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Friday marks the 40th anniversary of one of the biggest, most expensive, most destructive social pol...
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WhoispoorinAmericaThisisahardquestiontoanswer.Despitepoverty’smessinesswe’vemeasuredprogressagainstitbyasinglestatistic:thefederalpovertyline.In2008thepovertythresholdwas$21834forafour-memberfamilywithtwochildrenunder18.By1hismeasurewehaven’tmademuchprogress.Exceptforrecessionswhenthepovertyratecanriseto15percentit’sstayedinanarrowrangefordecades.In2007—thepeakofthelastbusinesscycle—thepovertyratewas12.5percent;oneoutofeightAmericanswaspoor.In1969anotherbusiness-cyclepeakthepovertyratewas12.1percent.Buttheapparentlackofprogressismisleadingfortworeasons.Firstitignoresimmigration.Manyimmigrantsarepoorandlowskilled.Theyaddtothepoor.From1989to2007aboutthreequartersoftheincreaseinthepovertypopulationoccurredamongHispanics—mostlyimmigrantstheirchildrenandgrandchildren.Thepovertyrateforblacksfellduringthisperiodthoughitwasstillmuchtoohigh24.5percentin2007.Povertyexpertsdon’tdwellonimmigrationbecauseitimpliesthatmorerestrictivepoliciesmightreduceU.S.poverty.Secondthepoor’smaterialwell-beinghasimproved.Theofficialpovertymeasureobscuresthisbycountingonlypretaxcashincomeandignoringothersourcesofsupport.Theseincludetheearned-incometaxcreditarebatetolow-incomeworkersfoodstampshealthinsuranceMedicaidandhousingsubsidies.Althoughmanypoorlivehandtomouththey’veparticipatedinrisinglivingstandards.In200591percenthadmicrowaves79percentair-conditioningand48percentcellphones.Theexistingpovertylinecouldbeimprovedbyaddingsomeincomesourcesandsubtractingsomeexpensesexample:childcare.Unfortunatelytheadministration’sproposalforasupplementalpovertymeasurein2011—tocomplementnotreplacetheexistingpovertyline—goesbeyondthat.Thenewpovertynumberwouldcompoundpublicconfusion.Italsoraisesquestionsaboutwhetherthestatisticistailoredtofavorapoliticalagenda.ThesupplementalmeasuretiesthepovertythresholdtowhatthepoorestthirdofAmericansspendonfoodhousingclothingandutilities.Theactualthresholdnotyetcalculated—willprobablybehigherthantoday’spovertyline.Moreoverthisdefinitionhasstrangeconsequences.SupposethatallAmericansdoubledtheirincometomorrowandsupposethattheirspendingonfoodclothinghousingandutilitiesalsodoubled.Thatwouldseemtosignifylesspoverty—butnotbythenewpovertymeasure.Itwouldn’tdeclinebecausethepovertythresholdwouldgoupasspendingwentup.ManyAmericanswouldfindthisweird.peoplegetricherbutpovertystaysstuck.Whatproducesthisoutcomeisadifferentviewofpoverty.Thepresentconceptisanabsoluteone:thepovertythresholdreflectstheamountestimatedtomeetbasicneeds.Bycontrastthenewmeasureembracesarelativenotionofpoverty:peopleareautomaticallypoorifthey’reagivendistancefromthetopeveniftheirincomesareincreasing.Thatthepovertyratedoesnotvarymuch
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.1
Massivechangesinalloftheworld’sdeeplycherishedsportinghabitsareunderway.Whetherit’soneofLondon’sparksfullofpeopleplayingsoftballandRussianstakinguprugbyortheSuperbowlrivalingtheBritishFootballCupFinalasatelevisedspectatoreventinBritainthepatternsofplayersandspectatorsarechangingbeyondrecognition.Wearewitnessingaglobalizationofoursportingculture.ThatannualbicycleracetheTourdeFrancemuchlovedbytheFrenchisagoodcaseinpoint.JustafewyearsbackitwasastrictlycontinentalaffairwithFranceBelgiumandHollandSpainandItalytakingpart.ButinrecentyearsithasbeendominatedbyColombianmountainclimbersandAmericanandIrishriders.Thepeoplewhoreallymatterwelcometheshifttowardglobalization.PeugeotMichelinandPanasonicaremulti-nationalcorporationsthatwantworldwidereturnsforthemillionstheyinvestinteams.Soitdoesthemliterallyaworldofgoodtoseethisunofficialworldchampionshipbecomejustthat.Thisisundoubtedlyaneconomic-basedrevolutionwearewitnessinghereonemadepossiblebycommunicationstechnologybutmadetohappenbecauseofmarketingconsiderations.SellthegameandyoucansellCocaColaorBudweiseraswell.TheskilfulwayinwhichAmericanfootballhasbeensoldtoEuropeisagoodexampleofhowallsportswilldevelop.Theaimofcourseisnotreallytospreadthesportforitsownsakebuttoincreasethenumberofpeopleinterestedinthemajormoney-makingevents.TheeconomicsoftheSuperbowlarealreadyastronomical.WithseatsatUS$125gatereceiptsalonewereastaggering$10000000.Themostimportantstatisticofthedayhoweverwasthe$100000000inTVadvertisingfees.Imaginehowmuchthatbecomeswhentheeyesoftheworldarewatching.Soitcameasaterribleshockbutnotreallyasasurprisetolearnthatsomepeoplearenowsuggestingthatsoccerchangefrombeingagameoftwo45-minutehalvestooneoffour25-minutequarters.Theideaisunashamedlytocapturemoreadvertisingrevenuewithoutgivinganythoughtfortheintegrityofasportwhichreliesforitsessenceontheflowingnatureoftheaction.Moreoverassportsexpandintoworldmarketsandasourchoiceofsportsasconsumersalsogrowssowewilldemandtoseethemplayedatahigherandhigherlevel.InboxingwehavealreadyseennumerousdubiousworldtitlecategoriesbecausepeoplewillnotpaytoseeanythinglessthanaWorldTitlefightandthismeansthatthetitlefightshavetobeheldindifferentcountriesaroundtheworld!WhichofthefollowingisNOTrelatedtothemassivechanges
Directions:YourfriendAnnecomplainedtoyouinanemailaboutbeingoverchargedbyataxidriverwhenshearrivedinyourcitytwodaysago.Writetotellherwhattodo.Donotsignyourownname.SignZhengMininstead.
