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Text 1 Over the last decade, demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breas...
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Text1 AtanofficeinHamptonVirginiaintheeastoftheUnitedStatesateamoftennetsavvyworkerssourcesthewebforsexualcontentfrombasicsexeducationtosexacts.This"qualityassurance"teamismakingsurethattheblockingcomponentofSymantec’sNortonInternetSecurity2000computerprogramremainseffective.Thisisbecausethereiswidespreadparentalconcernaboutblockingwebsiteswithsexualcontentfromchildren. Websiteblockingisnothingnew--serviceslikeNetNannyandprogramslikeCyberPatrolandGuardDoghavebeenaroundforafewyearsnowprotectingchildrenandreassuringparentsthatonlywholesomewebsitesareaccessedbytheyoungsters.NetNannyandCyberPatrolwillpreventaccesstoanyquestionablesiteswhentheprogramisinplace NowSymantecsaysithascreatedanewcategoryinconsumersoftwarewithapackagethatcombineswebsiteblockingwitha"firewall"protectingyourcomputerfromhackersandvirusesaswellaspreventingcarelessdisclosureofpersonaldata.InshortNortonInternetSecurityastheprogramiscalledisdesignedtoserveastheguardianofyourdigitalhealthkeepingthebadthingsoutandtheprivatethingsin. TheSymantecprogramcanbeconfiguredinmanywaysthewebsiteblockingforexamplecanbesettobeeitherselectivelypermissiveortotalinitsbanningofwebsitesorswitchedoffentirely.AlsoSymantec’slistofno-goareaswhichontheCDnowstandataround36000addressedisnotconfinedtosexsites.TheteaminVirginiaisalsoonthelookoutforsitesadvocatingdragsorwhichcontainreferencestoviolenceorgamblingandkeepsawatchonchatroomse-mailservicesentertainmentportals--evenjobsearchandfinancialpages.Thesesitescanbeblockedbytheprogram. ComputeruserscanalsorefreshtheaddresslistonlinewiththeLiveupdatefeaturewhichisusedbyNortonAnti-ViruswhichisbundledwithNIStoloadthelatestvirusdefinitions.Thisserviceisfreeforthefirstyearbutincludingvirusdefinitionupdates;itcosts$19.95ayearthere-after. Thesystemisnotperfecthowever.Limitedtestingfoundtheblockingofsome"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.Tryingtogetaccesstoawell-knownUSsitesuchasPlayboyresultsinanimmediateblockingmessagewithastandardinvitationtoreportan"incorrectlycategorized"site.BycontrastyoucouldfindinothercountriessuchasNewZealandasexsitewhichdeclareditselftobe"dedicatedtoprovidingsexualmaterialimagedandanythingalittlebitunusualforsexenthusiastsalloverthecountry. AccordingtothepassagetheNISprogram
Text2 IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million. Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting. Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday. Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife. Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. Morepeoplechoosetotelecommutebecause
Text1 AtanofficeinHamptonVirginiaintheeastoftheUnitedStatesateamoftennetsavvyworkerssourcesthewebforsexualcontentfrombasicsexeducationtosexacts.This"qualityassurance"teamismakingsurethattheblockingcomponentofSymantec’sNortonInternetSecurity2000computerprogramremainseffective.Thisisbecausethereiswidespreadparentalconcernaboutblockingwebsiteswithsexualcontentfromchildren. Websiteblockingisnothingnew--serviceslikeNetNannyandprogramslikeCyberPatrolandGuardDoghavebeenaroundforafewyearsnowprotectingchildrenandreassuringparentsthatonlywholesomewebsitesareaccessedbytheyoungsters.NetNannyandCyberPatrolwillpreventaccesstoanyquestionablesiteswhentheprogramisinplace