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Some people talk about immigration in terms of politics, some in terms of history. But the core o...
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YoungpeopleandolderpeopledonotalwaysagreE.Theysome
SuzywonanawardintheUSAforherpopulartalkshowonTV.He
Inmostlanguagesagreetingisusuallyfollowedbysmallta
任务型阅读WhatissmalltalkItmeansthattheconversationisab
PassageFive AustraliaisnearlyaslargeastheUnit
important to Americans
useful for children only
used as a telephone
only used by doctors
Manypeopleliketotalkaboutgenerationgaps.Idon’tthin
it
some
none
one
Inmostlanguagesagreetingisusuallyfollowedbysmallta
InEnglandpeopledon’toftentalktoeachotherwhentheytr
PassageFive AustraliaisnearlyaslargeastheUnit
ill
poor
kind
healthy
阅读理解InEnglandpeopledon’tusuallytalktoomuch.Youcang
Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue
The old man had nobody to talk to.
The old man took the child away and then sent him back.
The old man wouldn't change his way of life.
What some people thought about was partly right.
根据短文内容回答下列问题每空一词.Theladiesclubalwayshadameetingeve
Inmostlanguagesagreetingisusuallyfollowedbysmallta
阅读短文根据要求完成下面各小题Sometimespeopleliketolistentomusicw
InEnglandpeopledon’toftentalkmuch.Youcangetonabuso
PassageFive AustraliaisnearlyaslargeastheUnit
Australian Families
Australian People
A Useful Radio
A Telephone Call
Listen!SomeofthegirlsabouttheVoiceofChin
Let’s join them! A.are talking
talk
will talk
talked
InEnglandpeopledon’toftentalkmuch.Youcangetonabuso
阅读理解InEnglandpeopledon’toftentalktoeachotherwhenth
Inmostlanguagesagreetingisusuallyfollowedbysmallta
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What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 8
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 10
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 6
ThomasHardy’simpulsesasawriterallofwhichindulgedinhisnovelswerenumerousanddivergentandtheydidnotalwaysworktogetherinharmony.Hardywastosomedegreeinterestedinexploringhischaracters’psychologiesthoughimpelledlessbycuriositythanbysympathy.Occasionallyhefelttheimpulsetocomedyinallitsdetachedcoldnessaswellastheimpulsetofarcebuthewasmoreofteninclinedtoseetragedyandrecordit.Hewasalsoinclinedtoliteraryrealismintheseveralsensesofthatphrase;Hewantedtodescribeordinaryhumanbeings.Hewantedtospeculateontheirdilemmasrationallyandunfortunatelyevenschematically;andhewantedtorecordpreciselythematerialuniverse.Finallyhewantedtobemorethanarealist.Hewantedtotranscendwhatheconsideredtobethebanalityofsolelyrecordingthingsexactlyandtoexpressaswellhisawarenessoftheoccultandthestrange. InhisnovelsthesevariousimpulsesweresacrificedtoeachotherinevitablyandofteninevitablybecauseHardydidnotcareinthewaythatnovelistssuchasFlaubertorJameslearnedandthereforetookpathsofleastresistance.Thusoneimpulseoftensurrenderedtoafresheroneandunfortunatelyinsteadofexactingacompromisesimplydisappeared.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelistscientisttorecordexactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower. Inthisinstancethenewimpulsewasatleastanenergeticone.Andthusitsindulgencedidnotresultinarelaxedstyle.ButonotheroccasionsHardyabandonedaperilousriskyandhighlyenergizingimpulseinfavorofwhatwasforhimthefatallyrelaxingimpulsetoclassifyandschematizeabstractly.Whenarelaxingimpulsewasindulgedthestyle--thatsureindexofanauthor’sliteraryworth--wascertaintobecomeverbose. Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.Hesubmittedoffirstoneandthenanotherandthespiritblewwhereitlisted;hencetheunevennessofanyoneofhisnovels.HismostcontrollednovelUndertheGreenwoodTreeprominentlyexhibitstwodifferentbutreconcilableimpulses--adesiretobearealist-historianandadesiretobeapsychologistoflovebuttheslightinterlockingsofplotarenotenoughtobindthetwocompletelytogether.Thuseventhisbooksplitsintotwodistinctparts. Concerningliteraryrealismasmentionedinthepassagewhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagreewith
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 18
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs.Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions.Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.AmoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharmItiswrongtohitwouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers.