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.13
Massivechangesinalloftheworld’sdeeplycherishedsportinghabitsareunderway.Whetherit’soneofLondon’sparksfullofpeopleplayingsoftballandRussianstakinguprugbyortheSuperbowlrivalingtheBritishFootballCupFinalasatelevisedspectatoreventinBritainthepatternsofplayersandspectatorsarechangingbeyondrecognition.Wearewitnessingaglobalizationofoursportingculture.ThatannualbicycleracetheTourdeFrancemuchlovedbytheFrenchisagoodcaseinpoint.JustafewyearsbackitwasastrictlycontinentalaffairwithFranceBelgiumandHollandSpainandItalytakingpart.ButinrecentyearsithasbeendominatedbyColombianmountainclimbersandAmericanandIrishriders.Thepeoplewhoreallymatterwelcometheshifttowardglobalization.PeugeotMichelinandPanasonicaremulti-nationalcorporationsthatwantworldwidereturnsforthemillionstheyinvestinteams.Soitdoesthemliterallyaworldofgoodtoseethisunofficialworldchampionshipbecomejustthat.Thisisundoubtedlyaneconomic-basedrevolutionwearewitnessinghereonemadepossiblebycommunicationstechnologybutmadetohappenbecauseofmarketingconsiderations.SellthegameandyoucansellCocaColaorBudweiseraswell.TheskilfulwayinwhichAmericanfootballhasbeensoldtoEuropeisagoodexampleofhowallsportswilldevelop.Theaimofcourseisnotreallytospreadthesportforitsownsakebuttoincreasethenumberofpeopleinterestedinthemajormoney-makingevents.TheeconomicsoftheSuperbowlarealreadyastronomical.WithseatsatUS$125gatereceiptsalonewereastaggering$10000000.Themostimportantstatisticofthedayhoweverwasthe$100000000inTVadvertisingfees.Imaginehowmuchthatbecomeswhentheeyesoftheworldarewatching.Soitcameasaterribleshockbutnotreallyasasurprisetolearnthatsomepeoplearenowsuggestingthatsoccerchangefrombeingagameoftwo45-minutehalvestooneoffour25-minutequarters.Theideaisunashamedlytocapturemoreadvertisingrevenuewithoutgivinganythoughtfortheintegrityofasportwhichreliesforitsessenceontheflowingnatureoftheaction.Moreoverassportsexpandintoworldmarketsandasourchoiceofsportsasconsumersalsogrowssowewilldemandtoseethemplayedatahigherandhigherlevel.InboxingwehavealreadyseennumerousdubiousworldtitlecategoriesbecausepeoplewillnotpaytoseeanythinglessthanaWorldTitlefightandthismeansthatthetitlefightshavetobeheldindifferentcountriesaroundtheworld!Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthesuggestiontochangesoccerintooneoffour25-minutequarters
WhoispoorinAmericaThisisahardquestiontoanswer.Despitepoverty’smessinesswe’vemeasuredprogressagainstitbyasinglestatistic:thefederalpovertyline.In2008thepovertythresholdwas$21834forafour-memberfamilywithtwochildrenunder18.By1hismeasurewehaven’tmademuchprogress.Exceptforrecessionswhenthepovertyratecanriseto15percentit’sstayedinanarrowrangefordecades.In2007—thepeakofthelastbusinesscycle—thepovertyratewas12.5percent;oneoutofeightAmericanswaspoor.In1969anotherbusiness-cyclepeakthepovertyratewas12.1percent.Buttheapparentlackofprogressismisleadingfortworeasons.Firstitignoresimmigration.Manyimmigrantsarepoorandlowskilled.Theyaddtothepoor.From1989to2007aboutthreequartersoftheincreaseinthepovertypopulationoccurredamongHispanics—mostlyimmigrantstheirchildrenandgrandchildren.Thepovertyrateforblacksfellduringthisperiodthoughitwasstillmuchtoohigh24.5percentin2007.Povertyexpertsdon’tdwellonimmigrationbecauseitimpliesthatmorerestrictivepoliciesmightreduceU.S.poverty.Secondthepoor’smaterialwell-beinghasimproved.Theofficialpovertymeasureobscuresthisbycountingonlypretaxcashincomeandignoringothersourcesofsupport.Theseincludetheearned-incometaxcreditarebatetolow-incomeworkersfoodstampshealthinsuranceMedicaidandhousingsubsidies.Althoughmanypoorlivehandtomouththey’veparticipatedinrisinglivingstandards.In200591percenthadmicrowaves79percentair-conditioningand48percentcellphones.Theexistingpovertylinecouldbeimprovedbyaddingsomeincomesourcesandsubtractingsomeexpensesexample:childcare.Unfortunatelytheadministration’sproposalforasupplementalpovertymeasurein2011—tocomplementnotreplacetheexistingpovertyline—goesbeyondthat.Thenewpovertynumberwouldcompoundpublicconfusion.Italsoraisesquestionsaboutwhetherthestatisticistailoredtofavorapoliticalagenda.ThesupplementalmeasuretiesthepovertythresholdtowhatthepoorestthirdofAmericansspendonfoodhousingclothingandutilities.Theactualthresholdnotyetcalculated—willprobablybehigherthantoday’spovertyline.Moreoverthisdefinitionhasstrangeconsequences.SupposethatallAmericansdoubledtheirincometomorrowandsupposethattheirspendingonfoodclothinghousingandutilitiesalsodoubled.Thatwouldseemtosignifylesspoverty—butnotbythenewpovertymeasure.Itwouldn’tdeclinebecausethepovertythresholdwouldgoupasspendingwentup.ManyAmericanswouldfindthisweird.peoplegetricherbutpovertystaysstuck.Whatproducesthisoutcomeisadifferentviewofpoverty.Thepresentconceptisanabsoluteone:thepovertythresholdreflectstheamountestimatedtomeetbasicneeds.Bycontrastthenewmeasureembracesarelativenotionofpoverty:peopleareautomaticallypoorifthey’reagivendistancefromthetopeveniftheirincomesareincreasing.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthenewmeasure
Rightaftertheglobalfinancialcrisisexplodedin2008manyeconomistsfrettedthatcountrieslookingtoholdontotheirshareofashrinkingpiewouldbecomemoreself-interestedandprotectionistplungingtheplanetintoanevensharperdownturnjustashappenedinthe1930saftertheGreatDepression.Thankstopanic-fueledcrisismanagementbypolicymakersitdidn’thappen.Butafterthreeyearsofpainandverylittleeconomicgainitmaybehappeningnow.Thesignsareeverywhere.EuropeansareinthemiddleofapotentiallycalamitousdebtcrisisonethatthreatensnotonlythesurvivaloftheeurozonebuttheideaoftheEuropeanUnionitself:politiciansarestartingtotalkaboutrollingbackvisa-freetravelbetweencountries.MeanwhileOPECisfallingapartastheSaudisandtheIraniansquarreloverhowtocontroltheworld’senergysupply.Thenthere’stheriseofpopulistpoliticsnotonlyintheU.S.butthroughouttherestoftheworld.Allofthisunderscoresthepointthatglobalizationifwedefineitasthefreemovementofgoodspeopleandmoneywasneverallitwascrackeduptobe.Theworldisjustnotasflataspunditswouldhaveusthink.Morethanhalfofglobaltradeinvestmentandmigrationstilltakesplacewithinregions—muchofitbetweenneighboringcountries.CanadaistheU.S.’sbiggesttradingpartner.Some800%ofglobalstock-marketinvestmentforexampleisincompaniesthatareheadquarteredintheinvestor’shomecountry.Exportsmakeuponlyaboutaquarteroftheglobaleconomy.Lessthan20%ofInternettrafficcrossesnationalbordersandsoon.Theworldisbecomingmoreunifiedbutifanythingit’sbecomingmorefragmented.SomeofthisreflectsthefactthatrichcountriesespeciallytheU.S.arestillmuchmoreprovincialthanyoumightthinkandthepoliticaltrendinaneconomicdownturnistobecomemoreso—witnesstheriseofanti-immigrantrhetoricandthelike.EvenmultinationalcorporationsthoseglobalemissariesofAmericancapitalismcouldbealotmorediverse.Only7%ofthedirectorsofFORTUNE500firmsareforeigners.Butgreatereconomicandpoliticalfragmentationisalsoironicallyarippleeffectofglobalization.Aswealthandpowerhaveshiftedtotheemergingmarketsthosenationsnowhavethemoneyandconfidencetocalltheirownshots—andtheircallstendtobequitedifferentfromthosewewouldmake.Alreadythisisreflectedincompanyandconsumerbehavior.FirmslikeHermesGeneralMotorsLeviStraussandCoca-Colarigorouslytailorproductsspecificallyforemerging-marketconsumers.Thebig-pictureimplicationsaremoreprofound.Asdevelopingcountriesbecomewealthierandvieforabetterseatontheglobalstagetheyareoftenatoddsnotonlywithrichnationsbutalsowitheachother.Thatdoesn’tmeanglobalization’sabust.Infactmoreofit—intheformoffreermarketslowertradebarriersandunfetteredimmigration—wouldhelpalleviatetensionsbygrowingtheeconomicpie.Theworditinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphrefersto
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.9
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.7
AttheceremonyatYaleUniversityin1983severalhonorarydegreeswereawardedincludingonetoMotherTeresa.Assheandotherhumanitariansandscholarseachinturnreceivedtheirawardstheaudienceapplaudedappropriatelybutwithaslighthintofreserveandimpatienceforitwishedtogiveitshearttothefinalrecipientwhowaitedshylyinthewings.Asthedetailsofherachievementswerebeingrecountedmanypeoplelefttheirseatsandsurgedtowardthestagetobeclosertothegreatwoman.AndwhenthenameMerylStreepwasannouncedtheaudienceunleashedasonicboomofaffectiontowaketheNewHavendead.OnemanwhowaspresentwhenBobHopereceivedhishonorarydoctorateatanotherinstitutionsaidthatDr.Streep’sapplausesurpassedDr.Hope’s.KnowinghowtopleaseacrowdaswellasanyonetheintellectualleadersatYaleinvitedDickCavettthetalk-showhosttodeliverthecommencementaddressthefollowingyear.ItisrumoredthatthisyearDonRickleswillreceiveaDoctorateofHumaneLettersandLolaFalanawillgivethecommencementaddress.Priortothe1984presidentialelectionsthetwocandidatesconfrontedeachotherontelevisioninwhatwerecalleddebates.TheseeventswerenotintheleastliketheLincoln-Douglasdebatesoranythingelsethatgoesbythename.EachcandidatewasgivenfiveminutestoaddresssuchquestionsasWhatisorwouldbeyourpolicyinCentralAmericaHisoppositenumberwasthengivenoneminuteforarebuttal.Insuchcircumstancescomplexitydocumentationandlogiccanplaynoroleandindeedonseveraloccasionssyntaxitselfwasabandonedentirely.Itisnomatter.Themenwerelessconcernedwithgivingargumentsthanwithgivingoffimpressionswhichiswhattelevisiondoesbest.Post-debatecommentarylargelyavoidedanyevaluationofthecandidates’ideassincetherewerenonetoevaluate.InsteadthedebateswereconceivedasboxingmatchestherelevantquestionbeingWhoKO’dwhomTheanswerwasdeterminedbythestyleofthemen—howtheylookedfixedtheirgazesmiledanddeliveredone-liners.IntheseconddebatePresidentReagangotoffaswellone-linerwhenaskedaquestionabouthisage.ThefollowingdayseveralnewspapersindicatedthatRonhadKO’dFritzwithhisjoke.ThustheleaderofthefreeworldischosenbythepeopleintheAgeofTelevision.Whatallofthismeansisthatourculturehasmovedtowardanewwayofconductingitsbusinessespeciallyitsimportantbusiness.Thenatureofitsdiscourseischangingasthedemarcationlinebetweenwhatisshowbusinessandwhatisnotbecomeshardertoseewitheachpassingday.Ourpriestsandpresidentsoursurgeonsandlawyersoureducatorsandnewscastersneedworrylessaboutsatisfyingthedemandsoftheirdisciplinethanthedemandsofgoodshowmanship.HadIrvingBerlinchangedonewordinthetitleofhiscelebratedsonghewouldhavebeenaspropheticalbeitmoreterseasAldousHuxley.HeneedonlyhavewrittenThere’sNoBusinessButShowBusiness.Thetextisorganizedmainlybymeansof
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.5
AttheceremonyatYaleUniversityin1983severalhonorarydegreeswereawardedincludingonetoMotherTeresa.Assheandotherhumanitariansandscholarseachinturnreceivedtheirawardstheaudienceapplaudedappropriatelybutwithaslighthintofreserveandimpatienceforitwishedtogiveitshearttothefinalrecipientwhowaitedshylyinthewings.Asthedetailsofherachievementswerebeingrecountedmanypeoplelefttheirseatsandsurgedtowardthestagetobeclosertothegreatwoman.AndwhenthenameMerylStreepwasannouncedtheaudienceunleashedasonicboomofaffectiontowaketheNewHavendead.OnemanwhowaspresentwhenBobHopereceivedhishonorarydoctorateatanotherinstitutionsaidthatDr.Streep’sapplausesurpassedDr.Hope’s.KnowinghowtopleaseacrowdaswellasanyonetheintellectualleadersatYaleinvitedDickCavettthetalk-showhosttodeliverthecommencementaddressthefollowingyear.ItisrumoredthatthisyearDonRickleswillreceiveaDoctorateofHumaneLettersandLolaFalanawillgivethecommencementaddress.Priortothe1984presidentialelectionsthetwocandidatesconfrontedeachotherontelevisioninwhatwerecalleddebates.TheseeventswerenotintheleastliketheLincoln-Douglasdebatesoranythingelsethatgoesbythename.EachcandidatewasgivenfiveminutestoaddresssuchquestionsasWhatisorwouldbeyourpolicyinCentralAmericaHisoppositenumberwasthengivenoneminuteforarebuttal.Insuchcircumstancescomplexitydocumentationandlogiccanplaynoroleandindeedonseveraloccasionssyntaxitselfwasabandonedentirely.Itisnomatter.Themenwerelessconcernedwithgivingargumentsthanwithgivingoffimpressionswhichiswhattelevisiondoesbest.Post-debatecommentarylargelyavoidedanyevaluationofthecandidates’ideassincetherewerenonetoevaluate.InsteadthedebateswereconceivedasboxingmatchestherelevantquestionbeingWhoKO’dwhomTheanswerwasdeterminedbythestyleofthemen—howtheylookedfixedtheirgazesmiledanddeliveredone-liners.IntheseconddebatePresidentReagangotoffaswellone-linerwhenaskedaquestionabouthisage.ThefollowingdayseveralnewspapersindicatedthatRonhadKO’dFritzwithhisjoke.ThustheleaderofthefreeworldischosenbythepeopleintheAgeofTelevision.Whatallofthismeansisthatourculturehasmovedtowardanewwayofconductingitsbusinessespeciallyitsimportantbusiness.Thenatureofitsdiscourseischangingasthedemarcationlinebetweenwhatisshowbusinessandwhatisnotbecomeshardertoseewitheachpassingday.Ourpriestsandpresidentsoursurgeonsandlawyersoureducatorsandnewscastersneedworrylessaboutsatisfyingthedemandsoftheirdisciplinethanthedemandsofgoodshowmanship.HadIrvingBerlinchangedonewordinthetitleofhiscelebratedsonghewouldhavebeenaspropheticalbeitmoreterseasAldousHuxley.HeneedonlyhavewrittenThere’sNoBusinessButShowBusiness.Themostimportantelementinapresidentialcandidatesdebateis
