitisthroughnomeansover.2Itismennotwomenwhostillcarryonthesexwarbecausetheirattituderemainsbasicallyhostileeveninthemostprogressivesocietieswomencontinuetoberegardedassecond-ratecitizens.Tohearsomementalkyou’dthinkthatwomenbelongedtoadifferentspecies!Onthesurfacethecommentsmadethroughmenaboutwomen’sabilitiesseemlight-hearted.Thesametiredjokesaboutwomendriversarerepeateddayinanddayout.Thisapparentlightheartednessdoesnotconcealtherealcontemptthatmenfeelforwomen.Howevermuchmensneeratwomentheirclaimstosuperiorityarenotborneoutthroughstatistics.Let’sconsiderthematterofdrivingforinstance.Weallknowthatwomencausefarfeweraccidentsthanmen.Theyaretooconscientiousandresponsibletodrivelikemaniacs.Butthisisaminorquibble.Womenhavesucceededinanyjobyoucaretoname.3Aspoliticianssoldiersdoctorsfactoryhandsuniversityprofessorsfarmerscompanydirectorslawyersbus-conductorsscientistsandpresidentsofcountriestheyhaveoftenputmentoshame.Andwemustrememberthattheyfrequentlysucceedbrilliantlyinallthesefieldsinadditiontobearingandrearingchildren.Yetmengoonmaintainingthefictionthattherearemanyjobswomencannotdo.4Toplevelpoliticalnegotiationbetweencountriesbusinessandbankingarealmostentirelycontrolledthroughmenwhojealouslyguardtheirso-calledrights.EveninotherwiseenlightenedplaceslikeSwitzerlandwomenhaven’tevenbeengiventhevote.Thissituationispreposterous!Thetruthisthatmenclingtotheirsupremacybecauseoftheirbasicinferioritycomplex.Theyshunrealcompetition.Theyknowintheirheartsthatwomenaresuperiorandtheyareafraidofbeingbeatenattheirowngame.Oneofthemostimportanttasksintheworldistoachievepeacebetweenthenations.5Youcanbesurethatifonlywomenwereallowedtositroundtheconferencetabletheywouldsucceedbrilliantlyastheyalwaysdowheremenhavefailedforcenturies.
1Thisissupposedtobeanenlightenedagebutyouwouldn’tthinksoifonlyyoucouldhearwhattheaveragemanthinksoftheaveragewoman.Womenwontheirindependenceyearsago.Afteralongbitterstruggletheynowenjoythesameeducationalopportunitiesasmeninmostpartsoftheworld.Theyhaveprovedrepeatedlythattheyareequalandoftensuperiortomeninalmosteveryfield.Thehard-foughtbattleforrecognitionhasbeenwonbutitisthroughnomeansover.2Itismennotwomenwhostillcarryonthesexwarbecausetheirattituderemainsbasicallyhostileeveninthemostprogressivesocietieswomencontinuetoberegardedassecond-ratecitizens.Tohearsomementalkyou’dthinkthatwomenbelongedtoadifferentspecies!Onthesurfacethecommentsmadethroughmenaboutwomen’sabilitiesseemlight-hearted.Thesametiredjokesaboutwomendriversarerepeateddayinanddayout.Thisapparentlightheartednessdoesnotconcealtherealcontemptthatmenfeelforwomen.Howevermuchmensneeratwomentheirclaimstosuperiorityarenotborneoutthroughstatistics.Let’sconsiderthematterofdrivingforinstance.Weallknowthatwomencausefarfeweraccidentsthanmen.Theyaretooconscientiousandresponsibletodrivelikemaniacs.Butthisisaminorquibble.Womenhavesucceededinanyjobyoucaretoname.3Aspoliticianssoldiersdoctorsfactoryhandsuniversityprofessorsfarmerscompanydirectorslawyersbus-conductorsscientistsandpresidentsofcountriestheyhaveoftenputmentoshame.Andwemustrememberthattheyfrequentlysucceedbrilliantlyinallthesefieldsinadditiontobearingandrearingchildren.Yetmengoonmaintainingthefictionthattherearemanyjobswomencannotdo.4Toplevelpoliticalnegotiationbetweencountriesbusinessandbankingarealmostentirelycontrolledthroughmenwhojealouslyguardtheirso-calledrights.EveninotherwiseenlightenedplaceslikeSwitzerlandwomenhaven’tevenbeengiventhevote.Thissituationispreposterous!Thetruthisthatmenclingtotheirsupremacybecauseoftheirbasicinferioritycomplex.Theyshunrealcompetition.Theyknowintheirheartsthatwomenaresuperiorandtheyareafraidofbeingbeatenattheirowngame.Oneofthemostimportanttasksintheworldistoachievepeacebetweenthenations.5Youcanbesurethatifonlywomenwereallowedtositroundtheconferencetabletheywouldsucceedbrilliantlyastheyalwaysdowheremenhavefailedforcenturies.