WhenNickA.Coreodilosstartedoutintheheadhuntingbusiness20yearsagohehadakeeneyefortrackingtalents.FromhisbaseinSiliconValleyhewouldsendall-starperformerstoblue-chipcompanieslikeXeroxIBMandGeneralElectric.Butwhilehewouldsucceedinhispartofthehuntthejob-seekershelocatedwouldoftenfailintheirs.Theywerestrikingoutbeforeduringoraftertheinterview.SoinsteadofsimplyhuntingfortalentCorcodilosbeganadvisingjobcandidatesaswell.Hehelpedimprovetheirsuccessratiobyteachingthemtopursuefewercompaniesmaketherightcontactsanddeliverwhatcompaniesarelookingforinaninterview.Inhismyth-bustingbookAsktheHeadhunterPlume1997Coreodiloshasreinventedtherulesofthejobsearchfrompreparationtointerviewtechniques.Herearehissixnewprinciplesforsuccessfuljobhunting:41.Yourresumeismeaningless.Headhuntersknowaresumerarelygetsyouinsideacompany.Allitdoesistooutlineyourpastlargelyirrelevantsinceitdoesn’tdemonstratethatyoucandotheworkthehiringmanagerneedstobedone.42.Don’tgetlostinHR.Headhunterstrytogetaroundthehumanresourcesdepartmentwheneverpossible.43.Therealmatchmakingtakesplacebeforetheinterview.Aheadhuntersendsacandidateintoaninterviewonlyifheorsheisclearlyqualifiedfortheposition.Inyourownjobhuntmakethesameefforttoensureagoodfit.Knowtheparametersofthejobwhenyouwalkintotheinterview.Researchthecompanyfindingoutaboutitsculturegoalsandcompetitors.Remembertheemployerwantstohireyou.AcompanyholdsinterviewssoitcanfindthebestpersonforthejobCorcodilossays.Themanagerwillbeecstaticifthatpersonturnsouttobeyoubecausethenheorshecanstopinterviewingandgetbacktowork.44.Pretendtheinterviewisyourfirstdayatwork.Mostpeopletreataninterviewasifitwereaninterrogation.Theemployerasksquestionsandthecandidategivesanswers.Headhuntersgooutoftheirwaytoavoidthatscenario.45.Gotanoffer.Interviewthecompany.Whenanemployermakesanofferhedoesmorethandeliveratitleandacompensationpackagehealsocedespartofhiscontroloverthehiringprocess.OnceyougetthatofferYouhavethepowersaysCoreodilostodecidewhetherandonwhattermsyouwanttohirethatcompany.[A]ConsiderhowCorcodiloscoachedGerryZagorskiofEdison.N.J.whowaspursuinganopeningatAT&T.Zagorskiwalkedovertothevicepresident’smarkerboardandoutlinedthecompany’schallengesandthestepshewouldtaketoincreaseitsprofits.FifteenminuteslaterasZagorskiwrotedownhisestimateofwhathewouldaddtothebottomlinehelookedupathisinterviewer.[B]Oneofthebestwaystolearnaboutacompanyistotalktopeoplewhoworkthere.KentonGreenofAnnArborMich.usedthistechniquewhilecompletingadoctoralprograminelectricalengineeringandopticsattheUniversityofRochester:Iwouldfindanarticlepublishedbysomeoneinmyfieldwhoworkedatacompany1wasinterestedin.ThenI’dcallthatpersonandasktotalkmentionmyemployabilityanddiscussthecompany’sneeds.Oneoftwothingshappened:I’deithergetanintervieworlearnweweren’tagoodmatchafterall.[C]MostHRdepartmentscreateaninfrastructurethatprimarilyinvolvesprocessingpaperCorcodilossays.Theypackageorganizefileandsortyou.Thenifyouhaven’tgottenlostintheshuffletheymightpassyouontoamanagerwhoactuallyknowswhattheworkisallabout.WhilethetypicalcandidateiswaitingtobeinterviewedbyHRtheheadhunterisonthephoneusingabackchanneltogettothehiringmanager.[D]AttheoutsetoftheinterviewtheemployercontrolstheofferantithepowerthatcomeswithitCorcodilossays.Butuponmakinganofferhetransfersthatpowertothecandidate.Thisisapowerfewpeopleinthatsituationrealizetheyhave.It’sthetimeforyoutoexplorechangingtheoffertosuityourgoalsandfidlyinterviewthecompany.[E]Theguy’sjawwasonthefloorCorcodilossays.HetoldZagorskithatfinishingtheinterviewwouldn’tbenecessary.InsteadtheVPbroughtintherestofhisteamandthemeetinglastedfortwohours.[F]AresmneleavesituptoemployerstofigureouthowyoucanhelptheirorganizationCorcodilossays.That’snowaytosellyourself.[G]Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewroteresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground.41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______
Noblueprintexistsfortransforminganeconomyfromonewithagreatdealofgovernmentcontroltoonebasedalmostsolelyonfreemarketprinciples.YettheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichunder-performingstate-ownedaresoldtoprivatecompanies. By1979thetotalamountofdebtliabilitiesandlossesforstate-controlledenterprisesintheUKtopped3billionannually.Bysellingoffmanyofthesecompaniesparticularlythoseinthedepressedindustrialsectorthegovernmentdecreaseditsdebtburdenandceasedpumpingpublicfundsintomoneylosingenterprises.AccordingtogovernmentspokespersonAlistairMcBride"FarfrompastpracticeofthrowinggoodmoneyafterbadtheQueen’sgovernmentthisyearexpectstotakein34billionfromtheproceedsofthesale."Thatsaysomeanalystsmayonlybethebeginning.Privatizationhasnotonlybeencreditedwithrescuingwholeindustriesbutthenation’seconomytoboot. DuetoincreasedtaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompaniesalongwithareboundintheoveralleconomyeconomicforecasterspredictthatBritainwillbeabletorepaynearly12.5%ofthenetnationaldebtwithintwoyears.Thatisgoodnewsindeedfortheeconomyasawholeatatimewhenmanysectorsaredesperateforanyrayofsunshine.BritishAirwaysthisweekannounceda20%jumpinoverallticketsalesandprofitsoverthisquarterayearago.BritishGasannounceditsfirstprofitablequarterinnineyears.AtAssociatedBritishPortsanewlaborcontractwasfinalizedthefirstunioncontractsignedattheportwithoutaworkstoppageintwelveyears.ClosertohomeformostBritonsthenation’sphoneserviceBritishTelecomnolongerputsnewsubscribersonawaitinglist.Priortoprivatizationnewcustomerswouldsometimeshavetowaitmonthsbeforephoneservicecouldbeinstalledintheirhome.NowaccordingtoacompanypressreleaseBritishTelecomispromising24-hourturnaroundforallnewcustomers. Partofthisimprovedproductivityhastodowithneweffortstoallowemployeestoholdastakeinthecompany’sfuture.Companiesnowgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsthatallowemployeestoshareinthecompany’ssuccessandprofits.Theresponsehasbeenenthusiastictosaytheleast.AtBritishAerospace;89%ofthoseeligibletobuycompanysharesdidso.AtBritishTelecomnearly92%ofeligibleemployeestookpart.FinallyatAssociatedBritishPortslongsynonymouswithuniondisagreementswalkoutsandlaborstrifealmost90%ofemployeesnowcancallthemselvesownersofthecompany. "Whenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomething"saidHenryDundeeofAssociatedBritishPorts"theythinkaboutittheycareabouttheyworktomakeitprosper."AttheNationalFreightConsortiumitselfnostrangertolaborproblemsthenewemployee-ownersactuallyvoteddownanemployeepay-increaseandpressuredunionrepresentativestorelaxdemandsforincreasedwagesandexpandedbenefits."Privatizationwasonlythestart"saysonemarketanalyst"whatwemayhavehereisanewindustrialrevolution./ Bysellingoffstate-ownedenterprisesthegovernmentwillbeabletodothefollowingEXCEPT
Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandofcardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythegameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongandhealthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterriblediseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsaredealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeopleneverknewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefutureonlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsorgrandparents. Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofinddangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretestedpositiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelseexceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethefirstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortestresults. SofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestforafatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsforsevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’sgeneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseofgeneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthetestsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswerisclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcostlifeinsurersdearly. Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgeneticanswerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskofdeathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththeriskofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticorenvironmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredictwhetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyearsresearcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenesandwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwiththem. Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext
WhenNickA.Coreodilosstartedoutintheheadhuntingbusiness20yearsagohehadakeeneyefortrackingtalents.FromhisbaseinSiliconValleyhewouldsendall-starperformerstoblue-chipcompanieslikeXeroxIBMandGeneralElectric.Butwhilehewouldsucceedinhispartofthehuntthejob-seekershelocatedwouldoftenfailintheirs.Theywerestrikingoutbeforeduringoraftertheinterview.SoinsteadofsimplyhuntingfortalentCorcodilosbeganadvisingjobcandidatesaswell.Hehelpedimprovetheirsuccessratiobyteachingthemtopursuefewercompaniesmaketherightcontactsanddeliverwhatcompaniesarelookingforinaninterview.Inhismyth-bustingbookAsktheHeadhunterPlume1997Coreodiloshasreinventedtherulesofthejobsearchfrompreparationtointerviewtechniques.Herearehissixnewprinciplesforsuccessfuljobhunting:41.Yourresumeismeaningless.Headhuntersknowaresumerarelygetsyouinsideacompany.Allitdoesistooutlineyourpastlargelyirrelevantsinceitdoesn’tdemonstratethatyoucandotheworkthehiringmanagerneedstobedone.42.Don’tgetlostinHR.Headhunterstrytogetaroundthehumanresourcesdepartmentwheneverpossible.43.Therealmatchmakingtakesplacebeforetheinterview.Aheadhuntersendsacandidateintoaninterviewonlyifheorsheisclearlyqualifiedfortheposition.Inyourownjobhuntmakethesameefforttoensureagoodfit.Knowtheparametersofthejobwhenyouwalkintotheinterview.Researchthecompanyfindingoutaboutitsculturegoalsandcompetitors.Remembertheemployerwantstohireyou.AcompanyholdsinterviewssoitcanfindthebestpersonforthejobCorcodilossays.Themanagerwillbeecstaticifthatpersonturnsouttobeyoubecausethenheorshecanstopinterviewingandgetbacktowork.44.Pretendtheinterviewisyourfirstdayatwork.Mostpeopletreataninterviewasifitwereaninterrogation.Theemployerasksquestionsandthecandidategivesanswers.Headhuntersgooutoftheirwaytoavoidthatscenario.45.Gotanoffer.Interviewthecompany.Whenanemployermakesanofferhedoesmorethandeliveratitleandacompensationpackagehealsocedespartofhiscontroloverthehiringprocess.OnceyougetthatofferYouhavethepowersaysCoreodilostodecidewhetherandonwhattermsyouwanttohirethatcompany.[A]ConsiderhowCorcodiloscoachedGerryZagorskiofEdison.N.J.whowaspursuinganopeningatAT&T.Zagorskiwalkedovertothevicepresident’smarkerboardandoutlinedthecompany’schallengesandthestepshewouldtaketoincreaseitsprofits.FifteenminuteslaterasZagorskiwrotedownhisestimateofwhathewouldaddtothebottomlinehelookedupathisinterviewer.[B]Oneofthebestwaystolearnaboutacompanyistotalktopeoplewhoworkthere.KentonGreenofAnnArborMich.usedthistechniquewhilecompletingadoctoralprograminelectricalengineeringandopticsattheUniversityofRochester:Iwouldfindanarticlepublishedbysomeoneinmyfieldwhoworkedatacompany1wasinterestedin.ThenI’dcallthatpersonandasktotalkmentionmyemployabilityanddiscussthecompany’sneeds.Oneoftwothingshappened:I’deithergetanintervieworlearnweweren’tagoodmatchafterall.