NowSymantecsaysithascreatedanewcategoryinconsumersoftwarewithapackagethatcombineswebsiteblockingwitha"firewall"protectingyourcomputerfromhackersandvirusesaswellaspreventingcarelessdisclosureofpersonaldata.InshortNortonInternetSecurityastheprogramiscalledisdesignedtoserveastheguardianofyourdigitalhealthkeepingthebadthingsoutandtheprivatethingsin. TheSymantecprogramcanbeconfiguredinmanywaysthewebsiteblockingforexamplecanbesettobeeitherselectivelypermissiveortotalinitsbanningofwebsitesorswitchedoffentirely.AlsoSymantec’slistofno-goareaswhichontheCDnowstandataround36000addressedisnotconfinedtosexsites.TheteaminVirginiaisalsoonthelookoutforsitesadvocatingdragsorwhichcontainreferencestoviolenceorgamblingandkeepsawatchonchatroomse-mailservicesentertainmentportals--evenjobsearchandfinancialpages.Thesesitescanbeblockedbytheprogram. ComputeruserscanalsorefreshtheaddresslistonlinewiththeLiveupdatefeaturewhichisusedbyNortonAnti-ViruswhichisbundledwithNIStoloadthelatestvirusdefinitions.Thisserviceisfreeforthefirstyearbutincludingvirusdefinitionupdates;itcosts$19.95ayearthere-after. Thesystemisnotperfecthowever.Limitedtestingfoundtheblockingofsome"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.Tryingtogetaccesstoawell-knownUSsitesuchasPlayboyresultsinanimmediateblockingmessagewithastandardinvitationtoreportan"incorrectlycategorized"site.BycontrastyoucouldfindinothercountriessuchasNewZealandasexsitewhichdeclareditselftobe"dedicatedtoprovidingsexualmaterialimagedandanythingalittlebitunusualforsexenthusiastsalloverthecountry. Whatdoweknowfromthefirstparagraph
A"LOSTTRIBE"thatreachedAmericafromAustraliamayhavebeen.thefirstNativeAmericansaccordingtoanewtheory. 46IfprovedbyDNAevidencethetheorywillshatterlongestablishedbeliefsaboutthesoutherlymigrationofpeoplewhoenteredAmericaacrosstheBeringStraitfounditemptyandoccupiedit.OnthistheoryreststheauthorityofNativeAmericanspreviouslyknownasRedIndianstohavebeenthefirsttrueAmericans.Theywouldberelegatedtotheranksofalso-ransbeatentotheNewWorldbyAboriginalsinboats. ToaEuropeanthismayseemlikeanacademicargumentbuttoAmericansitisaphilosophicalquestionaboutidentitySilviaGonzalesofLiverpoolJohnMooresUniversitysaid. HerclaimsarebasedonskeletonsfoundintheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulaofMexicothathaveskullsquiteunlikethebroadMongolianfeaturesofNativeAmericans.Thesenarrow-skulledpeoplehavemoreincommonwithsouthernAsiansAboriginalAustraliansandpeopleoftheSouthPacificRim. 47ThebonesstoredattheNationalMuseumofAnthropologyinMexicoCityhavebeencarbon-datedandoneis12700yearsoldwhichplacesitseveralthousandyearsbeforethearrivalofpeoplefromtheNorth."WethinktherewereseveralmigrationwavesintotheAmericasatdifferenttimesbydifferenthumangroups"Dr.Gonzalessaid."ThetimingrouteandpointoforiginofthefirstcolonizationoftheAmericasremainsamostcontentioustopicinhumanevolution." 48ButcomparisonsbasedonskullshapearenotconsideredconclusivebyanthropologistssoateamofMexicanandBritishscientistsbackedbytheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncilhasalsoattemptedtoextractDNAfromthebones.49Dr.GonzalesdeclinedyesterdaytosayexactlywhattheresultswereastheyneedtobecheckedbutindicatedthattheywereconsistentwithanAustralianorigin. 50ShebelievesthattheyarrivedbyboatsettledinwhatisnowMexicoandatotherpointsalongthePacificcoastandsurvivedforthousandsofyears.ThefirstSpanishcolonistsandmissionariesdescribedthepeopletheyfoundintheareathePericueasslimhunter-gatherers.Theylackedmuchculturebutdidhaveburialcustomsinwhichbodieswerelaidoutinthesunbeforebeingpaintedwithochreandburied. TheSpanishcollectedthepeopleintomissionswheretheydiedoutinthe18thcentury. Dr.GonzalesdeclinedyesterdaytosayexactlywhattheresultswereastheyneedtobecheckedbutindicatedthattheywereconsistentwithanAustralianorigin.