Gandhi’spacifismcanbeseparatedtosomeextentfromhisotherteachings.1Itsmotivewasreligiousbutheclaimedalsoforitthatitwasadefinitivetechniqueamethodcapableofproducingdesiredpoliticalresults.Gandhi’sattitudewasnotthatofmostWesternpacifists.Satyagraha2themethodGandhiproposedandpracticedfirstevolvedinSouthAfricawasasortofnon-violentwarfareawayofdefeatingtheenemywithouthurtinghimandwithoutfeelingorarousinghatred.ItentailedsuchthingsascivildisobediencestrikeslyingdowninfrontofRailwaytrainsenduringpolicechargeswithoutrunningawayandwithouthittingbackandthelike.GandhiobjectedtopassiveresistanceasatranslationofSatyagraha:inGujaratiitseemsthewordmeansfirmnessinthetruth.3InhisearlydaysGandhiservedasastretcher-bearerontheBritishsideintheBoerWarandhewaspreparedtodothesameagaininthewarof1914-1918.Evenafterhehadcompletelyabjuredviolencehewashonestenoughtoseethatinwaritisusuallynecessarytotakesides.Sincehiswholepoliticallifecenteredroundastrugglefornationalindependencehecouldnotand4indeedhedidnottakethesterileanddishonestlineofpretendingthatineverywarbothsidesareexactlythesameanditmakesnodifferencewhowins.NordidhelikemostWesternpacifistsspecializeinavoidingawkwardquestions.Inrelationtothelatewaronequestionthateverypacifisthadaclearobligationtoanswerwas:WhatabouttheJewsAreyoupreparedtoseethemexterminatedIfnothowdoyouproposetosavethemwithoutresortingtowar5ImustsaythatIhaveneverheardfromanyWesternpacifistanhonestanswertothisquestionthoughIhaveheardplentyofevasionsusuallyoftheyou’reanothertype.ButitsohappensthatGandhiwasaskedasomewhatsimilarquestionin1938andthathisanswerisonrecordinMr.LouisFischer’sGandhiandStalin.AccordingtoMr.FischerGandhi’sviewwasthattheGermanJewsoughttocommitcollectivesuicidewhichwouldhavearousedtheworldandthepeopleofGermanytoHitler’sviolence./
Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementsandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DaiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal.1Whatweallcraveistolooknormalandnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusaperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat.2InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentresonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommendsmaintenanceworkforpeopleintheirthirties.TheideaofwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissillyhesaysBythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandallowedthingstogetoutofhand.Dr.Imberdrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however.Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.3Buttheproportionatecostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Davieswhoclaimstocaterfortheaveragepersonagrees.Hesays:Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday.4Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanaestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.5Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500forliposuctiontoremovefatfromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryVeteranisadeceptivelygentleone.Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicwassolowkeyandeffectiveitwhettedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit./