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.3
Adependentauditcomesfromyouremployerwhowantsproofthatthepeopleyou’recarryingonthecompanyhealthplanreallyareyourdependents.Ifyoucan’tprovetheyarethecompanywilldropthem.Thegoalistoferretoutchildrenwhoareoverage18andnotinschoolex-spousessometimesevenniecesornephews—peopleinshortwhodonotmeetanemployer’sdefinitionofdependent.Ifyourcompanydoesnotalreadyconducttheseauditschancesareiteventuallywill.Andwhileitmaystrikeyouasanannoyancedonotignorethistask.Otherwiseeligibledependentscouldlosetheirhealthcoverage.Fromanemployer’sperspectiveauditsmakegoodbusinesssense.Healthcarecostshavebeenrisingby5to10percentayearforoveradecadeandemployerswanttocontainthosecosts.Anauditofa10000-personemployerwilltypicallyuncover200to500ineligibledependentssaidJohnFazioaseniorconsultantwiththeemployeebenefitsfirmTowersWatson.Removingthesepeoplewhocostacompanyanaverageof$2100aheadtranslatesintoannualsavingsof$420000to$1.05millionayearfortheemployer.Dependentauditshavebeenaroundformorethanadecade.Buttheyhavebecomepopularinthelastfewyearsasemployersdesperatelysoughtwaystotrimtheirhealthcarebudgets.Thisyear69percentoflargecompaniesplantoconductadependentauditupfromthe55percentthatplannedtodosoin2008accordingtoaMarchsurveybyTowersWatsonandtheNationalBusinessGrouponHealthanonprofitorganizationoflargeemployers.Fromtheemployees’perspectivesuchauditsareatbestanannoyanceforcingthemtogatherpaperworkprovingsaythatachildwhohadbeencoveredforyearsremainseligible.Atworstanauditcanbeawrenchingandcostlyexperiencewhenaworker’sdependentisfoundtobeineligibleandhastogetinsuranceelsewhere.Whatismoreaworkercouldbecomeliableforthemoneythatanemployerpaidoutforaspouseorchildwhoshouldnothavebeenontheplan.Andasauditshavebecomemorecommontheprocessforemployeeshasbecomemoreonerous.ItusedtobethehonorsystemsaysMichaelSmiththechiefexecutiveofConSovaadependentauditingcompany.Justfiveyearsagoemployerstypicallyaskedthatyousignanaffidavitstatingthatyourdependentwaseligibletobeonyourplan.NowtheywantdocumentationMr.Faziosaid.It’samorediligentprocess.Thatmeansyoumayhavetodigupbirthandmarriagecertificatesbankstatementsdivorceagreementsandotherdocumentsthatproveyourchildorspousearelegaldependents.Thewordonerousfirstsentencelastparagraphprobablymeans
Theprimitiverootofthepleasureofparenthoodistwo-fold.46Ontheonehandthereisthefeelingofpartofone’sownbodyexternalizedprolongingitslifebeyondthedeathoftherestofone’sbodyandpossiblyinitsturnexternalizingpartofitselfinthesamefashionandsosecuringtheimmortalityofthegermplasma.Ontheotherhandthereisanintimateblendofpowerandtenderness.Thenewcreatureishelplessandthereisanimpulsetosupplyitsneedsanimpulsewhichgratifiesnotonlytheparent’slovetowardsthechildbutalsotheparent’sdesireforpower.47Solongastheinfantisfelttobehelplesstheaffectionwhichisbestoweduponitdoesnotfeelunselfishsinceitisinthenatureofprotectiontoavulnerableportionofoneself. 48Butfromaveryearlyagetherecomestobeaconflictbetweenloveofparentalpoweranddesireforthechild’sgoodforwhilepoweroverthechildistoacertainextentdecreedbythenatureofthingsitisneverthelessdesirablethatthechildshouldassoonaspossiblelearntobeindependentinasmanywaysaspossiblewhichisunpleasanttothepowerimpulseinaparent.Someparentsneverbecomeconsciousofthisconflictandremaintyrantsuntilthechildrenareinapositiontorebel.Othershoweverbecomeconsciousofitandthusfindthemselvesapreytoconflictingemotions.Inthisconflicttheirparentalhappinessislost.49Afterallthecarethattheyhavebestowedonthechildtheyfindtotheirmortificationthatheturnsoutquitedifferentfromwhattheyhadhoped.TheywantedhimtobeasoldierandtheyfindhimapacifistorlikeTolstoytheywantedhimtobeapacifistandhejoinstheBlackHundreds. Butitisnotonlyintheselaterdevelopmentsthatthedifficultyisfelt.50Ifyoufeedaninfantwhoisalreadycapableoffeedinghimselfyouareputtingloveofpowerbeforethechild’swelfarealthoughitseemstoyouthatyouareonlybeenkindinsavinghimtrouble.Ifyoumakehimtoovividlyawareofdangersyouareprobablyactuatedbyadesiretokeephimdependentuponyou.Ifyougivehimdemonstrativeaffectiontowhichyouexpectaresponseyouareprobablyendeavoringtograpplehimtoyoubymeansofhisemotions.Inathousandwaysgreatandsmallthepossessiveimpulseofparentswillleadthemastrayunlesstheyareverywatchfulorverypureinheart. 49
[A]EvenastherobotsdotheirworkofficialsshouldknowwithinadaywhethertherobotsweresuccessfulBPispreparingtodrillareliefwellintowhichtheoriginalwellwouldempty.Thatcouldallowthecompanytoinjectaheavyfluidintothebrokenwellthatwouldslowandeventuallystoptheflowofoil.OncetheleakisstanchedBPcouldpermanentlysealthefirstwell. [B]TheexplosionontheDeepwaterHorizonoilriglastweekintheGulfofMexicowaswithoutquestionahumantragedy.ThedayaftertherigfinallysankonApril22theCoastGuardcalledoffthesearchforthe11workerslostduringtheaccident. [C]ButtheGulf’s$2.4billionfishingindustrycouldbeimperiledbyamajorspillascouldtourismupanddowntheGulfCoastandpotentiallytheFloridapanhandle狭长地带."Wearebeingveryveryaggressive"saidTonyHaywardtheCEOofBPwhichexpectstospendsome$100milliononthecleanup."Thisisthebiggestresponsebyanyoneintheindustryeverandwe’reabletodoitbecauseweplannedforit.Wewillbejudgedbyourresponse." [D]Nowtheaccidentthreatenstobecomeanenvironmentaltragedyaswell.Despiteearlyhopesthattheoilspillcouldbeminimizedtherig’sfractureddrillingpipeiscurrentlyleaking42000gal.ofcrudeaday.Theresultisanoilslickonthesurfaceofthewatercoveringmorethan1800sq.milesnowjust20milesfromthedelicateGulfcoastline.Dependingonwindconditionsoilcouldbeginwashingupontheshoreasearlyasthisweekend. [E]TheCoastGuardandtheenergygiantBPwhichoperatedthesunkenrigandisresponsibleforthecleanuphavelaunchedamassiveoperationtocontainthespill—anunusualchallengeconsideringthecomplexityofunderwaterdrilling.Firstremote-controlledrobotsubmarineshavebeendeployedtotrytosealofftheoilwellaltogetherbyactivatingamassivedevicecalledablowoutpreventer.Ifthe450-tonvalveatthewellheadcanbeturnedontheoilflowshouldstopandthespillcouldbeendedquickly.Buttheoutcomeisfarfromguaranteed;robotshaveneverbeenusedinanoperationofthismagnitudenoratthisdepth—some5000ft.belowthesurfaceoftheocean. [F]Cleanuphasalreadybeenunderway.Vesselsaredragginglongbooms拦油栅tocorraltheoilonthesurface—whichisstillathinslicknotyetathicktar—whitetheplanesspraychemicaldispersantsthatcanseparatethecrudefromthewater.CoastGuardofficialssaidtheywouldconsideracontrolledburnoftheoil.Poolsofoilwouldbetrappedincontainmentboomsandsetonfire.Theburningoilwouldalsocreateaplumeofsmokeandairpollutionwhichcouldaffectflyingbirds.ButaccordingtotheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationmarinewildlifewouldbelessharmedbyaburningareaoftheoceanthanbyexposuretoanoilslick. [G]Buttheentireoperationwouldlikelytakemonthsduringwhichtimetheoilwouldkeepspilling.SoBPisalsopreparingtobuildamassivedomethatcouldbeplacedovertheoilleaks—whichareemanatingfromapipethatconnectsthewelltothesunkenrig—andactuallycollecttheleakingcrude.Theonlyproblemisthatsuchanenterprisehasneverbeenattemptedindeepwateranditwouldtakeatleasttwoweekstobeputinplace. 41
[A]EvenastherobotsdotheirworkofficialsshouldknowwithinadaywhethertherobotsweresuccessfulBPispreparingtodrillareliefwellintowhichtheoriginalwellwouldempty.Thatcouldallowthecompanytoinjectaheavyfluidintothebrokenwellthatwouldslowandeventuallystoptheflowofoil.OncetheleakisstanchedBPcouldpermanentlysealthefirstwell. [B]TheexplosionontheDeepwaterHorizonoilriglastweekintheGulfofMexicowaswithoutquestionahumantragedy.ThedayaftertherigfinallysankonApril22theCoastGuardcalledoffthesearchforthe11workerslostduringtheaccident. [C]ButtheGulf’s$2.4billionfishingindustrycouldbeimperiledbyamajorspillascouldtourismupanddowntheGulfCoastandpotentiallytheFloridapanhandle狭长地带."Wearebeingveryveryaggressive"saidTonyHaywardtheCEOofBPwhichexpectstospendsome$100milliononthecleanup."Thisisthebiggestresponsebyanyoneintheindustryeverandwe’reabletodoitbecauseweplannedforit.Wewillbejudgedbyourresponse." [D]Nowtheaccidentthreatenstobecomeanenvironmentaltragedyaswell.Despiteearlyhopesthattheoilspillcouldbeminimizedtherig’sfractureddrillingpipeiscurrentlyleaking42000gal.ofcrudeaday.Theresultisanoilslickonthesurfaceofthewatercoveringmorethan1800sq.milesnowjust20milesfromthedelicateGulfcoastline.Dependingonwindconditionsoilcouldbeginwashingupontheshoreasearlyasthisweekend. [E]TheCoastGuardandtheenergygiantBPwhichoperatedthesunkenrigandisresponsibleforthecleanuphavelaunchedamassiveoperationtocontainthespill—anunusualchallengeconsideringthecomplexityofunderwaterdrilling.Firstremote-controlledrobotsubmarineshavebeendeployedtotrytosealofftheoilwellaltogetherbyactivatingamassivedevicecalledablowoutpreventer.Ifthe450-tonvalveatthewellheadcanbeturnedontheoilflowshouldstopandthespillcouldbeendedquickly.Buttheoutcomeisfarfromguaranteed;robotshaveneverbeenusedinanoperationofthismagnitudenoratthisdepth—some5000ft.belowthesurfaceoftheocean. [F]Cleanuphasalreadybeenunderway.Vesselsaredragginglongbooms拦油栅tocorraltheoilonthesurface—whichisstillathinslicknotyetathicktar—whitetheplanesspraychemicaldispersantsthatcanseparatethecrudefromthewater.CoastGuardofficialssaidtheywouldconsideracontrolledburnoftheoil.Poolsofoilwouldbetrappedincontainmentboomsandsetonfire.Theburningoilwouldalsocreateaplumeofsmokeandairpollutionwhichcouldaffectflyingbirds.ButaccordingtotheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationmarinewildlifewouldbelessharmedbyaburningareaoftheoceanthanbyexposuretoanoilslick. [G]Buttheentireoperationwouldlikelytakemonthsduringwhichtimetheoilwouldkeepspilling.SoBPisalsopreparingtobuildamassivedomethatcouldbeplacedovertheoilleaks—whichareemanatingfromapipethatconnectsthewelltothesunkenrig—andactuallycollecttheleakingcrude.Theonlyproblemisthatsuchanenterprisehasneverbeenattemptedindeepwateranditwouldtakeatleasttwoweekstobeputinplace. 45
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.17
Noonedoubtsthepowerofthemediaandnoonedoubtsthemediaisusefultothoseinpower.Newspapershavevast1comparedwithanyotherpublishedprinttheyarepublishedfrequentlyandare2throughwidedistributionnetworks.Formostpeoplethey3themostsubstantialconsumptionofprinteddiscourse语段.4thepowerfulinsocietyshouldattempttocontrolandinfluencethemis5question. 6thereisalsoaconflictingmythofthefreedomofthepressthatjournalistsarefreetogiveanobjective7ofanythingtheythinknewsworthy.Andthat8journalistsonaparticularnewspapermaybeconstrained限制aboutwhattheycanreportthereaderhasachoicebecauseofthevarietyofnewspaperson9Newspapersinthisregardhavebeen10asthethirdestateanessentialingredientofdemocracy;theinformationtheygiveis11tobesufficientlyimportantandtrustworthytoallowvoterstomakejudgmentsabouttherecordofthepoliticalparties12electionsandtomakeinformeddecisionsaboutwhichpartyto13. LordNorthcliffethenewspaperowneroncesaidthatrealnewsissomething14somewherewantstohideandthatalltherestisadvertising.Heobviouslysawthe15ofthepressasawatchdogforanyinefficiencyirrationalityinjusticecorruptionofscandalous丑恶可耻的behaviorforwhichthoseinpowermayhavebeen16Howeverthepressasweknowithasbeenhi-jackedbythosewithpoliticalandeconomicpower.Firsttheyhavedonethisthroughownership.Secondtheyhavedonesobythedependenceofnewspapersonadvertising.Thirdtheyhave17theambiguitiesinwhatisnewsworthytotheirown18Andlastlytheydominatethewaytheworldisrepresentedinthenewssincetheyaregatekeeperscontrollingthe19ofthenewsandarebeing20quotedinit. 19