A"LOSTTRIBE"thatreachedAmericafromAustraliamayhavebeen.thefirstNativeAmericansaccordingtoanewtheory. 46IfprovedbyDNAevidencethetheorywillshatterlongestablishedbeliefsaboutthesoutherlymigrationofpeoplewhoenteredAmericaacrosstheBeringStraitfounditemptyandoccupiedit.OnthistheoryreststheauthorityofNativeAmericanspreviouslyknownasRedIndianstohavebeenthefirsttrueAmericans.Theywouldberelegatedtotheranksofalso-ransbeatentotheNewWorldbyAboriginalsinboats. ToaEuropeanthismayseemlikeanacademicargumentbuttoAmericansitisaphilosophicalquestionaboutidentitySilviaGonzalesofLiverpoolJohnMooresUniversitysaid. HerclaimsarebasedonskeletonsfoundintheBajaCaliforniaPeninsulaofMexicothathaveskullsquiteunlikethebroadMongolianfeaturesofNativeAmericans.Thesenarrow-skulledpeoplehavemoreincommonwithsouthernAsiansAboriginalAustraliansandpeopleoftheSouthPacificRim. 47ThebonesstoredattheNationalMuseumofAnthropologyinMexicoCityhavebeencarbon-datedandoneis12700yearsoldwhichplacesitseveralthousandyearsbeforethearrivalofpeoplefromtheNorth."WethinktherewereseveralmigrationwavesintotheAmericasatdifferenttimesbydifferenthumangroups"Dr.Gonzalessaid."ThetimingrouteandpointoforiginofthefirstcolonizationoftheAmericasremainsamostcontentioustopicinhumanevolution." 48ButcomparisonsbasedonskullshapearenotconsideredconclusivebyanthropologistssoateamofMexicanandBritishscientistsbackedbytheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncilhasalsoattemptedtoextractDNAfromthebones.49Dr.GonzalesdeclinedyesterdaytosayexactlywhattheresultswereastheyneedtobecheckedbutindicatedthattheywereconsistentwithanAustralianorigin. 50ShebelievesthattheyarrivedbyboatsettledinwhatisnowMexicoandatotherpointsalongthePacificcoastandsurvivedforthousandsofyears.ThefirstSpanishcolonistsandmissionariesdescribedthepeopletheyfoundintheareathePericueasslimhunter-gatherers.Theylackedmuchculturebutdidhaveburialcustomsinwhichbodieswerelaidoutinthesunbeforebeingpaintedwithochreandburied. TheSpanishcollectedthepeopleintomissionswheretheydiedoutinthe18thcentury. ThebonesstoredattheNationalMuseumofAnthropologyinMexicoCityhavebeencarbon-datedandoneis12700yearsoldwhichplacesitseveralthousandyearsbeforethearrivalofpeoplefromtheNorth.