Overthelastdecadedemandforthemostcommoncosmeticsurgeryprocedureslikebreastenlargementsandnosejobshasincreasedbymorethan400percent.AccordingtoDr.DaiDaviesofthePlasticSurgeryPartnershipinHammersmiththemajorityofcosmeticsurgerypatientsarenotchasingphysicalperfection.Rathertheyaredriventofantasticlengthstoimprovetheirappearancebyadesiretolooknormal.1Whatweallcraveistolooknormalandnormaliswhatisprescribedbytheadvertisingmediaandotherexternalpressures.Theygiveusaperceptionofwhatisphysicallyacceptableandwefeelwemustlooklikethat.2InAmericathedebateisnolongeraboutwhethersurgeryisnormal;ratheritcentresonwhatagepeopleshouldbebeforegoingundertheknife.NewYorksurgeonDr.GerardImberrecommendsmaintenanceworkforpeopleintheirthirties.TheideaofwaitinguntiloneneedsaheroictransformationissillyhesaysBythenyou’vewasted20greatyearsofyourlifeandallowedthingstogetoutofhand.Dr.Imberdrawsthelineatoperatingonpeoplewhoareunder18however.Itseemsthatsomeonewedon’tconsideroldenoughtoorderadrinkshouldn’tbeconsideringplasticsurgery.IntheUKcosmeticsurgeryhaslongbeenseenastheexclusivedomainoftheveryrichandfamous.3Buttheproportionatecostoftreatmenthasfallensubstantiallybringingallbutthemostadvancedlasertechnologywithinthereachofmostpeople.Dr.Davieswhoclaimstocaterfortheaveragepersonagrees.Hesays:Itreatafewoftherichandfamousandanawfullotofsecretaries.Ofcourse￡3000foranoperationisalotofmoney.Butitisalsoaninvestmentforlifewhichcostsabouthalfthepriceofagoodfamilyholiday.4Dr.Daviessuspectsthattheincreasingsophisticationofthefatinjectingandremovaltechniquesthatallowpatientstobetreatedwithalocalanaestheticinanafternoonhasalsohelpedpromotethepopularityofcosmeticsurgery.5Yetasonewomanwhorecentlypaid￡2500forliposuctiontoremovefatfromherthighsadmittedtheslopetobecomingacosmeticsurgeryVeteranisadeceptivelygentleone.Ihadmylegsdonebecausethey’dbeenbuggingmeforyears.Butgoingintotheclinicwassolowkeyandeffectiveitwhettedmyappetite.NowIdon’tthinkthere’sanyoperationthatIwouldruleouthavingifIcouldaffordit./
Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutpovertybutnoneoftheaccountsseemtogetattherootoftheproblem.Itmustbenotedthatthedebilitatingeffectsofpovertyarenotonlytheresultoflackofmoneybutarealsotheresultofpowerlessness.1Thepooraresubjecttotheirsocialsituationinsteadofbeingabletoaffectitthroughactionthatisthroughbehaviorthatflowsfromanindividual’sdecisionsandplans.Inotherwordswhensocialscientistshavereportedonthepsychologicalconsequencesofpovertyitseemsreasonabletobelievethattheyhavedescribedthepsychologicalconsequencesofpowerlessness.Thesolutiontopovertymostfrequentlysuggestedistohelpthepoorsecuremoremoneywithoutotherwisechangingthepresentpowerrelationships.Thisappearstoimplementtheideaofequalitywhileavoidinganyunnecessarythreattotheestablishedcentersofpower.Butsincetheconsequencesofpovertyarerelatedtopowerlessnessnottotheabsolutesupplyofmoneyavailabletothepoorandsincetheamountofpowerpurchasablewithagivensupplyofmoneydecreasesasasocietyacquiresalargesupplyofgoodsandservicesthesolutionofraisingtheincomesofthepoorislikelyunlessaccompaniedbyothermeasurestobeineffectiveinawealthysociety.Inordertoreducepoverty—relatedpsychologicalandsocialproblemsintheUnitedStatesthemajorcommunitywillhavetochangeitsrelationshiptoneighborhoodsofpovertyinsuchfashionthatfamiliesintheneighborhoodshaveagreaterinterestinthebroadersocietyandcanmoresuccessfullyparticipateinthedecision-makingprocessofthesurroundingcommunity.Socialactiontohelpthepoorshouldhavethefollowingcharacteristics:Firstthepoorshouldseethemselvesasthesourceoftheaction.2Secondtheactionshouldeffectinmajorwaysthepreconceptionsofinstitutionsandpersonswhodefinethepoor;theactionshoulddemandmuchineffectorskill.3Thirdtheactionshouldbesuccessfulandthesuccessfulself-originatedimportantactionshouldincreasethefeelingofpotentialworthandindividualpowerofindividualswhoarepoor.4Theonlyinitialresourcewhichacommunityshouldprovidetoneighborhoodsofpovertyshouldbeonatemporarybasisandshouldconsistoforganizerswhowillenabletheneighborhoodsquicklytocreatepowerfulindependentdemocraticorganizationsofthepoor.5Throughsuchorganizationsthepoorwillthennegotiatewiththeoutsidersforresourcesandopportunitieswithouthavingtosubmittoconcurrentcontrolfromoutside.
1Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.2Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity.Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.3Asthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecause.Self-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.Genderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorce.Theimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce.Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.Howcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplained4Thegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.5Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers.
Gandhi’spacifismcanbeseparatedtosomeextentfromhisotherteachings.1Itsmotivewasreligiousbutheclaimedalsoforitthatitwasadefinitivetechniqueamethodcapableofproducingdesiredpoliticalresults.Gandhi’sattitudewasnotthatofmostWesternpacifists.Satyagraha2themethodGandhiproposedandpracticedfirstevolvedinSouthAfricawasasortofnon-violentwarfareawayofdefeatingtheenemywithouthurtinghimandwithoutfeelingorarousinghatred.ItentailedsuchthingsascivildisobediencestrikeslyingdowninfrontofRailwaytrainsenduringpolicechargeswithoutrunningawayandwithouthittingbackandthelike.GandhiobjectedtopassiveresistanceasatranslationofSatyagraha:inGujaratiitseemsthewordmeansfirmnessinthetruth.3InhisearlydaysGandhiservedasastretcher-bearerontheBritishsideintheBoerWarandhewaspreparedtodothesameagaininthewarof1914-1918.Evenafterhehadcompletelyabjuredviolencehewashonestenoughtoseethatinwaritisusuallynecessarytotakesides.Sincehiswholepoliticallifecenteredroundastrugglefornationalindependencehecouldnotand4indeedhedidnottakethesterileanddishonestlineofpretendingthatineverywarbothsidesareexactlythesameanditmakesnodifferencewhowins.NordidhelikemostWesternpacifistsspecializeinavoidingawkwardquestions.Inrelationtothelatewaronequestionthateverypacifisthadaclearobligationtoanswerwas:WhatabouttheJewsAreyoupreparedtoseethemexterminatedIfnothowdoyouproposetosavethemwithoutresortingtowar5ImustsaythatIhaveneverheardfromanyWesternpacifistanhonestanswertothisquestionthoughIhaveheardplentyofevasionsusuallyoftheyou’reanothertype.ButitsohappensthatGandhiwasaskedasomewhatsimilarquestionin1938andthathisanswerisonrecordinMr.LouisFischer’sGandhiandStalin.AccordingtoMr.FischerGandhi’sviewwasthattheGermanJewsoughttocommitcollectivesuicidewhichwouldhavearousedtheworldandthepeopleofGermanytoHitler’sviolence./
Inmanydevelopingcountriessoftwarepiracyhasbecomepandemic.AccordingtoSoftwarePublishersAssociation95%ofthesoftwareinPakistanispirated89%inBrazil88%inMalaysiaand82%inMexico.1HundredsoftinygizmoshopsinthemazelikestreetsofSeoul’sYongsanelectronicsmarketofferbrandnameU.S.madeprogramsforaprogramerforafractionofthelistpriceincludingLotus1-2-3for$7.50suggestedretail:$368.NewDelhi’slargestpirateoutletisabackroomoperationthatofferscustomersacatalogofnearly400titlesandfacilitiesformakingcopiesforaslittleas$4adisk$2.50forcustomerswhobringtheirownfloppies.Howtocombatthisrampantpiracy2Thepublishers’firstapproachwastocontrolitthroughtechnicalmeans—byputtingcodesintheirprogramsthatpreventedusersfromcopyingthem.Thisstrategyworkedforawhileoratleastuntildeterminedpiratesfoundwaystogetaroundit.3Butthecodesalsomadeitdifficultforlegitimateuserstocopyprogramsontotheirharddrives.Copyprotectionbecamesounpopularthatby1986mostpublishershadabandoneditastheirfirstlineofdefense.Buttheydidn’tgiveupaltogether.ThroughassociationslikeSoftwarePublishersAssociationtheybeganpickingoffpiratesoneatatimefocusingonthebiggestabusers.4SoftwarePublishersAssociationbeganrunningspotchecksandauditsonmajorcorporationssuingfordamageswhentheyfoundfirmshadboughtsayasinglecopyofaprogramandthenmadenumerousunlicensedcopiesforitsemployees.SoftwarePublishersAssociationalsoopenedahotlineonwhichanybodycanreporttheuseofillegalsoftware.Theorganizationnowgets20to30callsadaymostlyfromformerordisgruntledemployeesandcollectsmorethan$3.5millionayearinfinesandpenalties.5TheWashingtonbasedBusinessSoftwareAllianceisconductingsimilaroperationsoverseasputtingpressureonforeigngovernmentstoenforcethecopyrightlawsalreadyonthebooks.
SeveralmonthsagoplanningtovisitafriendhospitalizedwithAIDSIaskedadoctorwhetherIshouldtakeanyprecautions.You’remoreofarisktohimthanheistoyousaidthedoctorFredValentineanassociateprofessorofmedicineatNewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter.Youmighthaveacoldorsomeminorinfectionthatwouldbeveryseriousforhimifhecaughtitbecausehehasnoresistance.Therisktomethedoctorsaidwasalmostnonexistent.1.Doctorsnowthinktheyunderstandhowitinfectscantestwhethersomeonehasbeenexposedtothevirusandknowhowtopreventitsspreadtoothers.2.AIDSisasilentepidemic.AccordingtorecentfiguresfromtheCentersforDiseaseControlCDCsince197915172peopleintheUnitedStateshavebeendiagnosedashavingAIDSand7111ofthemhavedied.Thesenumbersaredoublingevery10to12months.Another60000to120000peoplehaveAIDS-related-complexARCamilderformofthediseasewhichwillturnintoAIDSin5to20percentofthecases.3.Dr.HaroldJaffechiefepidemiologistoftheAIDStaskforceattheCDCsaysthatoverfiveyearsperhaps10percentofthepeoplecarryingtheviruswillgetAIDS.Another25percentwilldevelopARC.SinceinamajorityofcasesAIDSisfatal—atleastsofar—thedeathtollcouldbeenormous.ThoughthemedicalcommunityisoverwhelminglyconvincedthatAIDScan’tbecaughtbycausalcontactthatiswhatmostpeopleworryabout.Partoftheproblemissemantic.Doctorsaretaughtnevertosayneverbecausethere’snosuchthingas100-percentcertaintyinscience.4.ButthefactsdospeakstronglyagainsttransmissionofAIDSthroughcasualcontact.Tobeginwithnoresearcherhasfoundasinglecasecontractedthatway.OfalltheAIDScasesreportedinthepastfiveyearsnotoneresultedfromsharingaresidenceaschool-roomoranofficewithanotherAIDSpatientsaysDr.Jaffe.5.TheoreticallythereisasmallriskfromabarbershopshavewithastraightedgedrazorwhichmayproduceaminuteamountofbleedingiftherazorhasbeencontaminatedwithAIDS-carryingbloodandleftuncleaned.Asimilarsituationholdsifbleedingoccursduringamanicureandtheinstrumentsarecontaminatedandnotdisinfectedbetweencustomers.A.Forexampledentalpatientsaren’tthoughttobeatrisk.Instrumentsaresterilizedbyboilingorautoclaving—theuseofsuperheatedsteamunderpressure.EitherwouldkilltheAIDSvirusifitwerepresent.Furthermoremostdentistsusedisposableneedlesforinjections.B.AIDSacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromewasidentifiedonlyfouryearsagoandisstillasmystifyingtothepublicasitisfrightening.Thoughagreatdealremainstobelearnedaboutthediseasethestoreofinformationisincreasingquickly.C.NorhaveanyfriendsorfamilymemberswhohavetendedAIDSvictimscomedownwiththediseaseunlesstheyhadsexualcontactwiththevictim.Motherswho’vetakencareofsonsthroughtheirterminalillnesshandlingbloodbodysecretionsvomit—noneofthemhascaughtAIDS.saysDr.Valentine.D.Because392AIDSvictimscontractedAIDSfromcontaminatedbloodgiveninatransfusionorfrombloodproductsusedtotreathemophiliamanypeopleworryaboutgivingorreceivingblood.TobeginwithitisimpossibletogetAIDSbygivingblood.Anewsterilizedneedleisusedforeachdonorandisdisposedofafterward.E.Moredisturbingisthatasmanyas1.2millionAmericansmayhaveantibodiestothevirusandamajorityofthesemaybecarryingiteventhoughtheyhavenosymptoms.Someofthemcanspreadthedisease.F.Thoughthepublic’sattentionhasbeenfocusedonfearsofcasualcontactwithAIDSvictimsmedicalauthoritiesagreethatthediseaseisnoteasytocatch.IndeedthekeytocontainingAIDSliesintwoareasofcontactthatisanythingbutcasual:sexandsharingintravenousdrugneedles.Butsexanddrugabusearethingsthatpeoplecancontrol.Researchindicatesthatworriesofthissortareunfounded.G.SoresearcherssaythingslikeThere’snoevidenceofcasualspreadofAIDS.Thepublicnotrecognizingtheunderlyingprincipleissuspiciousandtendstooverestimatetheuncertainty.
Gandhi’spacifismcanbeseparatedtosomeextentfromhisotherteachings.1Itsmotivewasreligiousbutheclaimedalsoforitthatitwasadefinitivetechniqueamethodcapableofproducingdesiredpoliticalresults.Gandhi’sattitudewasnotthatofmostWesternpacifists.Satyagraha2themethodGandhiproposedandpracticedfirstevolvedinSouthAfricawasasortofnon-violentwarfareawayofdefeatingtheenemywithouthurtinghimandwithoutfeelingorarousinghatred.ItentailedsuchthingsascivildisobediencestrikeslyingdowninfrontofRailwaytrainsenduringpolicechargeswithoutrunningawayandwithouthittingbackandthelike.GandhiobjectedtopassiveresistanceasatranslationofSatyagraha:inGujaratiitseemsthewordmeansfirmnessinthetruth.3InhisearlydaysGandhiservedasastretcher-bearerontheBritishsideintheBoerWarandhewaspreparedtodothesameagaininthewarof1914-1918.Evenafterhehadcompletelyabjuredviolencehewashonestenoughtoseethatinwaritisusuallynecessarytotakesides.Sincehiswholepoliticallifecenteredroundastrugglefornationalindependencehecouldnotand4indeedhedidnottakethesterileanddishonestlineofpretendingthatineverywarbothsidesareexactlythesameanditmakesnodifferencewhowins.NordidhelikemostWesternpacifistsspecializeinavoidingawkwardquestions.Inrelationtothelatewaronequestionthateverypacifisthadaclearobligationtoanswerwas:WhatabouttheJewsAreyoupreparedtoseethemexterminatedIfnothowdoyouproposetosavethemwithoutresortingtowar5ImustsaythatIhaveneverheardfromanyWesternpacifistanhonestanswertothisquestionthoughIhaveheardplentyofevasionsusuallyoftheyou’reanothertype.ButitsohappensthatGandhiwasaskedasomewhatsimilarquestionin1938andthathisanswerisonrecordinMr.LouisFischer’sGandhiandStalin.AccordingtoMr.FischerGandhi’sviewwasthattheGermanJewsoughttocommitcollectivesuicidewhichwouldhavearousedtheworldandthepeopleofGermanytoHitler’sviolence./