Rightaftertheglobalfinancialcrisisexplodedin2008manyeconomistsfrettedthatcountrieslookingtoholdontotheirshareofashrinkingpiewouldbecomemoreself-interestedandprotectionistplungingtheplanetintoanevensharperdownturnjustashappenedinthe1930saftertheGreatDepression.Thankstopanic-fueledcrisismanagementbypolicymakersitdidn’thappen.Butafterthreeyearsofpainandverylittleeconomicgainitmaybehappeningnow.Thesignsareeverywhere.EuropeansareinthemiddleofapotentiallycalamitousdebtcrisisonethatthreatensnotonlythesurvivaloftheeurozonebuttheideaoftheEuropeanUnionitself:politiciansarestartingtotalkaboutrollingbackvisa-freetravelbetweencountries.MeanwhileOPECisfallingapartastheSaudisandtheIraniansquarreloverhowtocontroltheworld’senergysupply.Thenthere’stheriseofpopulistpoliticsnotonlyintheU.S.butthroughouttherestoftheworld.Allofthisunderscoresthepointthatglobalizationifwedefineitasthefreemovementofgoodspeopleandmoneywasneverallitwascrackeduptobe.Theworldisjustnotasflataspunditswouldhaveusthink.Morethanhalfofglobaltradeinvestmentandmigrationstilltakesplacewithinregions—muchofitbetweenneighboringcountries.CanadaistheU.S.’sbiggesttradingpartner.Some800%ofglobalstock-marketinvestmentforexampleisincompaniesthatareheadquarteredintheinvestor’shomecountry.Exportsmakeuponlyaboutaquarteroftheglobaleconomy.Lessthan20%ofInternettrafficcrossesnationalbordersandsoon.Theworldisbecomingmoreunifiedbutifanythingit’sbecomingmorefragmented.SomeofthisreflectsthefactthatrichcountriesespeciallytheU.S.arestillmuchmoreprovincialthanyoumightthinkandthepoliticaltrendinaneconomicdownturnistobecomemoreso—witnesstheriseofanti-immigrantrhetoricandthelike.EvenmultinationalcorporationsthoseglobalemissariesofAmericancapitalismcouldbealotmorediverse.Only7%ofthedirectorsofFORTUNE500firmsareforeigners.Butgreatereconomicandpoliticalfragmentationisalsoironicallyarippleeffectofglobalization.Aswealthandpowerhaveshiftedtotheemergingmarketsthosenationsnowhavethemoneyandconfidencetocalltheirownshots—andtheircallstendtobequitedifferentfromthosewewouldmake.Alreadythisisreflectedincompanyandconsumerbehavior.FirmslikeHermesGeneralMotorsLeviStraussandCoca-Colarigorouslytailorproductsspecificallyforemerging-marketconsumers.Thebig-pictureimplicationsaremoreprofound.Asdevelopingcountriesbecomewealthierandvieforabetterseatontheglobalstagetheyareoftenatoddsnotonlywithrichnationsbutalsowitheachother.Thatdoesn’tmeanglobalization’sabust.Infactmoreofit—intheformoffreermarketslowertradebarriersandunfetteredimmigration—wouldhelpalleviatetensionsbygrowingtheeconomicpie.Thebesttitleforthetextis
AttheceremonyatYaleUniversityin1983severalhonorarydegreeswereawardedincludingonetoMotherTeresa.Assheandotherhumanitariansandscholarseachinturnreceivedtheirawardstheaudienceapplaudedappropriatelybutwithaslighthintofreserveandimpatienceforitwishedtogiveitshearttothefinalrecipientwhowaitedshylyinthewings.Asthedetailsofherachievementswerebeingrecountedmanypeoplelefttheirseatsandsurgedtowardthestagetobeclosertothegreatwoman.AndwhenthenameMerylStreepwasannouncedtheaudienceunleashedasonicboomofaffectiontowaketheNewHavendead.OnemanwhowaspresentwhenBobHopereceivedhishonorarydoctorateatanotherinstitutionsaidthatDr.Streep’sapplausesurpassedDr.Hope’s.KnowinghowtopleaseacrowdaswellasanyonetheintellectualleadersatYaleinvitedDickCavettthetalk-showhosttodeliverthecommencementaddressthefollowingyear.ItisrumoredthatthisyearDonRickleswillreceiveaDoctorateofHumaneLettersandLolaFalanawillgivethecommencementaddress.Priortothe1984presidentialelectionsthetwocandidatesconfrontedeachotherontelevisioninwhatwerecalleddebates.TheseeventswerenotintheleastliketheLincoln-Douglasdebatesoranythingelsethatgoesbythename.EachcandidatewasgivenfiveminutestoaddresssuchquestionsasWhatisorwouldbeyourpolicyinCentralAmericaHisoppositenumberwasthengivenoneminuteforarebuttal.Insuchcircumstancescomplexitydocumentationandlogiccanplaynoroleandindeedonseveraloccasionssyntaxitselfwasabandonedentirely.Itisnomatter.Themenwerelessconcernedwithgivingargumentsthanwithgivingoffimpressionswhichiswhattelevisiondoesbest.Post-debatecommentarylargelyavoidedanyevaluationofthecandidates’ideassincetherewerenonetoevaluate.InsteadthedebateswereconceivedasboxingmatchestherelevantquestionbeingWhoKO’dwhomTheanswerwasdeterminedbythestyleofthemen—howtheylookedfixedtheirgazesmiledanddeliveredone-liners.IntheseconddebatePresidentReagangotoffaswellone-linerwhenaskedaquestionabouthisage.ThefollowingdayseveralnewspapersindicatedthatRonhadKO’dFritzwithhisjoke.ThustheleaderofthefreeworldischosenbythepeopleintheAgeofTelevision.Whatallofthismeansisthatourculturehasmovedtowardanewwayofconductingitsbusinessespeciallyitsimportantbusiness.Thenatureofitsdiscourseischangingasthedemarcationlinebetweenwhatisshowbusinessandwhatisnotbecomeshardertoseewitheachpassingday.Ourpriestsandpresidentsoursurgeonsandlawyersoureducatorsandnewscastersneedworrylessaboutsatisfyingthedemandsoftheirdisciplinethanthedemandsofgoodshowmanship.HadIrvingBerlinchangedonewordinthetitleofhiscelebratedsonghewouldhavebeenaspropheticalbeitmoreterseasAldousHuxley.HeneedonlyhavewrittenThere’sNoBusinessButShowBusiness.ItcanbeinferredthatMerylStreep
Adependentauditcomesfromyouremployerwhowantsproofthatthepeopleyou’recarryingonthecompanyhealthplanreallyareyourdependents.Ifyoucan’tprovetheyarethecompanywilldropthem.Thegoalistoferretoutchildrenwhoareoverage18andnotinschoolex-spousessometimesevenniecesornephews—peopleinshortwhodonotmeetanemployer’sdefinitionofdependent.Ifyourcompanydoesnotalreadyconducttheseauditschancesareiteventuallywill.Andwhileitmaystrikeyouasanannoyancedonotignorethistask.Otherwiseeligibledependentscouldlosetheirhealthcoverage.Fromanemployer’sperspectiveauditsmakegoodbusinesssense.Healthcarecostshavebeenrisingby5to10percentayearforoveradecadeandemployerswanttocontainthosecosts.Anauditofa10000-personemployerwilltypicallyuncover200to500ineligibledependentssaidJohnFazioaseniorconsultantwiththeemployeebenefitsfirmTowersWatson.Removingthesepeoplewhocostacompanyanaverageof$2100aheadtranslatesintoannualsavingsof$420000to$1.05millionayearfortheemployer.Dependentauditshavebeenaroundformorethanadecade.Buttheyhavebecomepopularinthelastfewyearsasemployersdesperatelysoughtwaystotrimtheirhealthcarebudgets.Thisyear69percentoflargecompaniesplantoconductadependentauditupfromthe55percentthatplannedtodosoin2008accordingtoaMarchsurveybyTowersWatsonandtheNationalBusinessGrouponHealthanonprofitorganizationoflargeemployers.Fromtheemployees’perspectivesuchauditsareatbestanannoyanceforcingthemtogatherpaperworkprovingsaythatachildwhohadbeencoveredforyearsremainseligible.Atworstanauditcanbeawrenchingandcostlyexperiencewhenaworker’sdependentisfoundtobeineligibleandhastogetinsuranceelsewhere.Whatismoreaworkercouldbecomeliableforthemoneythatanemployerpaidoutforaspouseorchildwhoshouldnothavebeenontheplan.Andasauditshavebecomemorecommontheprocessforemployeeshasbecomemoreonerous.ItusedtobethehonorsystemsaysMichaelSmiththechiefexecutiveofConSovaadependentauditingcompany.Justfiveyearsagoemployerstypicallyaskedthatyousignanaffidavitstatingthatyourdependentwaseligibletobeonyourplan.NowtheywantdocumentationMr.Faziosaid.It’samorediligentprocess.Thatmeansyoumayhavetodigupbirthandmarriagecertificatesbankstatementsdivorceagreementsandotherdocumentsthatproveyourchildorspousearelegaldependents.Morecompaniesconductdependentauditsnowbecause
