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where, qualified tender is lacking,or re-invitation fails where the goods or services in question are special in character and can only be procured from a limited number of suppliers where goods or services can be procured from only one supplier where consistency of the items or compatibility of the services procured requires procurement of additional items or services from the same supplier
which; which that; which that; where which; where
and never again or never again and where or where
ADO是一种ActiveX对象 ADO采用了OLE DB的数据访问模式 ADO是数据访问对象DAO、远程数据对象RDO和开放数据库互连ODBC三种方式的扩展 ADO数据控件不能创建与数据库的连接
用ADO对象访问数据库时,仍需依赖OLEDB,ODBC等数据库访问接口 开发者只需通过使用ADO对象模型中的几个简单对象的方法和属性即可实现对数据库的访问,因此,使用ADO对象模型可以提高数据访问效率 ADO是在OLEDB,ODBC等接口基础上设置的高一层接口 ADO对象模型提供的编程接口与数据提供者无关,提高了数据访问的透明性
用ADO对象访问数据库时,仍需依赖OLE DB, ODBC等数据库访问接口 开发者只需通过使用ADO对象模型中的几个简单对象的方法和属性即可实现对数据库的访问,因此,使用ADO对象模型可以提高数据访问效率 ADO是在OLE DB, ODBC等接口基础上设置的高一层接口 ADO对象模型提供的编程接口与数据提供者无关,提高了数据访问的透明性
Competitive negotiation Public invitation Single-source procurement Invited bidding
that; where where; that where; where that; that
and never again or never again and where or where