WhereintheworldisthelargestnumberofdifferentlanguagesspokenMostlinguistswouldprobablyplumpforNewGuineaanislandthathas830recognizedtonguesscatteredarounditsisolatedjungle-coveredvalleys.Butaplaceontheothersideoftheworldrunsitclose.ThefiveboroughsofNewYorkCityarereckonedtobehometospeakersofaround800languages.Manyofthemclosetoextinction.1NewYorkisalsohomeofcoursetoalotofacademiclinguistsandthreeofthemhavegottogethertocreateanorganizationcalledtheEndangeredLanguageAllianceELAwhichisferretingoutspeakersofunusualtonguesfromthecity’shuddledimmigrantmasses.TheELAwhichwassetuplastyearbyDanielKaufmanJulietteBlevinsandBobHolmanhasworkedindetailon12languagessinceitsinception.Ithascodifiedtheirgrammarstheirpronunciationsandtheirword-formationpatternsaswellastheirsongsandlegends.EachvolunteerspeakerofalanguageofinterestisfirsttestedwithwhatisknownasaSwadeshlist.Thisisasetof207high-frequencyslow-to-changewordssuchaspartsofthebodycolorsandbasicverbslikeeatdrinksleepandkill.TheSwadeshlistisintendedtoascertainanindividual’sfluencybeforeheistakenon.OncehehasbeenacceptedDrKauf-manandhiscolleaguesstartchippingawayatthelanguage’sphonologythesoundsofwhichitiscomposedanditssyntaxhowitsmeaningischangedbytheorderofwordsandphrases.Thissortofanalysisisthebreadandbutteroflinguistics.Everysooftenthoughtheresearcherscomeacrossabitofjam.TheMahongwewordmanonoforexamplemeansIlikewhenspokensoftandflatandIdon’tlikewhenthefirstsyllableisatadsharperintone.Similarlymhazacouldbeeitherchestorcouncilhouse.InbothcasesthetwowordsarenearlyindistinguishabletoanEnglishspeakerbutyieldstarklydifferentpatternswhenrunthroughaspectrograph.2Manonoisaparticularlinguisticodditysinceitusesonlytonetodifferentiateanaffirmativefromanegative—aphenomenontheELAhassincediscoveredappliestoallverbsinMahongwe.Suchnicetiesareinterestingtoexperts.ButtheELAisattemptingtounderstandmorethanjustthenutsandboltsoflanguages.Itiscollectingstoriesandotherverbalmaterialspecifictotheculturesoftheparticipants.OnevolunteerforexamplewantstowriteastorybookforchildreninherlanguageShughniandalsoarecipebook.3ThatmeanscreatingawrittenformofthelanguagewhichtheresearchersdousingwhatisknownastheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.4ManyofDr.Kaufman’sbetterfindshesays.havecomefromhangingoutatstreetcornerswithaclipboardonRooseveltAvenue—astreetintheboroughofQueensthathedescribesastheepicenteroftheepicenteroflinguisticNewYork.Howlongitwillremainsoismoot.Theworld’slanguageswhichnumberabout6900arereckonedtobedyingoutattherateofoneafortnight.ThereasonispreciselythesortofculturalmixingthatNewYorkepitomizes.5Thevalueoflearninganyparticularlanguageisincreasedbythenumberofpeoplewhoalreadyspeakitwhilethevalueofaminoritylanguageisdiminishedaspeopleabandonit.Tothoselanguagesthathathinotherwordsshallbegiven.Fromthosethathathnotshallthelastspeakerssoonbetakenaway
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