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.7
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.1
Text1 Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms. Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit. "ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid. Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower. Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround. SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Accordingtothepassagethenewdrill
Text1 Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms. Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit. "ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid. Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower. Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround. SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Dr.YosephBar-Cohenseemstosuggestthat
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.9
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.5
Text4 StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod. FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. Theauthor'sattitudetowardmostEuropeanhistorianwhohavestudiedtheSaint-Simoniansisprimarilyoneof
Text1 Atinybutpowerfulnewlightweightdrillhasbeendevelopedbyspacescientistsandengineers.Itexpandsthefieldsinwhichdrillinghasbeendifficultinthepast.Thenewdrillcouldbeusedinthedrillingrequiredduringsurgicalordiagnosticproceduresinvolvingbonesorwhenextractingheartpacemakerleads.Futurespacemissionscouldincludedrillingforrockandsoilsamplesusingonlylightweightlandingvehicleswithroboticarms. Thecolorphotoshowsthenewdrillerpenetratingasandstonewhilethedrillisheldonlyfromitspowercord.Relativelysmallverticalforceisusedinthisapplication--afactorthatwillbeusefulwhenthedrillisusedinfuturespacemissionsandweightneedstobekepttoaminimum.Thedrillisdrivenbypiezoelectricdeviceswhichhaveonlytwomovingpartsbutnogearsormotors.Piezoelectricsarematerialsthatchangetheirshapeundertheapplicationofanelectricalfield.Thedrillcanbeadaptedeasilytooperationsinarangeoftemperaturesfromextremelycoldtoveryhot.Unlikeconventionalrotarydrillsthedrillcandrilleventhehardestrockswithoutsignificantweightonthedrillingbit. "ThedrillisadevicethatoffersexcitingnewcapabilitiesforspaceexplorationinfutureNASAmissions"saidDr.YosephBar-CohenwholeadsNASA’sJetPropulsionlaboratory’sNondestructiveEvaluationandAdvancedActuatorTechnologiesunit."BesidestheimmediatebenefitsofthetechnologytoNASAitispavingthewayforotheruniquemechanismsthatarebeingdevelopedinourlaboratoryandelsewhere"hesaid. Thedemonstrationunitpicturedinthecolorphotographweighsabout0.7kilogramswhichissufficienttodrill12millimeterdiameterholesinrocksusinglessthan10wattsofpower.Comparablerotarydrillsusuallyrequiretheapplicationof20to30timesgreaterpushingforceandmorethanthreetimesthepower. Otheradvantagestothedrillarenodrillnoiseandnodrillmovementacrossthesurfaceonstart-up.Thedrillbodywillnotrotatethespeeddoesnotdecreasewithtimeandthebitdoesnotrequiresharpening.Thebitcanbeguidedbyhandsafelyduringoperation.Thedrillcandrillholesindifferentcross-sectionssuchassquareandround. SaidDr.YosephBar-Cohen"Thankstothedevelopmentoftechnologyassociatedwiththisdrillnewdevicescanbemadetobesmallandlightweighttoconsumelittlepowerandtoexhibitahighstandardofreliability." Atfirstthenewlightweightdrillhasbeeninventedto
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.19
[A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences. [D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 43
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.17
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.11