[C]MostHRdepartmentscreateaninfrastructurethatprimarilyinvolvesprocessingpaperCorcodilossays.Theypackageorganizefileandsortyou.Thenifyouhaven’tgottenlostintheshuffletheymightpassyouontoamanagerwhoactuallyknowswhattheworkisallabout.WhilethetypicalcandidateiswaitingtobeinterviewedbyHRtheheadhunterisonthephoneusingabackchanneltogettothehiringmanager.[D]AttheoutsetoftheinterviewtheemployercontrolstheofferantithepowerthatcomeswithitCorcodilossays.Butuponmakinganofferhetransfersthatpowertothecandidate.Thisisapowerfewpeopleinthatsituationrealizetheyhave.It’sthetimeforyoutoexplorechangingtheoffertosuityourgoalsandfidlyinterviewthecompany.[E]Theguy’sjawwasonthefloorCorcodilossays.HetoldZagorskithatfinishingtheinterviewwouldn’tbenecessary.InsteadtheVPbroughtintherestofhisteamandthemeetinglastedfortwohours.[F]AresmneleavesituptoemployerstofigureouthowyoucanhelptheirorganizationCorcodilossays.That’snowaytosellyourself.[G]Oneofmyformercolleaguesforexamplewroteresumesinthreedifferentstylesinordertofindoutwhichwasmorepreferred.Theresultisofcoursetheonethathighlightsskillsandeducationbackground.41.______42.______43.______44.______45.______
Everynewbornbabyisdealtahandofcardswhichhelpstodeterminehowlongheorshewillbeallowedtoplaythegameoflife.Goodcardswillhelpthosewhohavethemtohavealongandhealthyexistencewhilebadcardswillbringtothosewhohavethemterriblediseaseslikehighbloodpressureandheartdisease.Occasionallycardsaredealtoutthatdoomtheirholderstoanearlydeath.Inthepastpeopleneverknewexactlywhichcardstheyhadbeendealt.Theycouldguessatthefutureonlybylookingatthekindofhealthproblemsexperiencedbytheirparentsorgrandparents. Genetictestingwhichmakesitpossibletofinddangerousgeneshaschangedallthis.Butuntilrecentlyifyouweretestedpositiveforabadgeneyouwerenotobligedtorevealthistoanyoneelseexceptinafewextremecircumstances.ThismonthhoweverBritainbecamethefirstcountryintheworldtoallowlifeinsurerstoaskfortestresults. SofarapprovalhasbeengivenonlyforatestforafatalbraindisorderknownasHuntington’sdisease.Buttenothertestsforsevendiseasesarealreadyinuseandareawaitingsimilarapproval. TheindependentbodythatgivesapprovaltheDepartmentofHealth’sgeneticsandinsurancecommitteedoesnothavetodecidewhethertheuseofgeneticinformationininsuranceisethical.Itmustjudgeonlywhetherthetestsarereliabletoinsurers.InthecaseofHuntington’sdiseasetheanswerisclear-cut.Peopleunluckyenoughtohavethisgenewilldieearlyandcostlifeinsurersdearly. Thisisonlythestart.Clear-cutgeneticanswerswhereageneissimplyanddirectlyrelatedtoaperson’sriskofdeathareuncommon.Moreusuallyagroupofgenesisassociatedwiththeriskofdevelopingacommondiseasedependentonthepresenceofothergeneticorenvironmentalfactors.Butastestsimproveitwillbecomepossibletopredictwhetherornotaparticularindividualisatrisk.Inthenextfewyearsresearcherswilldiscovermoreandmoreaboutthefunctionsofindividualgenesandwhathealthrisks—orbenefits—areassociatedwiththem. Thefunctionofgenetictestingis
EarlierthissummerArnoldSchwarzeneggerCalifornia’sgovernorsaidthatthestate’spenalsystemwas"fallingapartinfrontofourveryeyes".Indeedso.Some172000inmatesarecrowdedintoinstitutions—fromthestate’s33prisonstoits12"communitycorrectionalfacilities"—thataremeanttohousefewerthan90000.Drugabuseisrampant;sotooarediseasessuchasHIVandhepatitisC.Race-basedgangsposetheconstantthreatofviolenceriotandevenmurder.Andwithmorethan16000prisonerssleepinginprisongymnasiumsandclassroomsrehabilitationprogramsarevirtuallynon-existent—whichhelpstoexplainwhytwo-thirdsofCalifornia’sconvictsthehighestrateinthecountryarebackinprisonwithinthreeyearsofbeingreleased. Willthegovernor’ssummonsofaspecialsessionofthestatelegislaturebeginningthisweekbringaremedyThereasonforthesessionistodiscussMr.Schwarzenegger’srequestforalmost$5.8billionofpublicmoneytobepumpedintotheprisonsystem.Bondsfor$2billionwouldfinanceten500-bed"re-entryfacilities"forprisonersnearingtheendoftheirsentences;another$2billionwouldexpandexistingprisons;$1.2billionwouldbeearmarkedfortwonewprisons;and$500mwouldgofornewprisonhospitals. Moneyalonewillprovideneitheranimmediatesolutionnoralastingone.ThefirstproblemisthatCaliforniasimplyputstoomanyoffendersinprison.Theimprisonmentratewhichhasrisenalmosteight-foldsince1970andiswayaheadofanyEuropeancountryhasconsistentlymeantovercrowdingdespitetheconstructionof22newprisonsinthepast20years. The1994"three-strikes"lawapprovedbyvotersinareferendummeanshandingout25-years-to-lifesentencesforoftentrivialthirdoffences—andresultsinthegrowingpresenceinprisonofelderlyinmateswhocostthetaxpayerfarmorethantheaverageof$34000aprisoner.Meanwhilethepracticeofreturningparoleviolatorstoprisonevenforrelativelytrivialmis-stepssuchasmissingadrugstestalsostrainsthesystem;some11%ofinmatesareparoleviolators.Addedtoallthesearemorethan5000illegalimmigrantsbeingheldonbehalfofthefederalgovernment. ThesecondproblemisthatanyattempttoreformCalifornia’spenalpolicybecomeshostagetopolitics.Twoyearsagothegovernorwasexpressingoptimism.Headdedtheword"rehabilitation"toCalifornia’sdepartmentofcorrectionsappointedRodHickmanareform-mindedformerprisonguardtooverseethesystemandpromisedtolessenthepowerofthe31000-strongprisonguards’unionnotleastbybreakingthe"codeofsilence"thatprotectscorruptorviolentguards.Butthatwasthen.TherealitynowisthatMr.HickmanresignedinMarch.Evidenceindicatesthatthegovernor’sofficemayhavegiventhecodeofsilenceinCalifornia’sprisonsanewleaseonlife. Manyexpertssaythatwithnomoderationinsentencingpoliciesonthehorizontheprisonpopulationisexpectedtogrowbyanother21000overthenextfiveyears—enoughtoout-paceanyprison-buildingprogram.Thusthedreamofprisonreformswillnevertouchtheground. Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthethree-strikeslaw