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.11
Theprimitiverootofthepleasureofparenthoodistwo-fold.46Ontheonehandthereisthefeelingofpartofone’sownbodyexternalizedprolongingitslifebeyondthedeathoftherestofone’sbodyandpossiblyinitsturnexternalizingpartofitselfinthesamefashionandsosecuringtheimmortalityofthegermplasma.Ontheotherhandthereisanintimateblendofpowerandtenderness.Thenewcreatureishelplessandthereisanimpulsetosupplyitsneedsanimpulsewhichgratifiesnotonlytheparent’slovetowardsthechildbutalsotheparent’sdesireforpower.47Solongastheinfantisfelttobehelplesstheaffectionwhichisbestoweduponitdoesnotfeelunselfishsinceitisinthenatureofprotectiontoavulnerableportionofoneself. 48Butfromaveryearlyagetherecomestobeaconflictbetweenloveofparentalpoweranddesireforthechild’sgoodforwhilepoweroverthechildistoacertainextentdecreedbythenatureofthingsitisneverthelessdesirablethatthechildshouldassoonaspossiblelearntobeindependentinasmanywaysaspossiblewhichisunpleasanttothepowerimpulseinaparent.Someparentsneverbecomeconsciousofthisconflictandremaintyrantsuntilthechildrenareinapositiontorebel.Othershoweverbecomeconsciousofitandthusfindthemselvesapreytoconflictingemotions.Inthisconflicttheirparentalhappinessislost.49Afterallthecarethattheyhavebestowedonthechildtheyfindtotheirmortificationthatheturnsoutquitedifferentfromwhattheyhadhoped.TheywantedhimtobeasoldierandtheyfindhimapacifistorlikeTolstoytheywantedhimtobeapacifistandhejoinstheBlackHundreds. Butitisnotonlyintheselaterdevelopmentsthatthedifficultyisfelt.50Ifyoufeedaninfantwhoisalreadycapableoffeedinghimselfyouareputtingloveofpowerbeforethechild’swelfarealthoughitseemstoyouthatyouareonlybeenkindinsavinghimtrouble.Ifyoumakehimtoovividlyawareofdangersyouareprobablyactuatedbyadesiretokeephimdependentuponyou.Ifyougivehimdemonstrativeaffectiontowhichyouexpectaresponseyouareprobablyendeavoringtograpplehimtoyoubymeansofhisemotions.Inathousandwaysgreatandsmallthepossessiveimpulseofparentswillleadthemastrayunlesstheyareverywatchfulorverypureinheart. 47
WhoispoorinAmericaThisisahardquestiontoanswer.Despitepoverty’smessinesswe’vemeasuredprogressagainstitbyasinglestatistic:thefederalpovertyline.In2008thepovertythresholdwas$21834forafour-memberfamilywithtwochildrenunder18.By1hismeasurewehaven’tmademuchprogress.Exceptforrecessionswhenthepovertyratecanriseto15percentit’sstayedinanarrowrangefordecades.In2007—thepeakofthelastbusinesscycle—thepovertyratewas12.5percent;oneoutofeightAmericanswaspoor.In1969anotherbusiness-cyclepeakthepovertyratewas12.1percent.Buttheapparentlackofprogressismisleadingfortworeasons.Firstitignoresimmigration.Manyimmigrantsarepoorandlowskilled.Theyaddtothepoor.From1989to2007aboutthreequartersoftheincreaseinthepovertypopulationoccurredamongHispanics—mostlyimmigrantstheirchildrenandgrandchildren.Thepovertyrateforblacksfellduringthisperiodthoughitwasstillmuchtoohigh24.5percentin2007.Povertyexpertsdon’tdwellonimmigrationbecauseitimpliesthatmorerestrictivepoliciesmightreduceU.S.poverty.Secondthepoor’smaterialwell-beinghasimproved.Theofficialpovertymeasureobscuresthisbycountingonlypretaxcashincomeandignoringothersourcesofsupport.Theseincludetheearned-incometaxcreditarebatetolow-incomeworkersfoodstampshealthinsuranceMedicaidandhousingsubsidies.Althoughmanypoorlivehandtomouththey’veparticipatedinrisinglivingstandards.In200591percenthadmicrowaves79percentair-conditioningand48percentcellphones.Theexistingpovertylinecouldbeimprovedbyaddingsomeincomesourcesandsubtractingsomeexpensesexample:childcare.Unfortunatelytheadministration’sproposalforasupplementalpovertymeasurein2011—tocomplementnotreplacetheexistingpovertyline—goesbeyondthat.Thenewpovertynumberwouldcompoundpublicconfusion.Italsoraisesquestionsaboutwhetherthestatisticistailoredtofavorapoliticalagenda.ThesupplementalmeasuretiesthepovertythresholdtowhatthepoorestthirdofAmericansspendonfoodhousingclothingandutilities.Theactualthresholdnotyetcalculated—willprobablybehigherthantoday’spovertyline.Moreoverthisdefinitionhasstrangeconsequences.SupposethatallAmericansdoubledtheirincometomorrowandsupposethattheirspendingonfoodclothinghousingandutilitiesalsodoubled.Thatwouldseemtosignifylesspoverty—butnotbythenewpovertymeasure.Itwouldn’tdeclinebecausethepovertythresholdwouldgoupasspendingwentup.ManyAmericanswouldfindthisweird.peoplegetricherbutpovertystaysstuck.Whatproducesthisoutcomeisadifferentviewofpoverty.Thepresentconceptisanabsoluteone:thepovertythresholdreflectstheamountestimatedtomeetbasicneeds.Bycontrastthenewmeasureembracesarelativenotionofpoverty:peopleareautomaticallypoorifthey’reagivendistancefromthetopeveniftheirincomesareincreasing.Theauthorthinkstheexistingpovertyline