Text2 IncitiesallovertheUnitedStatesworkersspendseveralhoursadayincarscrawlingalongintraffictogettoofficesmanymilesfromhome.Theyexperiencestresswastetimeandpayalotforgascarmaintenanceandparking.Oncetheygettoworktheymaketheirwaythroughamazeofcubicleseachwithitscomputerphoneandfilecabinet.NancyAlleyhumanresourcesmanageratTBWAChiat/Daydoesn’t.Shestaysathometalkingwithmanagersoverthephoneandfaxinginpaperwork.InsteadofwalkingdownthehalltochatwithcoworkerssheE-mailsthem.Nancyisatelecommutersomeonewhoworkssomeorallofthetimeathome.Since1990thenumberofU.S.telecommutershasgrownfrom4.2millionto9.2million. Highwaycongestionthehighcostofofficespacefederalclean-airlawsreducedworkforcesandlifestyleneeds--allthesefactorscontributetothegrowthoftelecommuting.Whatmakesitpossibleistechnology.DesktopandlaptoppersonalcomputersnetworkingvideoconferencingfaxmachinesE-mailandmultiplephonelinesprovidethefastandefficientcommunicationrequiredfortelecommuting. Theexperiencesofmanycompaniessuggestthattelecommutingcanincreaseworkplaceflexibilityandenhanceproductivity.AtGeorgiaPowerCompanyforexampleapilottelecommutingprojectwassosuccessfulthatthecompanydecidedtotripleitsnumberoftelecommuters.Thecompanyreducedthecostofleasedofficespaceby$100000ayearincreasedproductivityamongthetelecommutingemployeesofitscustomerservicecenterandsavedtheworkersacombined750commutermilesaday. Telecommutinghoweverisnotwithoutitsobstacles.Atonecomputersoftwarefirmtheinformationsystemsmanagerofferedtelecommutingasanoptiontoher100-personstaff.Afterthreemonthsthestaffmembersreportedthatbeingawayfromtheofficewascounterproductivetotheirwork.Programmersmissedbeingabletodropbyanalystscubicleswithquestionsandeveryonere-portedtheywereinterruptedathomemoreoften.Aspartofitscost-cuttinginitiativeNestlerequired140salesemployeestotelecommute.Facingmanytechnicalproblemswithtelephonelinesandfrustratinglyslowcomputernetworkingmostofthesetelecommutersfounditanannoyingexperience.Telecommutingalsomakesmanyemployeesfeelisolatedandoutoftouchleadingtodecreasedmotivationandlessnotmoreproductivity.Byblurringtilebarriersbetweenworkandfamilytelecommutingoftenleadstomoreworkhoursandmoreinterferencewithfamilylife. Telecommutingisnotuniversallyapplicable.Jobsandindividualsmustbesuitableandstaffmustbecapableofmanagingtelecommuters.Inadditiontechnologicalimprovementssuchashigh-speedmodemsarecrucial.Fewpeopleexpecttoconductbusinessregularlyfromatropicalislandormountainresortanytimesoon. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Text3 Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation. Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion. Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters. Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. Thekeyfactortoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisastersis
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.13
[A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences. [D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 41
Text3 Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation. Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion. Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters. Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
Text3 Thecostsassociatedwithnaturaldisastersareincreasingrapidly.Asaresultofficialsingovernmentandindustryhavefocusedmoreattentionondisastersandtheireffects.TheWhiteHouseOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyhasestimatedthatdisasterscostthecountryabout1billionperweek.HurricaneAndrewtheMidwestfloodof1993andtheHanshinearthquakehaveshownthatindividualdisasterscancosttensifnothundredsofbillionsofdollars.Thisincreasingcosthasresultedingreaterfundingfromgovernmentandindustryforthedevelopmentoftechnologiesrelatedtodisasterpredictionandhasledtomoreresearchintotheeffectiveuseofpredictiveinformation. Theinsuranceindustryhaslongbeenawareofthedangersofnaturaldisasters;the1906earth-quakeinSanFranciscoCaliforniabankruptedscoresofinsurancecompanies.Buttheindustryhasfocusedparticularattentionondisasterpredictioninrecentyearsasspiralingcostsrevealedthatmanycompanieshadunderestimatedtheirfinancialexposure.ForinstancepriortoHurricaneAn-drewin1992manyinsuranceexpertsthoughtthattheworsthurricanepossiblewoulddonomorethan8billionindamagesIotheindustry.ThedamagescausedbyHurricaneAndrewestimatedatabout17billionshatteredthesebeliefs.Todayestimatesofworst-casedisasterscenariosapproach100billion. Theinsuranceindustryhasthereforeincreaseditssupportforresearchintodisasterprediction.OnesucheffortinvolvesanumberofcompaniesthathavejoinedtogethertosupporttheBermuda-basedRiskPredictionInitiativewhichfundsdisasterresearch.Theexpectationisthattheresultinginformationwillplacetheindustryonamoresolidfoundationtomakedecisionsabouttheriskoffuturedisasters.Theindustryhasalsolobbiedforthegovernmenttobearsomeofthefinancialburdenofdisasterinsurance.Suchaprogramalreadyexistsforfloodinsurancesetupinthelate1960sbythefederalgovernmenttoinsureflood-proneareas.Thesetypesofprogramseffectivelyimplementedcouldbeincreasinglynecessaryinthefuturetomakeinsuranceavailableinareaspronetodisasters. Becausethestakesaresohighthescienceofdisasterpredictionhasabrightfuture.Thevariousprojectsandprogramsillustratethatdisasterpredictionisatopicofconcerntoscientistsandpolicy-makersalike.Hurricanestornadoesfloodsearthquakestsunamisandvolcanoesallshowthattheeffectiveuseofdisasterpredictionsnotonlyrequiresadvancedtechnologybutalsorequiresthatsocietyconsidertheentireprocessofprediction--forecastscommunicationanduseofinformation.Becausetheycannotpredictthefuturewithcertaintyandbecausemuchremainstobelearnedscientistswarnthatsocietymustunderstandthelimitsofscientificpredictionsandbepreparedtoemployalternatives.Wiselyusedhoweverdisasterpredictionhasthepotentialtoreducesociety’svulnerabilitytonaturaldisasters. Theresultoftheincreasingcostsinnaturaldisastersis
Text4 StudentsofUnitedStateshistoryseekingtoidentifythecircumstancesthatencouragedthee-mergenceoffeministmovementshavethoroughlyinvestigatedthemid-nineteenthcenturyAmericaneconomicandsocialconditionsthataffectedthestatusofwomen.Thesehistorianshoweverhaveanalyzedlessfullythedevelopmentofspecificallyfeministideasandactivitiesduringthesameperiod. FurthermoretheideologicaloriginsoffeminismintheUnitedStateshavebeenobscuredbe-causeevenwhenhistoriansdidtakeintoaccountthosefeministideasandactivitiesoccurringwithintheUnitedStatestheyfailedtorecognizethatfeminismwasthenatrulyinternationalmovementactuallycenteredinEurope.Americanfeministactivistswhohavebeendescribedas"solitary"and"individualtheorists"wereinrealityconnectedtoamovement--utopiansocialism--whichwasal-readypopularizingfeministideasinEuropeduringthetwodecadesthatculminatedinthefirstwomen’srightsconferenceheldatSenecaFallsNewYorkin1848.ThusacompleteunderstandingoftheoriginanddevelopmentofnineteenthcenturyfeminismintheUnitedStatesre-quiresthatthegeographicalfocusbewidenedtoincludeEuropeandthatthedetailedstudymadeofsocialconditionsbeexpandedtoincludetheideologicaldevelopmentoffeminism. TheearliestandmostpopularoftheutopiansocialistsweretheSaint-Simonians.ThespecificallyfeministpartofSaint-Simonianismhashoweverbeenlessstudiedthanthegroup’scontributiontoearlysocialism.Thisisregrettableontwocounts.By1832feminismwasthecentralconcernofSaint-Simonianismandentirelyabsorbeditsadherent’senergy;hencebyignoringitsfeminismEuropeanhistorianshavemisunderstoodSaint-Simonianism.MoreoversincemanyfeministideascanbetracedtoSaint-SimonianismEuropeanhistorians’appreciationoflaterfeminisminFranceandtheUnitedStatesremainedlimited. Saint-Simonian’sfollowersmanyofwhomwerewomenbasedtheirfeminismonaninterpretationofhisprojecttoreorganizetheglobebyreplacingbruteforcewiththeruleofspiritualpowers.Thenewworldorderwouldberuledtogetherbyamaletorepresentreflectionandafemaletorepresentsentiment.ThiscomplementarityreflectsthefactthatwhiletheSaint-SimoniansdidnotrejectthebeliefthattherewereinnatedifferencesbetweenmenandwomentheyneverthelessforesawanequallyimportantsocialandpoliticalroleforbothsexesintheirUtopia. OnlyafewSaint-Simoniansopposedadefinitionofsexualequalitybasedongenderdistinction.Thisminoritybelievedthatindividualsofbothsexeswerebornsimilarincapacityandcharacterandtheyascribedmale-femaledifferencestosocializationandeducation.Theenvisionedresultofbothcurrentsofthoughthoweverwasthatwomenwouldenterpubliclifeinthenewageandthatsexualequalitywouldrewardmenaswellaswomenwithanimprovedwayoflife. OneofthecharacteristicsofautopiansocietyenvisionedbySaintSimonianswould