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 16
EarlierthissummerArnoldSchwarzeneggerCalifornia’sgovernorsaidthatthestate’spenalsystemwas"fallingapartinfrontofourveryeyes".Indeedso.Some172000inmatesarecrowdedintoinstitutions—fromthestate’s33prisonstoits12"communitycorrectionalfacilities"—thataremeanttohousefewerthan90000.Drugabuseisrampant;sotooarediseasessuchasHIVandhepatitisC.Race-basedgangsposetheconstantthreatofviolenceriotandevenmurder.Andwithmorethan16000prisonerssleepinginprisongymnasiumsandclassroomsrehabilitationprogramsarevirtuallynon-existent—whichhelpstoexplainwhytwo-thirdsofCalifornia’sconvictsthehighestrateinthecountryarebackinprisonwithinthreeyearsofbeingreleased. Willthegovernor’ssummonsofaspecialsessionofthestatelegislaturebeginningthisweekbringaremedyThereasonforthesessionistodiscussMr.Schwarzenegger’srequestforalmost$5.8billionofpublicmoneytobepumpedintotheprisonsystem.Bondsfor$2billionwouldfinanceten500-bed"re-entryfacilities"forprisonersnearingtheendoftheirsentences;another$2billionwouldexpandexistingprisons;$1.2billionwouldbeearmarkedfortwonewprisons;and$500mwouldgofornewprisonhospitals. Moneyalonewillprovideneitheranimmediatesolutionnoralastingone.ThefirstproblemisthatCaliforniasimplyputstoomanyoffendersinprison.Theimprisonmentratewhichhasrisenalmosteight-foldsince1970andiswayaheadofanyEuropeancountryhasconsistentlymeantovercrowdingdespitetheconstructionof22newprisonsinthepast20years. The1994"three-strikes"lawapprovedbyvotersinareferendummeanshandingout25-years-to-lifesentencesforoftentrivialthirdoffences—andresultsinthegrowingpresenceinprisonofelderlyinmateswhocostthetaxpayerfarmorethantheaverageof$34000aprisoner.Meanwhilethepracticeofreturningparoleviolatorstoprisonevenforrelativelytrivialmis-stepssuchasmissingadrugstestalsostrainsthesystem;some11%ofinmatesareparoleviolators.Addedtoallthesearemorethan5000illegalimmigrantsbeingheldonbehalfofthefederalgovernment. ThesecondproblemisthatanyattempttoreformCalifornia’spenalpolicybecomeshostagetopolitics.Twoyearsagothegovernorwasexpressingoptimism.Headdedtheword"rehabilitation"toCalifornia’sdepartmentofcorrectionsappointedRodHickmanareform-mindedformerprisonguardtooverseethesystemandpromisedtolessenthepowerofthe31000-strongprisonguards’unionnotleastbybreakingthe"codeofsilence"thatprotectscorruptorviolentguards.Butthatwasthen.TherealitynowisthatMr.HickmanresignedinMarch.Evidenceindicatesthatthegovernor’sofficemayhavegiventhecodeofsilenceinCalifornia’sprisonsanewleaseonlife. Manyexpertssaythatwithnomoderationinsentencingpoliciesonthehorizontheprisonpopulationisexpectedtogrowbyanother21000overthenextfiveyears—enoughtoout-paceanyprison-buildingprogram.Thusthedreamofprisonreformswillnevertouchtheground. AccordingtothepassageCaliforniahasthehighestrateofreturningprisonersbecause
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs.Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions.Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.AmoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharmItiswrongtohitwouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers.
ThomasHardy’simpulsesasawriterallofwhichindulgedinhisnovelswerenumerousanddivergentandtheydidnotalwaysworktogetherinharmony.Hardywastosomedegreeinterestedinexploringhischaracters’psychologiesthoughimpelledlessbycuriositythanbysympathy.Occasionallyhefelttheimpulsetocomedyinallitsdetachedcoldnessaswellastheimpulsetofarcebuthewasmoreofteninclinedtoseetragedyandrecordit.Hewasalsoinclinedtoliteraryrealismintheseveralsensesofthatphrase;Hewantedtodescribeordinaryhumanbeings.Hewantedtospeculateontheirdilemmasrationallyandunfortunatelyevenschematically;andhewantedtorecordpreciselythematerialuniverse.Finallyhewantedtobemorethanarealist.Hewantedtotranscendwhatheconsideredtobethebanalityofsolelyrecordingthingsexactlyandtoexpressaswellhisawarenessoftheoccultandthestrange. InhisnovelsthesevariousimpulsesweresacrificedtoeachotherinevitablyandofteninevitablybecauseHardydidnotcareinthewaythatnovelistssuchasFlaubertorJameslearnedandthereforetookpathsofleastresistance.Thusoneimpulseoftensurrenderedtoafresheroneandunfortunatelyinsteadofexactingacompromisesimplydisappeared.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelistscientisttorecordexactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower. Inthisinstancethenewimpulsewasatleastanenergeticone.Andthusitsindulgencedidnotresultinarelaxedstyle.ButonotheroccasionsHardyabandonedaperilousriskyandhighlyenergizingimpulseinfavorofwhatwasforhimthefatallyrelaxingimpulsetoclassifyandschematizeabstractly.Whenarelaxingimpulsewasindulgedthestyle--thatsureindexofanauthor’sliteraryworth--wascertaintobecomeverbose. Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.Hesubmittedoffirstoneandthenanotherandthespiritblewwhereitlisted;hencetheunevennessofanyoneofhisnovels.HismostcontrollednovelUndertheGreenwoodTreeprominentlyexhibitstwodifferentbutreconcilableimpulses--adesiretobearealist-historianandadesiretobeapsychologistoflovebuttheslightinterlockingsofplotarenotenoughtobindthetwocompletelytogether.Thuseventhisbooksplitsintotwodistinctparts. Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthepassagebasedonitscontent
Inordertounderstandhoweverimperfectlywhatismeantby"face"wemusttake1ofthefactthatasaracetheChinesehaveastrongly2instinct.ThetheatremayalmostbesaidtobetheonlynationalamusementandtheChinesehavefortheatricalsa3likethatoftheEnglishman4athleticsortheSpaniardforbull-fights.UponveryslightprovocationanyChineseregardshimselfinthe5ofanactorinadrama.Hethrowshimselfintotheatricalattitudesperformsthesalaamfallsuponhiskneesprostrateshimselfandstrikeshisheadupontheearth6circumstanceswhichtoanOccidentalseemtomakesuchactionssuperfluous7tosayridiculous.AChinesethinksintheatricalterms.Whenrousedinself-defenseheaddressestwoorthreepersonsasiftheywereamultitude.Heexclaims:"IsaythisinthepresenceofYouandYouandYouwhoareallherepresent."Ifhistroublesareadjustedhe8ofhimselfashaving"gotoffthestage"withcreditandiftheyarenotadjustedhefindsnowayto"retirefromthestage".Allthis9itclearlyunderstoodhasnothingtodowithrealities.Thequestionisneveroffactsbutalwaysof10.Ifafinespeechhasbeen11atthepropertimeandintheproperwaytherequirementoftheplayismet.Wearenottogobehindthescenesforthatwould12alltheplaysintheworld.Properlytoexecuteactsliketheseinallthecomplexrelationsoflifeistohave"face".Tofailthemtoignorethemtobethwartedintheperformanceofthemthisisto"13face".Oncerightlyapprehended"face"willbefoundtobeinitselfa14tothecombinationlockofmanyofthemostimportantcharacteristicsoftheChinese. Itshouldbeaddedthattheprincipleswhichregulate"face"anditsattainmentareoftenwholly15theintellectualapprehensionoftheOccidentalwhoisconstantlyforgettingthetheatricalelementandwandering16intotheirrelevantregionsoffact.TohimitoftenseemsthatChinese"face"isnotunliketheSouthSeaIslandtabooaforceofundeniablepotencybutcapriciousandnotreducibletoruledeservingonlytobeabolishedandreplacedbycommonsense.AtthispointChineseandOccidentalsmustagreeto17fortheycanneverbebroughttoviewthesamethingsinthesamelight.Intheadjustmentoftheincessantquarrelswhichdistracteveryhamletitisnecessaryforthe"peace-talkers"totakeacarefulaccountofthe18of"face"asEuropeanstatesmenoncedidofthebalanceofpower.Theobjectinsuchcasesisnottheexecutionofeven-handedjusticewhicheveniftheoreticallydesirableseldom19toanOrientalasapossibilitybutsuchanarrangementaswilldistributetoallconcerned"face"indueproportions.Thesameprincipleoftenappliesinthesettlementoflawsuitsaverylargepercentageofwhichendinwhatmaybecalleda20game. 18
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 2
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 12
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthat"employmentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside".TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend--forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd--afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployee"whodidnotreportdirectlytohim". Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall. LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:"Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany."Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet. AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas"sex"and"CEO".Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux. Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial. MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried. Mr.Stonecipherhadtoleavehisjobbecause
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 4
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 14
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthat"employmentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside".TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend--forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd--afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployee"whodidnotreportdirectlytohim". Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall. LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:"Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany."Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet. AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas"sex"and"CEO".Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux. Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial. MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried. Thewordwhistleblowerparagraph4mostprobablyreferstoapersonwho
ThomasHardy’simpulsesasawriterallofwhichindulgedinhisnovelswerenumerousanddivergentandtheydidnotalwaysworktogetherinharmony.Hardywastosomedegreeinterestedinexploringhischaracters’psychologiesthoughimpelledlessbycuriositythanbysympathy.Occasionallyhefelttheimpulsetocomedyinallitsdetachedcoldnessaswellastheimpulsetofarcebuthewasmoreofteninclinedtoseetragedyandrecordit.Hewasalsoinclinedtoliteraryrealismintheseveralsensesofthatphrase;Hewantedtodescribeordinaryhumanbeings.Hewantedtospeculateontheirdilemmasrationallyandunfortunatelyevenschematically;andhewantedtorecordpreciselythematerialuniverse.Finallyhewantedtobemorethanarealist.Hewantedtotranscendwhatheconsideredtobethebanalityofsolelyrecordingthingsexactlyandtoexpressaswellhisawarenessoftheoccultandthestrange. InhisnovelsthesevariousimpulsesweresacrificedtoeachotherinevitablyandofteninevitablybecauseHardydidnotcareinthewaythatnovelistssuchasFlaubertorJameslearnedandthereforetookpathsofleastresistance.Thusoneimpulseoftensurrenderedtoafresheroneandunfortunatelyinsteadofexactingacompromisesimplydisappeared.Adesiretothrowoverrealityalightthatneverwasmightgivewayabruptlytothedesireonthepartofwhatwemightconsideranovelistscientisttorecordexactlyandconcretelythestructureandtextureofaflower. Inthisinstancethenewimpulsewasatleastanenergeticone.Andthusitsindulgencedidnotresultinarelaxedstyle.ButonotheroccasionsHardyabandonedaperilousriskyandhighlyenergizingimpulseinfavorofwhatwasforhimthefatallyrelaxingimpulsetoclassifyandschematizeabstractly.Whenarelaxingimpulsewasindulgedthestyle--thatsureindexofanauthor’sliteraryworth--wascertaintobecomeverbose. Hardy’sweaknessderivedfromhisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.Hesubmittedoffirstoneandthenanotherandthespiritblewwhereitlisted;hencetheunevennessofanyoneofhisnovels.HismostcontrollednovelUndertheGreenwoodTreeprominentlyexhibitstwodifferentbutreconcilableimpulses--adesiretobearealist-historianandadesiretobeapsychologistoflovebuttheslightinterlockingsofplotarenotenoughtobindthetwocompletelytogether.Thuseventhisbooksplitsintotwodistinctparts. WhichofthefollowingwordscouldbestbesubstitutedforrelaxedParagraph3withoutsubstantiallychangingtheauthor’smeaning
LASTmonthAmerica’sNationalLawJournaltolditsreadersthat"employmentlawyersarewarninglovestruckco-workerstotakeprecautionsintheofficebeforelockinglipsoutside".TheadvicecametoolateforHarryStonecipher.ThebossofBoeingwasforcedtoresignlastweekend--forreasonsthatwillstrikemanyoutsidersasabsurd--afterhisboardweretoldofanaffairthatthe68-year-oldmarriedmanhadbeenconductingwithafemaleemployee"whodidnotreportdirectlytohim". Inevitablyastheweekrolledondetailsoftheaffairrolledout.TheotherpartywasreportedtobeDebraPeabodywhoisunmarriedandhasworkedforBoeingfor25years.ThecoupleweresaidtohavefirstgottogetheratBoeing’sannualretreatatPalmDesertCaliforniainJanuary.Afterthatmuchoftheaffairmusthavebeenconductedfromadistance:Mr.Stonecipher’sofficeisatBoeing’sheadquartersinChicago;MsPeabodyrunsthefirm’sgovernment-relationsofficeinWashingtonDC.Theyexchangede-mailsitseemsasofficeloverstendtodothesedaysandthereinprobablylayMrStonecipher’sdownfall. LewisPlattBoeing’schairmansaidthatMrStonecipherbrokeacompanyrulethatsays:"Employeeswillnotengageinconductoractivitythatmayraisequestionsastothecompany’shonestyimpartialityreputationorotherwisecauseembarrassmenttothecompany."Havinganaffairwithafellowemployeeisnotofitselfagainstcompanyrules;causingembarrassmenttoBoeingis.Itseemsthattheboardjudgedthatthecontentsofthelovers’e-mailswouldhavebeenbadforBoeinghadtheybeenmadepublic.GonearethedayswhenaboardconsideredsuchmattersnoneofitsbusinessasCitibank’sdidin1991whenitsbossJohnReedbecamethetalkofWallStreetforhavinganaffairwithastewardessonCiti’scorporatejet. AtBoeingawhistleblowerissaidtohaveforwardedthemessagestoMrPlatt.Ingenerale-mailsareencryptedandnotaccessibletoanyonewhodoesnotknowthesender’spassword.Butmanyfirmsinstallsoftwaredesignedtosearchelectroniccommunicationsforkeywordssuchas"sex"and"CEO".Astudylastyearof840AmericanfirmsbytheAmericanManagementAssociationfoundthat60%ofthemcheckexternale-mailsincomingandoutgoingwhile27%scrutinizeinternalmessagesbetweenemployees.Sweetnothingswhisperedbythewatercoolermaytravellessfarthesedaysthanelectronicbilletsdoux. Boeingisparticularlysensitivetoembarrassmentatthemoment.Mr.Stonecipherwasrecalledfromretirementonly15monthsagoafterthecompany’spreviousbossPhilConditanditschieffinancialofficerMichaelSearshadleftinthewakeofascandalinvolvinganillegaljoboffertoaPentagonofficial. MrStonecipheracrustyformernumbertwoatBoeingwasbroughtbackspecificallytoraisethecompany’sethicalstandardsandtohelpitbeseeninitsmainandaffectedlypuritanicalmarketinWashingtonDCassqueakyclean.Verballyexplicitextra-maritalaffairsareinconsistentwithsuchastrategyitseemsthoughtheyarenotyetenoughtobringdownfuturekingsofEngland. Incorporatelifesuchaffairsarehardlyunusual.Onesurveyfoundthatone-quarterofalllong-termrelationshipsstartatwork;anotherfoundthatover40%ofexecutivessaytheyhavebeeninvolvedinanaffairwithacolleagueandthatinhalfofthesecasesoneorotherpartywasmarriedatthetime.Manyabosshasmarriedhisassistantandlivedhappilyeverafter.Boeingapparentlyusedtoacceptthis:Mr.Condit’sfourthwifewasacolleaguebeforetheymarried. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Directions: Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessayyoushould: 1describethepicturesbriefly 2interpretthemeaningand 3giveyourcomment.
Noblueprintexistsfortransforminganeconomyfromonewithagreatdealofgovernmentcontroltoonebasedalmostsolelyonfreemarketprinciples.YettheexperienceoftheUnitedKingdomsince1979clearlyshowsoneapproachthatworks:privatizationinwhichunder-performingstate-ownedaresoldtoprivatecompanies. By1979thetotalamountofdebtliabilitiesandlossesforstate-controlledenterprisesintheUKtopped3billionannually.Bysellingoffmanyofthesecompaniesparticularlythoseinthedepressedindustrialsectorthegovernmentdecreaseditsdebtburdenandceasedpumpingpublicfundsintomoneylosingenterprises.AccordingtogovernmentspokespersonAlistairMcBride"FarfrompastpracticeofthrowinggoodmoneyafterbadtheQueen’sgovernmentthisyearexpectstotakein34billionfromtheproceedsofthesale."Thatsaysomeanalystsmayonlybethebeginning.Privatizationhasnotonlybeencreditedwithrescuingwholeindustriesbutthenation’seconomytoboot. DuetoincreasedtaxrevenuesfromthenewlyprivatizedcompaniesalongwithareboundintheoveralleconomyeconomicforecasterspredictthatBritainwillbeabletorepaynearly12.5%ofthenetnationaldebtwithintwoyears.Thatisgoodnewsindeedfortheeconomyasawholeatatimewhenmanysectorsaredesperateforanyrayofsunshine.BritishAirwaysthisweekannounceda20%jumpinoverallticketsalesandprofitsoverthisquarterayearago.BritishGasannounceditsfirstprofitablequarterinnineyears.AtAssociatedBritishPortsanewlaborcontractwasfinalizedthefirstunioncontractsignedattheportwithoutaworkstoppageintwelveyears.ClosertohomeformostBritonsthenation’sphoneserviceBritishTelecomnolongerputsnewsubscribersonawaitinglist.Priortoprivatizationnewcustomerswouldsometimeshavetowaitmonthsbeforephoneservicecouldbeinstalledintheirhome.NowaccordingtoacompanypressreleaseBritishTelecomispromising24-hourturnaroundforallnewcustomers. Partofthisimprovedproductivityhastodowithneweffortstoallowemployeestoholdastakeinthecompany’sfuture.Companiesnowgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsthatallowemployeestoshareinthecompany’ssuccessandprofits.Theresponsehasbeenenthusiastictosaytheleast.AtBritishAerospace;89%ofthoseeligibletobuycompanysharesdidso.AtBritishTelecomnearly92%ofeligibleemployeestookpart.FinallyatAssociatedBritishPortslongsynonymouswithuniondisagreementswalkoutsandlaborstrifealmost90%ofemployeesnowcancallthemselvesownersofthecompany. "Whenpeoplehaveapersonalstakeinsomething"saidHenryDundeeofAssociatedBritishPorts"theythinkaboutittheycareabouttheyworktomakeitprosper."AttheNationalFreightConsortiumitselfnostrangertolaborproblemsthenewemployee-ownersactuallyvoteddownanemployeepay-increaseandpressuredunionrepresentativestorelaxdemandsforincreasedwagesandexpandedbenefits."Privatizationwasonlythestart"saysonemarketanalyst"whatwemayhavehereisanewindustrialrevolution./ Manycompaniesgivetheiremployeesstockoptionsto
Inordertounderstandhoweverimperfectlywhatismeantby"face"wemusttake1ofthefactthatasaracetheChinesehaveastrongly2instinct.ThetheatremayalmostbesaidtobetheonlynationalamusementandtheChinesehavefortheatricalsa3likethatoftheEnglishman4athleticsortheSpaniardforbull-fights.UponveryslightprovocationanyChineseregardshimselfinthe5ofanactorinadrama.Hethrowshimselfintotheatricalattitudesperformsthesalaamfallsuponhiskneesprostrateshimselfandstrikeshisheadupontheearth6circumstanceswhichtoanOccidentalseemtomakesuchactionssuperfluous7tosayridiculous.AChinesethinksintheatricalterms.Whenrousedinself-defenseheaddressestwoorthreepersonsasiftheywereamultitude.Heexclaims:"IsaythisinthepresenceofYouandYouandYouwhoareallherepresent."Ifhistroublesareadjustedhe8ofhimselfashaving"gotoffthestage"withcreditandiftheyarenotadjustedhefindsnowayto"retirefromthestage".Allthis9itclearlyunderstoodhasnothingtodowithrealities.Thequestionisneveroffactsbutalwaysof10.Ifafinespeechhasbeen11atthepropertimeandintheproperwaytherequirementoftheplayismet.Wearenottogobehindthescenesforthatwould12alltheplaysintheworld.Properlytoexecuteactsliketheseinallthecomplexrelationsoflifeistohave"face".Tofailthemtoignorethemtobethwartedintheperformanceofthemthisisto"13face".Oncerightlyapprehended"face"willbefoundtobeinitselfa14tothecombinationlockofmanyofthemostimportantcharacteristicsoftheChinese. Itshouldbeaddedthattheprincipleswhichregulate"face"anditsattainmentareoftenwholly15theintellectualapprehensionoftheOccidentalwhoisconstantlyforgettingthetheatricalelementandwandering16intotheirrelevantregionsoffact.TohimitoftenseemsthatChinese"face"isnotunliketheSouthSeaIslandtabooaforceofundeniablepotencybutcapriciousandnotreducibletoruledeservingonlytobeabolishedandreplacedbycommonsense.AtthispointChineseandOccidentalsmustagreeto17fortheycanneverbebroughttoviewthesamethingsinthesamelight.Intheadjustmentoftheincessantquarrelswhichdistracteveryhamletitisnecessaryforthe"peace-talkers"totakeacarefulaccountofthe18of"face"asEuropeanstatesmenoncedidofthebalanceofpower.Theobjectinsuchcasesisnottheexecutionofeven-handedjusticewhicheveniftheoreticallydesirableseldom19toanOrientalasapossibilitybutsuchanarrangementaswilldistributetoallconcerned"face"indueproportions.Thesameprincipleoftenappliesinthesettlementoflawsuitsaverylargepercentageofwhichendinwhatmaybecalleda20game. 20
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs.Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions.Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.AmoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharmItiswrongtohitwouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers.
What’syourearliestchildhoodmemoryCanyourememberlearningtowalkOrtalkThefirsttimeyouheardthunderorwatchedatelevisionprogramAdultsseldom1eventsmuchearlierthantheyearorsobeforeenteringschool2childrenyoungerthanthreeorfour3retainanyspecificpersonalexperiences. Avarietyofexplanationshavebeen4bypsychologistsforthis"childhoodamnesia".Onearguesthatthehippo-campus;theregionofthebrainwhichis5forformingmemoriesdoesnotmatureuntilabouttheageoftwo.Butthemostpopulartheory6thatsinceadultsdon’tthinklikechildrentheycannot7childhoodmemories.Adultsthinkinwordsandtheirlifememoriesarelikestoriesor8oneeventfollows9asinanovelorfilm.Butwhentheysearchthroughtheirmental10forearlychildhoodmemoriestoaddtothisverballifestorytheydon’tfindanythatfitthe11.It’sliketryingtofindaChinesewordinanEnglishdictionary. NowpsychologistAnnetteSimmsoftheNewYorkStateUniversityoffersanew12forchildhoodamnesia.Shearguesthattheresimplyaren’tanyearlychildhoodmemoriesto13.AccordingtoDr.Simmschildrenneedtolearntousesomeoneelse’sspokendescriptionoftheirpersonal14inordertoturntheirownshort-termquicklyforgotten15ofthemintolong-termmemories.Inother16childrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkabout17--Mothertalkingabouttheafternoon18lookingforseashellsatthebeachorDadaskingthemabouttheirdayatOceanPark.Withoutthis19reinforcementsaysDr.Simmschildrencannotform20memoriesoftheirpersonalexperiences. Notes:childhoodamnesia儿童失忆症 20
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