[A]EvenastherobotsdotheirworkofficialsshouldknowwithinadaywhethertherobotsweresuccessfulBPispreparingtodrillareliefwellintowhichtheoriginalwellwouldempty.Thatcouldallowthecompanytoinjectaheavyfluidintothebrokenwellthatwouldslowandeventuallystoptheflowofoil.OncetheleakisstanchedBPcouldpermanentlysealthefirstwell. [B]TheexplosionontheDeepwaterHorizonoilriglastweekintheGulfofMexicowaswithoutquestionahumantragedy.ThedayaftertherigfinallysankonApril22theCoastGuardcalledoffthesearchforthe11workerslostduringtheaccident. [C]ButtheGulf’s$2.4billionfishingindustrycouldbeimperiledbyamajorspillascouldtourismupanddowntheGulfCoastandpotentiallytheFloridapanhandle狭长地带."Wearebeingveryveryaggressive"saidTonyHaywardtheCEOofBPwhichexpectstospendsome$100milliononthecleanup."Thisisthebiggestresponsebyanyoneintheindustryeverandwe’reabletodoitbecauseweplannedforit.Wewillbejudgedbyourresponse." [D]Nowtheaccidentthreatenstobecomeanenvironmentaltragedyaswell.Despiteearlyhopesthattheoilspillcouldbeminimizedtherig’sfractureddrillingpipeiscurrentlyleaking42000gal.ofcrudeaday.Theresultisanoilslickonthesurfaceofthewatercoveringmorethan1800sq.milesnowjust20milesfromthedelicateGulfcoastline.Dependingonwindconditionsoilcouldbeginwashingupontheshoreasearlyasthisweekend. [E]TheCoastGuardandtheenergygiantBPwhichoperatedthesunkenrigandisresponsibleforthecleanuphavelaunchedamassiveoperationtocontainthespill—anunusualchallengeconsideringthecomplexityofunderwaterdrilling.Firstremote-controlledrobotsubmarineshavebeendeployedtotrytosealofftheoilwellaltogetherbyactivatingamassivedevicecalledablowoutpreventer.Ifthe450-tonvalveatthewellheadcanbeturnedontheoilflowshouldstopandthespillcouldbeendedquickly.Buttheoutcomeisfarfromguaranteed;robotshaveneverbeenusedinanoperationofthismagnitudenoratthisdepth—some5000ft.belowthesurfaceoftheocean. [F]Cleanuphasalreadybeenunderway.Vesselsaredragginglongbooms拦油栅tocorraltheoilonthesurface—whichisstillathinslicknotyetathicktar—whitetheplanesspraychemicaldispersantsthatcanseparatethecrudefromthewater.CoastGuardofficialssaidtheywouldconsideracontrolledburnoftheoil.Poolsofoilwouldbetrappedincontainmentboomsandsetonfire.Theburningoilwouldalsocreateaplumeofsmokeandairpollutionwhichcouldaffectflyingbirds.ButaccordingtotheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationmarinewildlifewouldbelessharmedbyaburningareaoftheoceanthanbyexposuretoanoilslick. [G]Buttheentireoperationwouldlikelytakemonthsduringwhichtimetheoilwouldkeepspilling.SoBPisalsopreparingtobuildamassivedomethatcouldbeplacedovertheoilleaks—whichareemanatingfromapipethatconnectsthewelltothesunkenrig—andactuallycollecttheleakingcrude.Theonlyproblemisthatsuchanenterprisehasneverbeenattemptedindeepwateranditwouldtakeatleasttwoweekstobeputinplace. 43
Rightaftertheglobalfinancialcrisisexplodedin2008manyeconomistsfrettedthatcountrieslookingtoholdontotheirshareofashrinkingpiewouldbecomemoreself-interestedandprotectionistplungingtheplanetintoanevensharperdownturnjustashappenedinthe1930saftertheGreatDepression.Thankstopanic-fueledcrisismanagementbypolicymakersitdidn’thappen.Butafterthreeyearsofpainandverylittleeconomicgainitmaybehappeningnow.Thesignsareeverywhere.EuropeansareinthemiddleofapotentiallycalamitousdebtcrisisonethatthreatensnotonlythesurvivaloftheeurozonebuttheideaoftheEuropeanUnionitself:politiciansarestartingtotalkaboutrollingbackvisa-freetravelbetweencountries.MeanwhileOPECisfallingapartastheSaudisandtheIraniansquarreloverhowtocontroltheworld’senergysupply.Thenthere’stheriseofpopulistpoliticsnotonlyintheU.S.butthroughouttherestoftheworld.Allofthisunderscoresthepointthatglobalizationifwedefineitasthefreemovementofgoodspeopleandmoneywasneverallitwascrackeduptobe.Theworldisjustnotasflataspunditswouldhaveusthink.Morethanhalfofglobaltradeinvestmentandmigrationstilltakesplacewithinregions—muchofitbetweenneighboringcountries.CanadaistheU.S.’sbiggesttradingpartner.Some800%ofglobalstock-marketinvestmentforexampleisincompaniesthatareheadquarteredintheinvestor’shomecountry.Exportsmakeuponlyaboutaquarteroftheglobaleconomy.Lessthan20%ofInternettrafficcrossesnationalbordersandsoon.Theworldisbecomingmoreunifiedbutifanythingit’sbecomingmorefragmented.SomeofthisreflectsthefactthatrichcountriesespeciallytheU.S.arestillmuchmoreprovincialthanyoumightthinkandthepoliticaltrendinaneconomicdownturnistobecomemoreso—witnesstheriseofanti-immigrantrhetoricandthelike.EvenmultinationalcorporationsthoseglobalemissariesofAmericancapitalismcouldbealotmorediverse.Only7%ofthedirectorsofFORTUNE500firmsareforeigners.Butgreatereconomicandpoliticalfragmentationisalsoironicallyarippleeffectofglobalization.Aswealthandpowerhaveshiftedtotheemergingmarketsthosenationsnowhavethemoneyandconfidencetocalltheirownshots—andtheircallstendtobequitedifferentfromthosewewouldmake.Alreadythisisreflectedincompanyandconsumerbehavior.FirmslikeHermesGeneralMotorsLeviStraussandCoca-Colarigorouslytailorproductsspecificallyforemerging-marketconsumers.Thebig-pictureimplicationsaremoreprofound.Asdevelopingcountriesbecomewealthierandvieforabetterseatontheglobalstagetheyareoftenatoddsnotonlywithrichnationsbutalsowitheachother.Thatdoesn’tmeanglobalization’sabust.Infactmoreofit—intheformoffreermarketslowertradebarriersandunfetteredimmigration—wouldhelpalleviatetensionsbygrowingtheeconomicpie.Oneofthesignsthatglobalizationhasledtogreatereconomicfragmentationisthat
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.19
Therearemanyreasonswhyfoodfadshavecontinuedtoflourish.Garlichaslongbeentouted兜售asanessentialingredientofphysicalprowess能力andasaflu1squashhasbeenthoughtbysometocuredigestivedisordersandredpepperhasbeen2topromoteendurance.Thenaturalhumandesireforasimplesolutiontoadifficultproblem3thestageforpromotingmiraculouspotions饮剂pillsandcombinationofchemicals.The4individualswhoeagerlyembraceanysecond-handinformationwithscientificovertones暗示providethefoundationforhealthybusinessenterprises. Apersonwhohasnevercrossedthe5ofahealthfoodstoremaybeastonished6oroverjoyed.Countlesselixirs万应灵herbspowdersandotherfascinatingextractsareonlya7ofthehigh-profitselection.Theavailableliteratureincludespamphletsextolling赞扬theamazingreturnofyouthonecan8whiledrinkingapotionfilledwithtropicalweedsaswellasvolumes9thereaderofanalmost10longevity. Thestoreisdirectlykeyedtoarousevisitors’11overtheirhealthandto12onrealandimaginedproblemsbyofferingsolutionsthat13costmorethanthecustomersmaybeableto14Healthfoodstorepatronsareoftencajoled劝诱intobuyingtonics补药thatpromisetomakethefunctioningofhealthyorgansevenbetter15whetheranimprovementis16for.Promotionofexpensiveproductsthatconsumersdonotactuallyneedtakes17initiativeandinsight.18occasiontheremayevenbesomeslight19fortruthinanentrepreneur’s20tocurecustomerofills—foraprice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.15
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