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.15
Text1 AtanofficeinHamptonVirginiaintheeastoftheUnitedStatesateamoftennetsavvyworkerssourcesthewebforsexualcontentfrombasicsexeducationtosexacts.This"qualityassurance"teamismakingsurethattheblockingcomponentofSymantec’sNortonInternetSecurity2000computerprogramremainseffective.Thisisbecausethereiswidespreadparentalconcernaboutblockingwebsiteswithsexualcontentfromchildren. Websiteblockingisnothingnew--serviceslikeNetNannyandprogramslikeCyberPatrolandGuardDoghavebeenaroundforafewyearsnowprotectingchildrenandreassuringparentsthatonlywholesomewebsitesareaccessedbytheyoungsters.NetNannyandCyberPatrolwillpreventaccesstoanyquestionablesiteswhentheprogramisinplace NowSymantecsaysithascreatedanewcategoryinconsumersoftwarewithapackagethatcombineswebsiteblockingwitha"firewall"protectingyourcomputerfromhackersandvirusesaswellaspreventingcarelessdisclosureofpersonaldata.InshortNortonInternetSecurityastheprogramiscalledisdesignedtoserveastheguardianofyourdigitalhealthkeepingthebadthingsoutandtheprivatethingsin. TheSymantecprogramcanbeconfiguredinmanywaysthewebsiteblockingforexamplecanbesettobeeitherselectivelypermissiveortotalinitsbanningofwebsitesorswitchedoffentirely.AlsoSymantec’slistofno-goareaswhichontheCDnowstandataround36000addressedisnotconfinedtosexsites.TheteaminVirginiaisalsoonthelookoutforsitesadvocatingdragsorwhichcontainreferencestoviolenceorgamblingandkeepsawatchonchatroomse-mailservicesentertainmentportals--evenjobsearchandfinancialpages.Thesesitescanbeblockedbytheprogram. ComputeruserscanalsorefreshtheaddresslistonlinewiththeLiveupdatefeaturewhichisusedbyNortonAnti-ViruswhichisbundledwithNIStoloadthelatestvirusdefinitions.Thisserviceisfreeforthefirstyearbutincludingvirusdefinitionupdates;itcosts$19.95ayearthere-after. Thesystemisnotperfecthowever.Limitedtestingfoundtheblockingofsome"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.Tryingtogetaccesstoawell-knownUSsitesuchasPlayboyresultsinanimmediateblockingmessagewithastandardinvitationtoreportan"incorrectlycategorized"site.BycontrastyoucouldfindinothercountriessuchasNewZealandasexsitewhichdeclareditselftobe"dedicatedtoprovidingsexualmaterialimagedandanythingalittlebitunusualforsexenthusiastsalloverthecountry. Whatdoestheauthormeanbytheblockingofsome'questionable’sitewasnotcomprehensiveLine1LastParagraph
Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworldandthe1numberofusersoneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce--2commerce.E-commercehastwoforms3business-to-businessorB-to-Bandbusiness-to-consumerorB-to-C. B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew4fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"5youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue6picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis7sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby8andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then9"televisionshopping"where10acataloguetheitemsforsaleareshownor11ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.12thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe13developmentwherethe"catalogue"is14ontheinternetcombiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandtiletelevisionandindeedaddingmore15Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda16throughthepostheplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcardallusingthe17 Manypeopleworryaboutgiving18oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.19thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis20greaterinashopgarageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.3
[A]Afterahostofexperimentsandyearsoftestingtheyhavefoundout:Thatityourvocabularyislimitedyourchancesofsuccessarelimited.Thatoneoftheeasiestandquickestwaystogeta-headisbyconsciouslybuildingupyourknowledgeofwords.Thatthevocabularyoftheaveragepersonalmoststopsgrowingbythemiddletwenties.Andthatfromthenonitisnecessarytohaveanintelligentplanifprogressistobemade.Nohaphazardhit-or-missmethodswilldo. [B]SimilarlyithasbeenfoundbyProfessorLewisM.TermanofStanfordUniversitythatavocabularytestisasaccurateameasureofintelligenceasanythreeunitsofthestandardandacceptedStanford-BinetI.Q.tests.Thestudyofwordsisnotmerelysomethingthathastodowithliterature.Wordsareyourtoolsofthought.Youcan’teventhinkatallwithoutthem.Tryit.Ifyouareplanningtogodowntownthisafternoonyouwillfindthatyouaresayingtoyour-self:"IthinkIwillgodowntownthisafternoon."Youcan’tmakesuchasimpledecisionasthiswithoutusingwords. [C]Twoclassesinahighschoolwereselectedforanexperiment.Theiragesandtheirenvironmentwerethesame.Eachclassrepresentedanidenticalcross-sectionofthecommunity.Onethecontrolclasstookthenormalcourses.Theotherclasswasgivenspecialvocabularytraining.AttheendoftheperiodthemarksofthelatterclasssurpassedthoseofthecontrolgroupnotonlyinEnglishbutineverysubjectincludingmathematicsandthesciences. [D]Youseetherearecertainfactorsinsuccessthatcanbemeasuredasscientificallyasthecon-tentsofatest-tubeandithasbeendiscoveredthatthemostcommoncharacteristicofout-standingsuccessis"anextensiveknowledgeoftheexactmeaningofEnglishwords".Theex-tentofyourvocabularyindicatesthedegreeofyourintelligence.Yourbrainpowerwillincreaseasyoulearntoknowmorewords.Here’stheproof. [E]Ithaslongsincebeensatisfactorilyestablishedthatahighexecutivedoesnothavealargevocabularymerelybecauseoftheopportunitiesofhisposition.Thatwouldbeputtingthecartbe-forethehorse.Quitethereverseistrue.Hisskillinwordswasatremendoushelpingettinghimhisjob.Dr.JohnsonO’ConnoroftheHumanEngineeringLaboratoryofBostonandoftheStevensInstituteofTechnologyinHobokenNewJerseygaveavocabularytestto100youngmenwhowerestudyingtobeindustrialexecutives.Fiveyearslaterthosewhohadpassedintheuppertenpercentallwithoutexceptionhadexecutivepositionswhilenotasingleyoungmanofthelowertwenty-fivepercenthadbecomeanexecutive. [F]Withoutwordsyoucouldmakenodecisionsandformnojudgmentswhatsoever.Apianistmayhavethemostbeautifultunesinhisheadbutifhehadonlyfivekeysonhispianohewouldnevergetmorethanafractionofthesetunesout.Yourwordsareyourkeysforyourthoughts.Andthemorewordsyouhaveatyourcommandthedeeperclearerandmoreaccuratewillbeyourthinking.AcommandofEnglishwillnotonlyimprovetheprocessesofyourmind.Itwillgiveyouassurance;buildyourself-confidence;lendcolortoyourpersonality;increaseyourpopularity. [G]Yourbosshasabiggervocabularythanyouhave.That’sonegoodreasonwhyhe’syourboss.Thisdiscoveryhasbeenmadeinthewordlaboratoriesoftheworld.NotbytheoreticalEnglishprofessorsbutbypracticalhard-headedscholarswhohavebeensearchingforthesecretsofSuccess. 45
Mostpeoplehaterockmusic.WhileIamnotan1orbiasedpersonbynaturetwo2andstrikingpersonalexperiencesofrockmusic3thepasttwoweekshavepersuadedmethatithasbecomeadutyforthoseofuswithenoughcommon4toseeitspotentialdangerstopointthemout.Myfirstexperience--perhapsa5onebuthighlysymptomatic--wastherealizationthatifIspoketomyteenagesonwhenhewaslisteningtorockmusicthroughheadphonesherepliedinan6loudvoiceasiftherewassomethingwrongwithhishearing.Thesecond7whenIwentwithhimtoa"concert"andwitnessedformyselfwhattheseaffairsarelike. 8IwenttothatconcertmyfirstandassuredlymylastIhadalways9the"live-and-let-live"attitudethatrockmusicwassimplynotmy10butthatotherpeoplehadeveryfighttoenjoyitifitwastheirs.ButwhatIsawandheard11methatweareallowingsomethingverypowerfultotake12oftheyoungergenerationtoday.13Inoticedsuchcollectivemad-nessbroughtaboutbythenoise14.ButsecondlyandfarmoredangerouslyIobservedthatafteratimeeveryonewas15bytilenoiseandgaveuphis/herindividuality.IntheendIwasinthemiddleofa16crowdwhoclappedandstampedand17aroundlikemonkeys.Itwasthemostdegradinghumanspectacle18Ihaveeverhadthe19towitnessandIseriouslybelievethatintimetocomeourpresentyoungergenerationwouldthankusifwemanagedtoputa20toitnow. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points19
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